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5 Applied Optimization
227
60. (a) If v cr! r# c cr$ , then vw 2cr! r c 3cr# cr a2r! c 3rb and vww 2cr! c 6cr 2c ar! c 3rb . The solution of
vw 0 is r 0 or 2r , but 0 is not in the domain. Also, vw 0 for r 2r and vw 0 for r 2r at r 2r
3
3
3
3
!
there is a maximum.
(b) The graph confirms the findings in (a).
x b1
x
a bx cx
aa b x b
#"c #
b (d c x) ab b (d c x) b
b b (d c x)
#
#" #
#
#
c ab b (d c x) b b (d c x)
ab b (d c x) b
c ab b (d c x) b
a
aa b x b
cb
0 g(x) is a decreasing function of x
ab b (d c x) b
dt
Since c" , c# 0, the derivative dx is an increasing function of x (from part (a)) minus a decreasing
dt
d
function of x (from part (b)): dx c" f(x) c c" g(x) dxt c" f w (x) c c" gw (x) 0 since f w (x)
dt
gw (x) 0 dx is an increasing function of x.
#$ #
"
#$ #
(c)
gw (x)
dcx
b b (d c x)
(b) g(x)
#"c #
#
#
# #
#" #
#$ #
#
#
c x aa b x b
aa b x b
aa b x b
16.
#
f w (x)
#$ #
x
a b x
then
b
b
b
b
a a 1 b b 1 c c 1 d d "
0 and
"
63. At x c, the tangents to the curves are parallel. Justification: The vertical distance between the curves is
D(x) f(x) c g(x), so Dw (x) f w (x) c gw (x). The maximum value of D will occur at a point c where Dw 0. At
such a point, f w (c) c gw (c) 0, or f w (c) gw (c).
64. (a) f(x) 3 b 4 cos x b cos 2x is a periodic function with period 21
(b) No, f(x) 3 b 4 cos x b cos 2x 3 b 4 cos x b a2 cos# x c 1b 2 a1 b 2 cos x b cos# xb 2(1 b cos x)# 0
f(x) is never negative.
65. (a) If y cot x c 2 csc x where 0 x 1, then yw (csc x) 2 cot x c csc x. Solving yw 0 cos x
x 1 . For 0 x
4
1
4
1
4
x 1. Therefore, at x
value of y c1.
(b)
1
4
"
2
there is a maximum
228
1
#
x 1 , but c 1 is not in the domain. Also, yww 2 sec# x tan x b 6 csc# x cot x 0 for all 0 x
3
3
Therefore at x 1 there is a minimum value of y 23.
1
2
(b)
point occurs at x ". Since Dw axb ! for x " and Dw axb ! for x ", the critical point corresponds to the
minimum distance. The minimum distance is Da"b
&
# .
(b)
The minimum distance is from the point $ ! to the point a" "b on the graph of y x, and this occurs at the
#
value x " where Daxb, the distance squared, has its minimum value.
68. (a) Calculus Method:
The square of the distance from the point " $ to x "' c x# is given by
#
#
%) c $x
"
#
ac'xb c # b
'x
%) c $x
Then Dw axb c # c
"# b $ #. The shortest distance from the point to the semicircle is the distance along the radius
containing the point " $. That distance is % c # #.
229
(b)
The minimum distance is from the point " $ to the point # #$ on the graph of y "' c x# , and this
occurs at the value x # where Daxb, the distance squared, has its minimum value.
46 NEWTON'S METHOD
"
c3b
"
90
3. y x% b x c 3 yw 4x$ b 1 xn
6
5
1296
6
625 b 5 c 3
864
b1
125
c2 x# c2 c
6
5
16 c 2 c 3
c32 b 1
c2 b
4. y 2x c x# b 1 yw 2 c 2x xn
c1 c 4 b "
"
c#
#b1
20 c 25 b 4
5
29
# c 1"# 12
c1 #
x# c " c
#
c
5. y x% c 2 yw 4x$ xn
2500c113
2000
6. From Exercise 5, xn
c5c
4
625c512
c2000
xn c
c5b
4
1c1c1
c# b 1
c2
"
1#
xn b3xn b1
3xn b3
; x! 0 x" 0 c
"
3
c"
3
6
5
xn c
171
4945
; x! 1 x " 1 c
5763
4945
1 b1 c 3
4 b1
6
5
1.16542; x! c1 x" c1 c
"c1c3
c4 b 1
2xn c xn b 1
2 c 2xn
; x! 0 x" 0 c
0c0b"
#c0
c"
#
4c4b"
#c4
5
#
x#
5
4
x#
5
#
625
256 c2
125
16
5 c 25 b 1
4
#c5
xn c 2
4xn ; x!
1 x" 1 c
"c2
4
5
4
5
4
625c512
2000
1.1935
2387
#000
xn c 2
4xn
113
2000
; x! c 1 x" c 1 c
"c2
c4
c1 c
"
4
c 5 x# c 5 c
4
4
625
256 c2
c 125
16
c1.1935
113
2000
.61905; x! c1 x" 1 c
c 51 c1.64516
31
11
31
xn c
5
4
2
3
2.41667
5
#
"
13
21
xn bxn c3
4xn b1
xn c
xn c
f axn b
f axn b
w
x#
29
c 90 c0.32222
"
"
#1
xn c
c1b1
b3
#
"
2
3
1b1c1
#b1
c1.66667
5
3
2. y x$ b 3x b 1 yw 3x# b 3 xn
x# c " c
3
4 b6 c 9
12b9
4c2c"
c4 b 1
2
3
x# c2 c
x#
b 2 c1
3
4
3 b1
4
9
; x! 1 x " 1 c
xn b x n c 1
# xn b 1
2
3
x#
xn c
1. y x# b x c 1 yw 2x b 1 xn
1
#
1
#
, the calculated values may approach some other root. Starting with
1
#
h c h 2h ch;
f(ch)
f (ch)
ch b h 2h h.
"c
ch c
xn c
$#c "
$"
ch c
f(x )
f (x )
!
if x! ch 0 x" x! c
f(h)
f (h)
"
hc
hc
f(x )
f (x )
!
9. If x! h 0 x" x! c
230
xn
3 xn
xn c
xn c
xn c 1 c 0.5 sin xn
1 c 0.5 cos xn
; x! 1 x" 1.2920445
xn c
xn c
xn
xn c
; at
approximately c0.979367,
c0.887726, and 0.39004 we have
cos 3x x
2xn c 4xn b1
8xn c 8xn
%
xn c
x! c0.5, then x$ c0.5411961; the roots are approximately 0.5411961 and 1.30656296 because f(x) is
an even function.
approximate 1 to be 3.14159.
xn c
tan axn b
sec axn b
#
xn
xn c
x" .45063
xn
xn c
xn b cos axn b
1 c sin axn b
x" c.73944
xn
1
x
xn c
1
x
is the solution of x2 ax b 1b
1
x
f w axb 3x2 b 2x b
1
x2 .
1
x
Let x0 1
xn c
xn c 3 b x2
n
1
2
xn
xn
b 2xn
231
232
23. If f(x) x$ b 2x c 4, then f(1) c1 0 and f(2) 8 0 by the Intermediate Value Theorem the equation
xn c
xn b 2xn c 4
3xn b 2
$
xn c
faxi b
f axi b
w
xi c
xi c x i
.
%xi c #
$
x!
c1.0
0.1
0.6
2.0
21
7
c 721
or x! c
or x!
c 721
21
7 ,
as i increases.
#
f(x) (x c 2)# b x# b " , then
#
c2x
ax b 1 b
c1
xn
2xn
c#
xn c
axn c 1b
40 axn c 1b
!%
c xn 9
n 1
c"
*$
c # b #
c
xn c
c x ax# b 1b
b#
"
xn
"
x b1
39xn b "
40
gave x)( x)) x)* x#!! 1.11051, coming within 0.11051 of the root x 1.
28. Since s r ) 3 r ) ) 3 . Bisect the angle ) to obtain a right tringle with hypotenuse r and opposite side
r
of length 1. Then sin
3
farb sin 2r c
1
r
)
2
1
r
sin
3
r
2
1
r
3
sin 2r
1
r
sin
3
2r
3
3
f w arb c 2r2 cos 2r b r12 ; r0 1 rn b 1 rn c
3
1.00282
1
r
3
sin 2rn c r1
n
3
3
c 2 cos 2rn b
2rn
1
r2
n
r1 1.00280
2.9916
(b)
x
3
(c)
x
3
c x# b x
2. (a) 3x#
(b)
x
8
(c)
x
8
c 3x# b 8x
3. (a) xc$
(b) c x3
4. (a) cxc#
(b) c x4 b
(c) c x3 b x# b 3x
$c
#c
(c)
x
#
$c
x
3
x
2
cx
#c
5. (a)
c"
x
(b)
c5
x
(c) 2x b
6. (a)
"
x
(b)
c"
4x
(c)
x
4
(c)
2
3
x$ b 2x
(c)
3
4
x%$ b 3 x#$
#
"
#x
5
x
7. (a) x$
(b) x
8. (a) x%$
(b)
9. (a) x#$
(b) x"$
(c) xc"$
(b) xc"#
(c) xc$#
(b) c3 cos x
(c)
2
(c) 1 sin 1#x b 1 sin x
(b) 2 tan x
3
(c) c 2 tan 3x
3
#
(b) cot 3x
#
(b)
"
5
csc (5x)
(b)
4
3
sec (3x)
(c)
'
a2x$ c 5x b 7b dx
23.
'
"
"
"
x c x# c 3 dx ' xc# c x# c 3 dx
24.
'
" c
5
"c
x
c1
"
b 2x dx ' 5 c 2xc$ b 2x dx
"
5
x
3
'
t# b 4t$ dt
22.
x% c 5 x# b 7x b C
#
$
2
x
"
#
sec 1#x
20.
bC
'
"
a1 c x# c 3x& b dx x c " x$ c # x' b C
3
"
"
c 3 xbCc x c
x c 2x b
c#
#c
21.
t
4
2x
#
t
3t# b # dt t$ b
2
1
b cos (3x)
bC
x
5
x
3
b t% b C
t
6
"
x
'
ccos (1x)
1
18.
bxbC
19.
x
#
' (x b 1) dx
x#$
17.
"
#
x
3
bC
b x# b C
233
27.
'
28.
'
29.
'
8y c
x#$ b C
x
"
7
bC
c4
x
bC
3
x$# b 4 x%$ b C
x3 b 2 x b C
"
3
x$# b 4x"# b C
c 2 y 3 b C 4y# c 8 y$% b C
3
4
%"c
%"
8y
#
%&
dy ' 8y c 2yc"% dy
"
#
x
c4
%$
2
y
" c
7
2
x
2
3
#$
'
bC
4
3
30.
x
#
' xc&% dx
26.
#
"
3
#
#"
bC
#$
2
3
$%
$#
y c yc 1 b C
4
y
7
bC
4
y
%"
' xc"$ dx
"
%"c
25.
234
31.
'
32.
'
33.
'
ttbt
t
34.
'
4 b t
t
35.
36.
37.
)
)
' 7 sin 3 d) c21 cos 3 b C
38.
39.
40.
41.
'
42.
'
43.
44.
'
45.
46.
47.
'
1 b cos 4t
#
dt ' " b
#
"
#
cos 4t dt
"
#
t b " sin 4t b C
#
4
t
2
sin 4t
8
bC
48.
'
1 c cos 6t
#
dt ' " c
#
"
#
cos 6t dt
"
#
t c " sin 6t b C
#
6
t
2
sin 6t
12
bC
49.
50.
51.
b x b C c " c
x
c#
#c
"c
2
x
"
#x
bC
bC
b tc b C 2t c
2
t
t
dt ' 4tc$ b tc&# dt 4 c# b tc 3 b C c t2 c
2
3t
#$c
#c
$
#"
"
acsc# x c csc x cot xb dx c # cot x b
"
#
bC
#$
d) c " csc ) b C
#
bC
#$
#"
t
#
"
#"
#
"
#"c
x
c1
c 2 x 1 b C x# b
c
"c
dt ' t4 b
csc ) cot )
#
"
2
dt ' t t b
2x
#
2
5
sec ) tan ) d)
2
5
sec ) b C
csc x b C
53.
54.
'
csc )
csc ) c sin )
55.
d
dx
c
(7x28 2) b C
56.
d
dx
c (3 xb 5)
3
57.
d
dx
58.
d
dx
59.
d
dx
d) '
"
cos )
(7x c 2)$
#c
(3)
(3x b 5)c#
"c
d
dx
x sin x b C
#
(b) Wrong:
d
dx
d
dx
x
xb1 b C
"
(x b 1)
sec ) b C
3
3 sec )
3
#
(c) Right:
d
d)
d
d)
(b) Right:
cos x x sin x
x
#
d
d)
(c) Right:
x
#
cos x x sin x b
(x b 1)(") c x(1)
(x b 1)
2x
#
d
dx
sin x b
60.
"
(x b 1)
d
dx
(2x b 1) b C
3
(b) Wrong:
d
dx
(b) Wrong:
d
dx
ax# b xb
65. Right:
66. Wrong:
d
dx
"
#
ax# b x b Cb
b C
$
"
#
ax# b xb
"
3 2x b 1 b C9
d x b 3 3
dx x c 2
d
dx
"#
"#
sinx2
x
b C 3 x b 3
xc2
b C
d
dx
c"#
c"#
(2x b 1)
(2x b 1)
2x b 1
2 x b x b C
2x b 1
2 x b x
"
3 (2x b 1)$# b C
2 ax c 2b1 c ax b 3b1
ax c 2 b
d
dx
(c) Right:
d
dx
(c) Right:
3(2x b 1) (2)
3
3
6
2x b 1
x 3
3 ax b 2b2 ax c52b2
c
a c b
2x b 1
c15ax b 3b2
ax c 2 b 4
x cosx2 c sinx2
x2
dy
dx
2B y x# b C. Then y(1) 4 C 3.
dy
dx
3
#
5)
b C c c (3x b 3
"
5
4(7x c 2) (7)
28
"
1csin )
235
236
69.
dy
dx
70.
dy
dx
10 c x y 10x c
71.
dy
dx
"
or y c x b
x
#
"
#
x
#
x
#
c1
bC Cc"
#
"
#
x
#
b C C c1 y 10x c
2
#
72.
y cxc" b
b x xc# b x y cxc" b
0
#
"
x
x
#
dy
dx
dy
dx
$xc#$ y
C 10 y 3x$ c 2x# b 5x b 10
$x
$
"
y 9x"$ b %
"
# x
"
#
$"
73.
74.
dy
dx
75.
ds
dt
76.
ds
dt
s sin t c cos t
77.
dr
d)
c1 sin 1) r cos (1)) b C; at r 0 and ) 0 we have 0 cos (10) b C C c" r cos (1)) c 1
78.
dr
d)
cos 1) r
79.
dv
dt
80.
dv
dt
"
#
"
1
sec t tan t v
"
#
v 4t# c cot t c 7 c 1#
d y
dx
#
81.
2 c 6x
2x c 3x# b C" ; at
dy
dx
#
"
1
dy
dx
sec (0) b C C
"
#
"
1
sin (1)) b 1
"
#
sec t b
"
#
we have c7 4 1 c cot 1 b C C c7 c 1#
#
#
dy
dx
y x# c x$ b 4x b 1
d y
dx
#
82.
dy
dx
C" ; at
dy
dx
dy
dx
2 y 2x b C# ; at y 0 and x 0 we
have 0 2(0) b C# C# 0 y 2x
d r
dt
d s
dt
2
t
83.
2tc$
dr
dt
ctc# b C" ; at
dr
dt
dr
dt
ctc# b 2
s 4 and t 4 we have 4
ds
dt
4
16
$
3t
16
3 and t 4 we have 3
b C# C# 0 s
3(4)
16
b C" C" 0
ds
dt
3t
16
t
16
$
ds
dt
3t
8
t
16
$
84.
b C# ; at
3x c 8x b C# ; at
d )
dt
#
C" ; at
d )
dt
d )
d)
dt c2 dt
"
d)
#
dt c2t c # ) ct
) c t# c " t b 2
#
c2 and t 0 we have
d )
dt
d y
dx 6x c 8
dy
#
dx 3x c 8x
$
#
dy
dx
d y
dx
#
dy
dx
6x b C" ; at
d y
dx
#
d y
dx
85.
237
c " and t 0 we
#
"
2 and t 0 we have
c # t b C$ ; at )
c2t b C# ; at
d)
dt
87. y% csin t b cos t ywww cos t b sin t b C" ; at ywww 7 and t 0 we have 7 cos (0) b sin (0) b C" C" 6
ywww cos t b sin t b 6 yww sin t c cos t b 6t b C# ; at yww c1 and t 0 we have
c1 sin (0) c cos (0) b 6(0) b C# C# 0 yww sin t c cos t b 6t yw ccos t c sin t b 3t# b C$ ; at
yw c1 and t 0 we have c1 ccos (0) c sin (0) b 3(0)# b C$ C$ 0 yw ccos t c sin t b 3t#
y csin t b cos t b t$ b C% ; at y 0 and t 0 we have 0 csin (0) b cos (0) b 0$ b C% C% c1
y csin t b cos t b t$ c 1
88. y% ccos x b 8 sin (2x) ywww csin x c 4 cos (2x) b C" ; at ywww 0 and x 0 we have
0 csin (0) c % cos (2(0)) b C" C" 4 ywww csin x c 4 cos (2x) b 4 yww cos x c 2 sin (2x) b 4x b C# ;
at yww 1 and x 0 we have 1 cos (0) c 2 sin (2(0)) b 4(0) b C# C# 0 yww cos x c 2 sin (2x) b 4x
yw sin x b cos (2x) b 2x# b C$ ; at yw 1 and x 0 we have 1 sin (0) b cos (2(0)) b 2(0)# b C$ C$ 0
yw sin x b cos (2x) b 2x# y ccos x b " sin (2x) b 2 x$ b C% ; at y 3 and x 0 we have
#
3
3 ccos (0) b
"
#
"
#
sin (2x) b 2 x$ b 4
3
C 0.5 y x c x%$ b
dy
dx
x c 1 y ' (x c 1) dx
y
93.
dy
dx
x
#
92.
"
#
cxc
x
#
dy
dx
(c")
#
91.
c (c1) b C C c "
#
"
#
sin x c cos x y ' (sin x c cos x) dx ccos x c sin x b C; at (c1 c1) on the curve we have
dy
dx
"
# x
b 1 sin 1x
"
#
"
xc"# b 1 sin 1x y ' # xc"# b sin 1x dx x"# c cos 1x b C; at (1 #) on the
ds
dt
displacement s(3) c s(1) ((4.9)(9) c 9 b 5) c (4.9 c 3 b 5) 33.2 units; (ii) at s c2 and t 0 we have
C c2 s 4.9t# c 3t c 2; displacement s(3) c s(1) ((4.9)(9) c 9 c 2) c (4.9 c 3 c 2) 33.2 units;
(iii) at s s! and t 0 we have C s! s 4.9t# c 3t b s! ; displacement s(3) c s(1)
((4.9)(9) c 9 b s! ) c (4.9 c 3 b s! ) 33.2 units
238
(b) True. Given an antiderivative f(t) of the velocity function, we know that the body's position function is
s f(t) b C for some constant C. Therefore, the displacement from t a to t b is (f(b) b C) c (f(a) b C)
f(b) c f(a). Thus we can find the displacement from any antiderivative f as the numerical difference
f(b) c f(a) without knowing the exact values of C and s.
96. a(t) vw (t) 20 v(t) 20t b C; at (0 0) we have C 0 v(t) 20t. When t 60, then v(60) 20(60) 1200
b 88 88 242 c (88) b
k
2k
' ck dt ckt b C; at
ckt b 44 s c
s c kt b 44t. Then
#
#
c 968 b
k
1936
k
45
kt
#
ds
dt
kt
#
ckt b 88
b 88t
ds
dt
(88)
k
242
k 16
(88)
2k
ds
dt
ck
d s
dt
ck 88
k
#
ds
dt
88
k
#
98.
0 0 ckt b 88 t
Step 3: 242
ds
dt
ds
dt
s
Step 2:
ck t#
ckt b C" ; at
ds
dt
and s 44 c
k
ds
44
dt 0 ckt b 44 0 t k
968
968
ft
k 45 k 45 21.5 sec2 .
ds
dt
k 44
k
#
ck
d s
dt
#
97. Step 1:
m
sec .
b 44 44 45
k
v 10t$# c 6t"#
(b) s ' v dt ' 10t$# c 6t"# dt 4t&# c 4t$# b C; s(1) 0 0 4(1)&# c 4(1)$# b C C 0
s 4t&# c 4t$#
d s
dt
#
100.
c5.2
ds
dt
c5.2t b C" ; at
ds
dt
ds
dt
c5.2t s c2.6t# b C# ; at s 4
4
and t 0 we have C# 4 s c2.6t# b 4. Then s 0 0 c2.6t# b 4 t 2.6 1.24 sec, since t 0
when t 0 s!
a(0)
#
ds
dt
v! when t 0 C v!
at
#
ds
dt
ds
dt
'
ds
dt
at b v! s
at
#
b v! t b C" ; s s!
b v! t b s!
d s
dt
#
' a dt at b C;
ds
dt
d s
dt
101.
ds
dt
v! and
C" C" v!
(g)(0)# b v! (0) b C# C# s!
239
2
sin x
"
c sin x (cos x b 2) 0
#
cos
2. No, since g(x) csc x b 2 cot x gw (x) ccsc x cot x c 2 csc# x c sin x c
x
4(1 c x)
(11 c 3x)
$#
$#
x 1 and x
11
3
c#a$x c "bax c $b
ax c 1 b
"
; f w (3) 0 c '% (*a b 'b b a) ! &a b $b !.
so that f ccc ccc bbb bbb ccc. Thus f w changes sign at x $ from
c1
1
3
1/3
positive to negative so there is a local maximum at x $ which has a value f(3) 1.
#
f (x)
a ax c 1b c 2x(ax b b)
caaxx b 2bx b ab
ax c 1 b
a c 1b
3abb
1. Thus " 8 3a b b
w
#
f w (x)
ax b b
x c1
4. f(x)
5. Yes, because at each point of [! " except x 0, the function's value is a local minimum value as well as a
local maximum value. At x 0 the function's value, 0, is not a local minimum value because each open
interval around x 0 on the x-axis contains points to the left of 0 where f equals c1.
6. (a) The first derivative of the function f(x) x$ is zero at x 0 even though f has no local extreme value at x 0.
(b) Theorem 2 says only that if f is differentiable and f has a local extreme at x c then f w (c) 0. It does not
assert the (false) reverse implication f w (c) 0 f has a local extreme at x c.
240
7. No, because the interval 0 x 1 fails to be closed. The Extreme Value Theorem says that if the function is continuous
throughout a finite closed interval a x b then the existence of absolute extrema is guaranteed on that interval.
8. The absolute maximum is kc1k 1 and the absolute minimum is k0k 0. This is not inconsistent with the Extreme Value
Theorem for continuous functions, which says a continuous function on a closed interval attains its extreme values on that
interval. The theorem says nothing about the behavior of a continuous function on an interval which is half open and half
closed, such as c" ", so there is nothing to contradict.
9. (a) There appear to be local minima at x c1.75
and 1.8. Points of inflection are indicated at
approximately x 0 and x 1.
(b) f w (x) x( c 3x& c 5x% b 15x# x# ax# c 3b ax$ c 5b. The pattern yw ccc bbb bbb ccc bbb
3
!
5
$
c $
3
indicates a local maximum at x 5 and local minima at x 3 .
(c)
10
x
$
xc$ ax$ c 2b ax( c 5b . The pattern f w ccc )( bbb ccc bbb indicates
7
3
!
5
2
3
7
a local maximum at x 5 and a local minimum at x 2.
(c)
241
11. (a) g(t) sin# t c 3t gw (t) 2 sin t cos t c 3 sin (2t) c 3 gw 0 g(t) is always falling and hence must
decrease on every interval in its domain.
(b) One, since sin# t c 3t c 5 0 and sin# t c 3t 5 have the same solutions: f(t) sin# t c 3t c 5 has the same
derivative as g(t) in part (a) and is always decreasing with f(c3) 0 and f(0) 0. The Intermediate Value Theorem
guarantees the continuous function f has a root in [c$ 0].
12. (a) y tan )
dy
d)
sec# ) 0 y tan ) is always rising on its domain y tan ) increases on every interval
in its domain
(b) The interval < 1 1 is not in the tangent's domain because tan ) is undefined at )
4
1
#
x
xb1
$
yw
"
(x b 1)
w
14. (a) y
x
xb1
x
xb1
(b) y x b 2x y 3x b 2 0 for all x the graph of y x b 2x is always increasing and can never have a
local maximum or minimum
15. Let V(t) represent the volume of the water in the reservoir at time t, in minutes, let V(0) a! be the initial amount and
V(1440) a! b (1400)(43,560)(7.48) gallons be the amount of water contained in the reservoir after the rain, where
24 hr 1440 min. Assume that V(t) is continuous on [! 1440] and differentiable on (! 1440). The Mean Value Theorem
a b (1400)(43,560)(7.48) c a
1440
!
V(1440) c V(0)
1440 c 0
456,160,320 gal
1440 min
316,778 gal/min. Therefore at t! the reservoir's volume was increasing at a rate in excess of 225,000 gal/min.
16. Yes, all differentiable functions g(x) having 3 as a derivative differ by only a constant. Consequently, the
d
difference 3x c g(x) is a constant K because gw (x) 3 dx (3x). Thus g(x) 3x b K, the same form as F(x).
x
c1
x
c1
x b 1 1 b x b 1 x b 1 differs from x b 1
(x b 1) c x(1)
d x
d
"
(x b 1) dx xc"1 .
dx x b 1
(x b 1)
b
17. No,
2x
ax b 1 b
f(x) c g(x) C for some constant C the graphs differ by a vertical shift.
"
#
occurs at x #.
(b) t 3, 9
(c) 6 t 12
(d) 0 t 6, 12 t 14
22. (a) t 4
(b) at no time
(c) 0 t 4
(d) 4 t 8
242
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
243
33. (a) yw 16 c x# yw ccc bbb ccc the curve is rising on (c% %), falling on (c_ c4) and (% _)
c%
%
a local maximum at x 4 and a local minimum at x c4; yww c2x yww bbb ccc the curve
!
is concave up on (c_ !), concave down on (! _) a point of inflection at x 0
(b)
34. (a) yw x# c x c 6 (x c $)(x b 2) yw bbb ccc bbb the curve is rising on (c_ c2) and ($ _),
c#
$
falling on (c# $) local maximum at x c2 and a local minimum at x 3; yww 2x c 1
yww ccc bbb concave up on " _ , concave down on c_ " a point of inflection at x "
#
#
#
"#
(b)
35. (a) yw 6x(x b 1)(x c 2) 6x$ c 6x# c 12x yw ccc bbb ccc bbb the graph is rising on (c" !)
c"
!
#
and (# _), falling on (c_ c1) and (! #) a local maximum at x 0, local minima at x c1 and
x 2; yww 18x# c 12x c 12 6 a3x# c 2x c 2b 6 x c
yww bbb
on
ccc
"c(
$
1 c 7 1 b 7
3 3
"b(
$
1 c 7
3 x
1 b 7
3
7
points of inflection at x
and 1 b3
_ , concave down
1 7
3
(b)
3
3
36. (a) yw x# (6 c 4x) 6x# c 4x$ yw bbb bbb ccc the curve is rising on c_ # , falling on # _
!
$#
3
ww
#
a local maximum at x # ; y 12x c 12x 12x(" c x) yww ccc bbb ccc concave up on
!
"
(! "), concave down on (c_ !) and (" _) points of inflection at x 0 and x 1
(b)
244
37. (a) yw x% c 2x# x# ax# c 2b yw bbb ccc ccc bbb the curve is rising on c_ c2 and
!
#
c #
2 _ , falling on c2 2 a local maximum at x c2 and a local minimum at x 2 ;
yww 4x$ c 4x 4x(x c 1)(x b 1) yww ccc bbb ccc bbb concave up on (c" 0) and (" _),
c"
!
"
concave down on (c_ c1) and (0 1) points of inflection at x 0 and x 1
(b)
38. (a) yw 4x# c x% x# a4 c x# b yw ccc bbb bbb ccc the curve is rising on (c2 0) and (0 2),
c#
!
#
falling on (c_ c2) and (# _) a local maximum at x 2, a local minimum at x c2; yww 8x c 4x$
4x a2 c x# b yww bbb ccc bbb ccc concave up on c_ c2 and 0 2 , concave
!
#
c #
down on c2 0 and 2 _ points of inflection at x 0 and x 2
(b)
39. The values of the first derivative indicate that the curve is rising on (! _) and falling on (c_ 0). The slope of the curve
approaches c_ as x !c , and approaches _ as x 0b and x 1. The curve should therefore have a cusp and
local minimum at x 0, and a vertical tangent at x 1.
41. The values of the first derivative indicate that the curve is always rising. The slope of the curve approaches _
as x 0 and as x 1, indicating vertical tangents at both x 0 and x 1.
33
42. The graph of the first derivative indicates that the curve is rising on ! 17 c
16
on (c_ !) and
x
17 b 33
16
17 c 33 17 b 33
16
16
a local maximum at x
17 c 33
16
33
and 17 b
16
_ , falling
, a local minimum at
245
45. y
x b1
x
xb
47. y
x b2
#x
49. y
x c4
x c3
1c
48. y
x# c
50. y
x
x c4
1b
"
x c3
x c1
x
"
x
x cxb1
x
2x
xb5
x
#
"
x
44. y
46. y
4
xc3
1b
2c
10
xb5
xc1b
"
x
"
x
4
x c4
#
43. y
246
#
$
#
#
"
#
36 c x b x
#x 36 c x
"
#
36 c x c x
#x 36 c x
20 c 3x
# x
0 x 0 and x
4020
3 3
20
3
20
3
and
40
3
"
#
53. A(x)
79
4
and
79
4 .
"
4 .
79
4
220 c x c 1
#20 c x
2(x c 4) ax b 4x b 16b
x
#
where x 0 Sw (x)
r#
V 1r h 1 12 c h h
4
#
1
4
0 h 23 . Then Vw (h)
a12h c h$ b , where
31
4
20
3
(2 b h)(2 c h)
81
4
0
and g(20) 20,
247
248
57. The profit P 2px b py 2px b p 405c 10x , where p is the profit on grade B tires and 0 x 4. Thus
cx
2p
(5 c x)
Pw (x)
ax# c 10x b 20b the critical points are 5 c 5, 5, and 5 b 5 , but only 5 c 5 is in
$1
)
1
b k1. At each of these values, fatb cos $)
!('& units, so the maximum distance between the particles is !('& units.
(b) Solving cos t cos t b 1 graphically, we obtain t #(%*, t &)*!, and so on.
%
(1
)
(1
)
b k1
59. The dimensions will be x in. by "! c #x in. by "' c #x in., so Vaxb xa"! c #xba"' c #xb %x$ c &#x# b "'!x for
! x &. Then Vw axb "#x# c "!%x b "'! %ax c #ba$x c #!b , so the critical point in the correct domain is x #.
This critical point corresponds to the maximum possible volume because Vw axb ! for ! x # and Vw axb ! for
2 x &. The box of largest volume has a height of 2 in. and a base measuring 6 in. by 12 in., and its volume is 144 in.$
3
6
#
3
3
3
d" 4 4 b 36 and d# 36 4 b 36
$#
"*( ft.
61. g(x) 3x c x$ b 4 g(2) 2 0 and g(3) c14 0 g(x) 0 in the interval [# 3] by the Intermediate
3xn c xn b 4
3c3xn
$
xn c
62. g(x) x% c x$ c 75 g(3) c21 0 and g(4) 117 0 g(x) 0 in the interval [$ %] by the Intermediate
xn c xn c 75
4xn c 3xn
%
xn c
; x! 3 x" 3.259259
' ax$ b 5x c 7b dx
64.
' 8t$ c t# b t dt 8t
4
65.
66.
"
"
"
' #t c t3 dt ' # tc"# c 3tc% dt # t
t
#
b C 2t% c
#$
t
6
b
"c
t
6
c 7x b C
4t
c1
5x
#
x
4
t
#
bC
b C 2t$# c
4
t
bC
$c
3t
(c3)
b C t b
"
t
9c
bC
#"
#
"
67. Let u r b 5 du dr
du
u
#
'
' uc# du
"c
dr
' ar b 5 b
"
b C cuc" b C c ar b 5b b C
du
u
u
c1
68. Let u r c 2 du dr
dr
r c 2
6'
6'
#c
6 dr
r c 2
'
rc2
bC
249
70. Let u 7 b )2 du 2) d)
"
u
"
# du
"
#
x$ a 1 b x % b
c"%
du ) d)
"
' uc"# du # u 9 b C u"# b C 7 b )2 b C
'
"
#
#
"
d) '
7 b) 2
3
#
#"
')
du ) d)
"
4
du x$ dx
"
4
"
"
"
' uc"% du 4 u 3 9 b C 3 u$% b C 3 a1 b x% b$% b C
4
%$
'
"
#
69. Let u )# b 1 du 2) d)
#$
250
72. Let u 2 c x du c dx c du dx
&)
8
5
73. Let u
'
s
sec# 10
"
10
du
s
10
5
5
b C c 8 u)& b C c 8 (2 c x))& b C
ds 10 du ds
74. Let u 1s du 1 ds
"
1
s
10
bC
du ds
"
"
"
"
' csc# 1s ds ' acsc# ub 1 du 1 ' csc# u du c 1 cot u b C c 1 cot 1s b C
75. Let u 2 ) du 2 d)
sec
)
3
tan
77. Let u
)
3
"
3
"
(csc u cot u) 2 du
"
2
"
(ccsc u) b C c 2 csc 2) b C
d) 3 du d)
du
x
4
"
4
)
3
bC
dx 4 du dx
79. y '
x
#
"
#
x b"
x
C c1 y x c
"
x
81.
dr
dt
' 15t b
3
t
bC
"
3
"
x
"
#
bC
x
#
b C; y c1 when x 1 1 c
1
1
b C c1
sin 2u
#
sin x b C
c1
#
80. y ' x b " dx ' x# b 2 b
x
y 1 when x 1
sin 2u
#
dx 2 du dx
b2c
1
1
"
x
cos#
du
"
bC1 Cc3 y
x
3
'
x
#
x
3
78. Let u
sin#
'
du
du d)
b 2x c xc" b C
b 2x c
dr
dt
dr
dt
"
x
x
3
)
3
76. Let u
"
2
b 2x c
"
x
b C;
"
3
8 when t 1
d r
dt csin t
dr
dt cos t c
#
d r
dt
82.
3. On an open interval the extreme values of a continuous function (if any) must occur at an interior critical
point. On a half-open interval the extreme values of a continuous function may be at a critical point or at the
closed endpoint. Extreme values occur only where f w 0, f w does not exist, or at the endpoints of the interval.
Thus the extreme points will not be at the ends of an open interval.
4. The pattern f w bbb cccc cccc bbbb bbb indicates a local maximum at x 1 and a local
"
#
$
%
minimum at x 3.
5. (a) If yw 6(x b 1)(x c 2)# , then yw 0 for x c1 and yw 0 for x c1. The sign pattern is
f w ccc bbb bbb f has a local minimum at x c1. Also yww 6(x c 2)# b 12(x b 1)(x c 2)
c"
#
6(x c 2)(3x) yw w 0 for x 0 or x 2, while yww 0 for 0 x 2. Therefore f has points of inflection
at x 0 and x 2. There is no local maximum.
(b) If yw 6x(x b 1)(x c 2), then yw 0 for x c1 and 0 x 2; yw 0 for c" x 0 and x 2. The sign
sign pattern is yw ccc bbb ccc bbb . Therefore f has a local maximum at x 0 and
c"
!
#
7
x
1 b 7
$
x c 1 b$
, so yww 0 for
f(6) c f(0)
6c0
1 7
$
all x (c b] we have
f(x) c f(c)
xcc
0 f(x) c f(c) 0 f(x) f(c). Therefore f(x) f(c) for all x [a b].
kf(b) c f(a)k
"
#
c
1bc
c f(a)
f(b) c a
b
c
1bc
#
f(b) c f(a)
bca
"
#
x
1bx
f(c) c f(x)
ccx
"
#
kb c ak .
251
252
9. No. Corollary 1 requires that f w (x) 0 for all x in some interval I, not f w (x) 0 at a single point in I.
10. (a) h(x) f(x)g(x) hw (x) f w (x)g(x) b f(x)gw (x) which changes signs at x a since f w (x), gw (x) 0 when
x a, f w (x), gw (x) 0 when x a and f(x), g(x) 0 for all x. Therefore h(x) does have a local maximum at x a.
(b) No, let f(x) g(x) x$ which have points of inflection at x 0, but h(x) x' has no point of inflection
(it has a local minimum at x 0).
c" b a
bccb#
xb"
"
dy
dx
3x# b 2kx b 3 0 x
c2k 4k c 36
6
#
12.
! and if c 0,
"
#
cx
1 c x
1b x
lim
2
x
x _
_. Thus a 1, b 0, and c 1.
(2) 1 c x# a1 c x# b
#
1b x
lim
2
x _ xbcb x
1b x
lim
2
x _ bx b c b x
1b x
then lim
2
x _ bx b x
lim
x _ bx b cx b #
"
f(x)
"
lim
x _
"#
0 and 1 are
f ww (c) for %
ww
f ww (c)
3
#
f (c b h)
f ww (c) b " kf ww (c)k . If f ww (c) 0, then
#
h
f (c b h)
" ww
# f (c) 0; likewise if f ww (c) 0, then 0 "
h
#
w
"
#
"
#
f (c b h)
h
"
#
c f ww (c)
kf ww (c)k
kf ww (c)k cf ww (c)
f ww (c)
w
f (c b h)
h
h0
f (c b h) c f (c)
h
14. lim
3
#
f ww (c).
"#
, 0 y h Dw (y) c4 2 ahy c y# b
g
# "#
2
are critical points. Now D(0) 0, D h 8 g h h c h
#
#
#
h
#
bba
h
(h c 2y) 0,
tan " b
a
1 c h tan "
a
h
h tan " b a
h c a tan "
bba
h ;
tan (" b ))
; and tan )
bh
h b a(b b a)
a
h
. These equations
or
ah c a(b b a)b tan " bh. Differentiating both sides with respect to h gives
d"
dh
b. Then
d"
dh
0 2h tan " b 2h h
bh
b a(b b a)
h
#
and h
2
4h g and D(h) 0 the best place to drill
the hole is at y
c"#
253
RH
2(H c R)
RH
(a) If R H 2R, then 0 H c 2R H 2(H c R) r*= 2(H c R) R. Therefore, the maximum occurs at the
R S(r) is maximum at r R.
RH
2(H c R)
H
2(H c R)
1
RH
2(H c R)
R r R. Therefore,
Conclusion: If H (0 2R], then the maximum surface area is at r R. If H (2R _), then the maximum is at
RH
r r 2(H c R) .
f w (x) m c
"
x
"
x
and f w w (x)
2
x
18. f(x) mx c 1 b
"
If f m 0, then m c 1 b m 2m c 1 0 m
"
4
"
m
yields a minimum.
"
4
19. (a) The profit function is Paxb ac c exbx c aa b bxb cex# b ac c bbx c a. Pw axb c#ex b c c b !
c
c
x c#eb . Pww axb c#e ! if e ! so that the profit function is maximized at x c #e b .
(b) The price therefore that corresponds to a production level yeilding a maximum profit is
x c
b
e
c
c c e c #e b
c bb
#
dollars.
#
#
c
c
c
(c) The weekly profit at this production level is Paxb ce c #e b b ac c bb c #e b c a
ac c b b
%e
c a.
(d) The tax increases cost to the new profit function is Faxb ac c exbx c aa b bx b txb cex b ac c b c tbx c a.
Now Fw axb c#ex b c c b c t ! when x t b b c c c c#b c t . Since Fww axb c#e ! if e !, F is maximized
c#e
e
b
when x c c#b c t units per week. Thus the price per unit is p c c e c c#b c t c b # b t dollars. Thus, such a tax
e
e
increases the cost per unit by
cbbbt
#
"
x
cbb
#
t
#
20. (a)
c$!
"
x
"
$ x $.
So xnb" xn c
xn
a
xq
qc" b
q
a
xq
!
"c
!
"c
!
"c
a
xq
"
q so that x" is a weighted average of x!
"
q
a
xq
x! q c " b
q
"c
!
"c
!
!
a
xq
xq aq c "b b a
qxq
!
"c
!
"c
qc"
q
with weights m!
qxq c xq b a
qxq
"c
a
q
xq c a
qxq
x! c
and
fax b
f ax b
"c
21. x" x! c
"
qc" b q
q
a
xq
#
xn b xn c $x# #xn c $xn xn a# c $xn b.
n
"
xn b xn c $x#
n
"c
c"
xn .
faxn b
f ax n b .
"
#
"c
254
22. We have that ax c hb# b ay c hb# r# and so #ax c hb b #ay c hb dy ! and # b # dy b #ay c hb d y ! hold.
dx
dx
dx
#
dy
x b y dx
dy 9
" b dx
dy
dx
b yd y c
dx
#
equation yields # b # dy b #y d y c #
dx
dx
dy
x b y dx
dy .
" b dx
dy
x b y dx
dy 9
" b dx
!.
23. (a) aatb sww atb ck ak !b sw atb ckt b C" , where sw a!b )) C" )) sw atb ckt b )). So
b ))t b C# where sa!b ! C# ! so satb
)) )) c #!!k
.
k
))
#!!
#
so that k
b )) ! or ck )) c
)) c #!!k
k
#
)) c #!!k
ck )) b
ckt
#
$)(# ft/sec# .
(b) The initial condition that sw a!b %% ft/sec implies that sw atb ckt b %% and satb
w
%% %%
k
%%
#k
ck %% #
#
k
*')
k
*') #!!
))
#
s %%
k
%%
k .
ckt
#
ckt
#
ckt
#
satb
stopping distance.
24. haxb f # axb b g# axb hw axb #faxbf w axb b #gaxbgw axb #<faxbf w axb b gaxbgw axb #<faxbgaxb b gaxbacfaxbb
# ! !. Thus haxb c, a constant. Since ha!b &, haxb & for all x in the domain of h. Thus ha"!b &.
" everywhere, when x !, y !, and
d y
dx
#
dy
dx
! everywhere.
%$
a%bb
$
b Ca$Cb"$ b a$Cb"$ C c
. Thus v! sw a!b
a%bb
$
%$
<ca$Cb
12
% $"
t a$Cb"$ . So
ct
12
## $%
.
$ b
$C
"#
ct
12
ct
$
C
b a$Cb"$ $% b $"$ C%$
28. (a) sww atb t"# c tc"# vatb sw atb # t$# c #t"# b k where va!b k
$
(b) satb
% &#
"& t
%
c % t$# b % t b k# where sa!b k# c "& . Thus satb
$
$
%
# $#
c #t"#
$ vatb $ t
% &#
%
c % t$# b % t c "& .
"& t
$
$
%b
$
b %
$
29. The graph of faxb ax# b bx b c with a ! is a parabola opening upwards. Thus faxb ! for all x if faxb ! for at most
#
one real value of x. The solutions to faxb ! are, by the quadratic equation
Thus we require
a#bb c %ac ! b c ac !.
#
#
#
#
Thus aa" b" b a# b# b b an bn b# c aa# b a# b b an bab" b b# b b bn b ! by Exercise 29.
#
"
#
#
#
#
#
Thus aa" b" b a# b# b b an bn b# aa# b a# b b an bab" b b# b b bn b.
"
(b) Referring to Exercise 29: It is clear that faxb ! for some real x b# c %ac !, by quadratic formula.
Now notice that this implies that
#
#
#
#
aa" b" b a# b# b b an bn b# aa# b a# b b an bab" b b# b b bn b
#
"
But now faxb ! ai x b bi ! for all i " # n ai x cbi ! for all i " # n.
255
256
NOTES