Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering

BATCH DISTILLATION COLUMN DESIGN DESCRIPTION The design of the distillation column is held on the basis of separating the components of the hydrated feed, mainly levulinic acid and formic acid. The operation of the distillation column will undergo a batch process. Steam will be used as medium that will heat the mixture at 150 0C. Levulinic acid is then collected as the bottoms product while formic acid is the distillate. DESIGN SELECTION Batch steam distillation is used since it is more economical than other various types of distillation especially when dealing with only two components having different boiling points. DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS 1. The feed to the column is a homogenous liquid and enters the column at 70C 2. The rate of feed entering is 228.74 kg/batch. (Based from material balance) 3. Amount of distillate is 64.944 kg/batch of formic acid and the bottoms product is 163.8 kg/batch levulinic acid. 4. The density of formic acid is 1220 kg/m3 and that of levulinic acid is 1134 kg/m3. 5. The molecular weight of formic acid is 46.03 g/mol and that of levulinic acid is 116.13 g/mol 6. Cp of formic acid = 2.151 kJ/kg-K, Cp of levulinic acid = 3.0235 kJ/kg-K 7. Assume ideal mixture

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 1. Assume overall heat transfer coefficient = 300 BTU/ft2-hr-F (table 11.2, page 333, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by McCabe, Smith and Harriott). 2. Holdup is negligible (Page 13-96 Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook 7th Edition) 3. Column is operating at 1500C 4. Operation is within 45 minutes 5. Safety factor is 30% DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 1. Volume of column 2. Column diameter 3. Column height 4. Heating surface area 5. Shell Thickness 6. Head and bottom thickness 7. Steam requirement

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering

DESIGN CALCULATION 1. Column Diameter The total feed is 228.74 kg/batch, the volume of the fluid can be solved using the density:

The vaporization rate C is

The equivalent volume of this vaporization rate can be solved using ideal gas law;

The average molecular weight of this solution is ( ) ( )

)(

)(

The total volume of this mixture is then

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering

Applying 30% safety factor

2. Column diameter Use the formula of the volume of sphere to solve the equivalent diameter

D = 2.21642 m Use D = 2.5 m 3. Column height

4. Heating surface area

Where: U = overall heat transfer coefficient

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering A = heating surface area = mean temperature difference ( ( ) )

Q = 50795.741 KJ/ batch (based on energy balance)

( )

Applying 30% safety factor

5. Shell thickness Using equation 4 3, Process Equipment Design by Hesse

Where: tS = thickness of the plate p = Internal Pressure

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering D = Internal Diameter S = Allowable Working Stress E = Efficiency C = Corrosion Allowance To solve the value of S: Use equation 4 1, Process Equipment Design by Hesse S = (SU)(Fm)(Fa)(Fs) Where: SU = 11000 psi (Table 3.1, Process Equipment Design by Hesse) Fm = 1.00 for high tensile strength carbon steels Fa = Fr =1.00 since radiographing and stress relieving is not required Fs = 0.25 (Table 4.2, Process Equipment Design by Hesse) Therefore: S = 11000 x 1.00 x 1.00 x 1.00 x 0.25 = 2750 Psi Solving the internal pressure, p:

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Assume C = 1/16 ( ( )( ) )

tS = 0.0676 in = 1.7172 mm Use thickness = 2.0 mm 6. Head and Bottom Thickness Use equation 4 8 of Process Equipment Design by Hesse for hemispherical head and bottom: ( ( )( ) )

t = 0.0657 in = 1.67 mm Use thickness = 2.0 mm 7. Steam requirement Based on energy balance S = 36.1278 kg/batch

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Distillation Column IDENTIFICATION ITEM: Batch Steam Distillation column NUMBER OF REQUIRED UNITS: 1 MATERIALS HANDLED: (based on Levulinic acid heavy key) FUNCTION: To separate levulinic acid from formic acid MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION: 9Ni carbon steel alloy DESIGN DATA PARAMETERS PROPOSED DESIGN Dimensions: Volume 7.41 m3 Height 5m Diameter 2.5 m 2.0 mm Shell thickness Head and bottom thickness Heating Surface Area 2.0 mm 0.29 m2

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering

DESIGN CONFIGURATION

Head and bottom thickness 2 mm

Shell Thickness 2 mm

5m

2.5 m mmm