DRYING

E. BAGNOLI
Engineering Research laboratory, Engineering Department,

E .

1. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilrnington, Del.

HIS review covers items that are bclieved to he of interest to workers dealing with drying problems of a practical and a theoretical nature. It is arranged in thrcc sections: Drying Fundamentals, Drying Methods, and Drying of Specific Materials. Much of the literature reviewed was descriptive, stressing modifications or adaptations to existing drying techniques. A few articles presented information of a fundamental nature. However, as in the past, there is still a need for good fundamental work in drying and for good operating data on plant scale dryers for comparison with the results of small scale experiments to improve scale-up methods.
DRYING FUNDAMENTALS

The mechanism of freeze drying and vacuum drying of wet clay by evaporation in the absence of air was investigated by Strickland-Constable and Bruce ( @ A ) , who found that the drying rate of frozen clay depends primarily on the rate of cscape of vapor and that a t constant heat input the drying rate of wet clay is constant above 21% nioisturr and then falls steeply to 6% moisture, which moisture is probably in the adsorbed condition These same authors (44A) also studied the sublimation of pure ice at temprratures around -5O"C, a t prcsaures whcre the mean free path is small compared nith the apparatus dimension. Spalding (41A) presented a method for calculating niass-transfer rates and considered, in particular, the case of simultaneous heat and mass transfcr as illustrat,ed by the net- and dry-bulb hygrometer. Two paprrs on the mechanism of drying prcsrnted a t a meeting of the Institution of Chemical Engincers x-ere abstracted in Cheiiizcal Age. In the first of these, King and Nenitt (22A) reported, on the basis of experiments in the drying of beds of moist nonporous materials, the following drying rate pcriods: constant heating up rate, pseudo-constant rate, first falling rate, and second falling rate. In the second paper, Corben and Sewitt (10A) extended their investigation of the mechanism of drying of solids to the drying of porous granular materials. Butler and Plewes (6.4) derived a theoretical relation for the evaporation of a plane of solid material into air in streamline flow. Subsequently, Plewes, Butler, and Marshall (30A) found that experimental va,iorization rates for seven solids were greater than predicted by this thcory. Polonskaya (81A, %A) investigated temperature and nioisture distributioiis during the constant-rate drying of gypsum board. Sprays and Droplets. The mechanism of liquid jet breakup via? studied photographically by Richardson (MA), who distinguished thrcc regimes of floiv, each resulting in a special type of breakup-Le., capillary ripples which brenlc up into droplets, sinuous oscillation of the cylinder axis, and breakup due to air friction. Harmon (1fiA) extended previons theoretical work for predicting the drop size t o be expected from a slow-bpced jet to the case where the fluid flows in fully developed laminar f l o w as it issues from the nozzle. Bitron (2a) dcmonstrated that the A-ukiyama-Tanasaux equation for mean drop size in air

atomization was applicable t o atomization by supersonic air jets. Tho possibility of introducing errors in the mean drop size by exclusion of many of the smaller particles, too often ignored in the past, was pointed out. Equations for the largest drop size during atomization and a distribution function from statistical considerations were derived by Troesch (4fiA). Marshall (27A) reviewed developments in the fields of atomitation and spray drying. Considered were the principles of jet breakup, the performance characteristics of apinning-disk, pneumatic, and centrifugal or swirl-type atomizers; methods for presenting drop-size distribution data; evaporation from drops and sprays; and the factors involved in the design and performance of spray dryers. Combined with the previous work of Scltzer and Settclmeyer (4OA), who placed their emphasis on spray drying equipment, an excellent compilation of the information in these fields is now available Ingebo (18A) measured the vaporization ratcs and drag cocfficients for iso-octane sprays in a turbulent gas stream Drag coefficients were correlated empirically, and the vaporization rates based on a mean diameter agreed with single-droplet data. The ballistics of an evaporating droplet injccted countercurient t o the air flow direction were developed by Miesse (289, 2.9.4), who later showed that his analysis was consistent with the evperimental rrsults obtained by Ingebo (18A). Using suspensions of controlled, uniform size, Burgoyne and Cohen ( 4 4 ) studicd the effcct of drop size on flame propagation and found that below 10 microns the suspension behaved as a vapor, hilc above 40 microns the droplets burn individually in their own air envelope, one burning drop igniting adjacent oncs. Garner and Grafton (13A) correlated their results for the dissolution of benzoic acid spheres in water by an equation differing from Frossling's equation, principally in the constant term. Expressions for the burning rate of a fuel droplct, the temperature of the flame front, and the radius of thc combustion surface weie obtained by Goldsmith and Penner (14-4). Evaporation rates of single droplets rreie measured by Kobayasi (23A Equilibrium Moisture and Moisture Movement. Equilibriuni moisture and rate of approach to equilibrium data for dry beans wcre determined by TTcston and Morris (49A) and equilibrium moistures for whole grain edible forms of rice were nieasurcd by Houston and Kester ( 1 7 A ) . Davis ( 1 f A ) presented a chart for conveniently obtaining the water vapor pressure over aqiicous solutions of hydrogen bromide Levine and Fagerson (25.4) described a simple apparatus for determining the equilibrium moisture of foods. Moisture movement in soils because of a therinal gradient mas investigated throretically and experimcntally hy Rollins, Spangler, and Kirliham (37A). These investigators and Taylor and Cavazza (.&A) report a movement of moisture largely as vapor from warm to cool regions with a returning flow of liquid. Moisture Analysis. A hIoisturescope, a portable unit using a toluene distillation mrthod, for determining the moisture content of mnterisls, i q avaiizblr from Hafco Srientific Instruments and Vol. 48, No. 3

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Devclopment Co. (8,4). Schwartzman (S3a) compared the moisture determination in coffee by toluene distillation with oven drying. A device based on the pressure developed by react,ion of water and calcium carbide for the rapid indication of surface moisture in powdered, granulated, or fibrous materials is available from Hey1 and Patterson ( 7 A ) . Gray and Whelan ( 1 6 8 ) showed that the moisture content of coal could be conveiiiently determined with an accuracy of about 5% over the range from 15 to 40% by measuring the heat effect due to mixing with sulfuric acid. Fetzer and Ilirst ( 1 2 a )surveyed moisture determination methods for gluten and sweetened feeds. 3 vacuum drying device for determining water in emulsions, ointments, pastes, or in very viscous materials \vas dcscribcd by Purr (3SA). Jensen, Kelley, and Burtoii (13$) adapted high-frequency techniques to the determination of moisture in salts. The use of formamide as an extraction solvent with Karl Fischer reagent in determining the moisture content of foods was investigated by McComb and Wright (%A), \Tho found that their results did not always agree with vacuuni-oven values. Hygrometry. il measuring apparatus for the continuous determination of gas moisture based on the fogging of a polished surface was described by Ripka ( M A ) . Moisture-sensitive elements of white pine shavings are comparable with hair-type elements in accuracy, stability, and response rate according to Case (64). The dependence of electrical resistance of strips of gelatin, agar, poly (vinyl alcohol), and other similar materials on t,he relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere was shown graphically by Kersten ( 2 l A ) ,mho also described the successful control of the humidity of a chamber by units made from several of these materials in connection with a suitable electronic circuit. Webb and Neugebauer ( 4 7 A ) described a method for the rapid, continuous determination of water vapor in air by measuring its dielectric constant. . 4 rapid-response hygrometer whose act,ion depends on the change produced in electrical resistance of a thin film of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or similar salt by a change in humidity was reported by the Kational Bureau of Standards (3-4). The development and testing of an electronic instrument, the Teka Dieleetrometer, for det>erminirigmoisture in oil or natural gas \\-ere reported by Weisbcclwr ( 4 8 4 ) . I t is claimed that the instrument not only measures samples, but will also measure directly in the pipe or vessel under process condit i o ~ ~A ~recording . hygrometer based on the humidity-dependent streamer corona discharge from a pointed wire to a plane surface in air was constructed by Anderson, Hertz, and Rufelt ( 1 A ) . White (5OA) described a hygrometer employing an alumina core saturated wit,h a cheniical solution which absorbs atniosphcric moisture and so becomes electrically conductive. il continuous compression hygrometer in which fogging of a polished metal surface is used to indicate humidity was reported by Rrady and Rrailsford (3-4). The equations for the psychrometer were considered by Spnncer-Gregory (43-4) from aspects of the kinetic theory of gases in order to develop an adequat'e theoretical background. Sato and Yamazaki (38.4) derived an equation for the adiabatic cooling line which is applicable to any gas-liquid system without assuming constant liquid temperature. Kayse (IOA) prepared and illustrated the use of a humidity chart showing drybulb temperatures to 1500' F. and dew points to 175" F., nhile Landsbaum, Dodds, and Stutzman ( 9 4 8 ) calculated humidities of compressed air a t pressures to 1000 atm. and temperatures from 50" to 200" F. il nomograph showing the variation ill the 100% absolute humidity with absolute pressure or altitude w a ~ prepared by Rhoden (S4A).
DRYING METHODS

E. BAGNOLI bas been a member of

the Engineering Research Laboratory, Engineering Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., since 1952, working primarily in the field of drying. H e attended the University of Delaware, where he obtained the B.Ch.E. in 1949 and M.Ch.E. in 1950. Bagnoli is a member of the American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Rotary Dryers. Rockwell and others (SOB) evaluated a dryer for apple Flices consisting of a perforated, rotating sheet-metal drum with the drying air delivered through the bed of ninterial by air ducts located along the dryer. Uniform treatment and rednced mechanical damage to the material are claimed to result from this drying scheme. Pierce (28R) described a typical DchydrO-mat dryer installation and gave performanee data for a unit used to dry fish meal. Spraul ( S I B ) evaluated conventional equations for estimating the relationship between percentage holdup and retention in rotary air dryers for 25 materials and concluded that all the equations tested were limited in the range ovcr which they are valid and that it was not posssible t o predict their useful range. Theoretical equations for the holdup and holding time in a rotary kiln with a ring wcir were derived by Koutsuma (19B). An item in Chemical Engineering (6Bi describcd rotary-kiln installations exhibiting high thermal efficiencies. The temperature pattern and heat exchange for a hypothetical frit ealciner mere analyzed by Helmbold ( I @ ) . Rauer ( S R ) and Borofsky (@) discussed the control of rotary kilns The largest steam tube rotary dryer in the world, 10 feet in diameter and 100 feet long and built by General American Transportation Co., was noted by Alcoa ( I B ) . Since then, another dryer having the same diameter but 10 feet longer was built by GATX. Pneumatic Conveying Dryers. Drying data for a variety of materials in a pneumatic conveying dryer were obtained by Kamei and Toei (I7B, 18B),who concluded that the initial drying rate was high, falling off rapidly to a nearly constant value Keel and others (8@) investigated the performance of an airlift dryer for piedrying of potato granulcs, with final drying taking place in a continuous fluidized bed dryer. The resiilts of experiments on potato granule drying in a pneumatic conveying dryer were described by Cooley and others (IOB). The operation of a pilot plant for flash drying of coal was described by Tanno and Sasaki (SCB). Equipment and operating results of a pneumatic conveying dryer for ammonium sulfate were described by Ka,gano and Akizawa (ISB). Chenicul Bngineering (8B) notes that the Parry dryer used principally for coal drying in the past is now being marketed for other granular materials. Spray Dryers. Buckham and Moulton ( 5 B ) investigated the gas recirculation and particle expansion in spray drying. Thry found that the extent of vertical gas mixing bccause of the jet effect of thc high-velocity inlet air stream and localized volume contraction due to cooling from the spray indicated relatively constant gas temptmtiire in the drying zone. The spread of residence times of the smaller particles was greater than expected. Ismberg (16R) described a spray drying installation in which flue gnscs from boilers are used t o supply the heat. Parker (26B) patented a drying scheme in which t,hc material to be dried is sprayed into a Venturi section to get high velocities prior to eiitrririg an expansion chamber. The Minerals and Chemicals Corp.'s spray drying method for processing kaolin was described in Chemacul Enganeering (76') Vacuum and Laboratory Dryers. Saunders ( S I B ) found that the drying rate of milk crumb in a varuum shelf oven falls from

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UNIT OPERATIONS REVIEW

Superheated steam drying o f textiles offers efficiency and improved product characteristics

...

the start and is influenccd mare by the degree of vacuum and moisture content of the cake than by the shelf temperature. The design and operating technique of a vacuum oven for analytical work in determining solids in cane molasses were described by Gardiner and Farmiloe (f2R).An American Society for Testing Materials bulletin (BR) reports that the Precision Scientific Co. has redesigned its Thelco vacuum oven for greater accuracy and durability. Pawson (27B) described the construction and performance of an electrically heated drying oven for plant materials. Chemical Trade Journal (9R) reported that the General Electric Co , Ltd , has designed an oven for drying powders and chemicals which has provision for a great number of charge-carrying trays and a forced circulation system for ensuring air flow parallel to the tray surfaces. Freeze Drying. Xeumann and hIatx ( 2 5 B ) describe the principles of freeze drying and some typical assemblies 1%hich are eJpecially suitable for preserving highly sensitive materials. Physical consideration by Matz (2ZB)on the freezing of water indicated that a sensitive substance should be frozen rapidly if its structure is t o remain unaltered. Two stagrs of freeze drying were also described-i.e., the primary stage in which conipact ice is removed and a second stage requiring higher vacuum i n which the adsorbed water film is removed. hIatz (22B) described equipment for carrying out freeze drying and pointed out that B

solid material should bc finely divided and thinly distributed during drying. Tappel (%E) described a simple, inexpensive laboratory apparatus for earrying out freeze drying. Precautions to observe in using liquid propane for rapid freezing

Internal and external view of worlds largest steamtube rotary dryer-10 ft. in diameter, 110 ft. long
COURTESY QENERAL AMERICAN TRANSPORTArlON 00.

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DRYING
wcre discussed by Stephenson (33B i . Mary, Christensen, and B e d (20H) reported that freeze drying facilitated the extraction of chlorophyll from thc leaves of drug plants and that more total chlorophyll was obtained by freeze drying than by oven drying. Miscellaneous Dryers. Various types of ovens or drying rooma for drying of furniture finishes, well as the associated control equipment and conveyers, were discussed by Herdlein ( 1 5 B ) . Different types of dryers such as multiple-hand, falling-tray, convector type, continuous-tray, and others were described by Walter (37B). Grose and Duffield (13B) considered the operations of drying and evaporating in the food industry and the methods and equipment involved. On the basis of running costs, they emphasized again that substantial savings can be effected by removing, where feasible, a9 much water as possible by evaporators or other suitable means before final drying. Typical operations involving the contacting of solids and gases, including drying, the factors involved, and the commercial equipment for carrying out the operations, were reviewed by Vener and Robinson (36B). Frame ( 2 f B ) discussed the construction of a dryer attached directly to a tunnel kiln. A continuous fluidizedaolids dryerI operating much the same as a distillation column, was patented by Richardson, Jloise, and Turpin (29B).
DRYING SPECIFIC MATERIALS

Food and Agricultural Products. Hoskns and Hoskins ( f 3 C ) described the operating principles of macaroni and spaghetti dryers. Orange juice powder, prepared in a vacuum shelf oven, was found by Strashun and Talburt (d7C) t o he easily reconstituted, and they noted that operation a t vacuums higher than normally employed substantially increased the product bulk volume. Talburt, Hendel, and Lcgault ( M C )discussed some of the factors involved in in-package desiccation of foods. Hendel and Legault ( I l C ) showed that the rate of in-package desiccation of various foods increased a t higher temperatures and that the rate was markedly affected by container size and location of the desiccant. The results of tests t o determine the effect of building, duct, and fan arrangement on the drying of oats and corn with unheated air was reported by Hukill (26C). Downs and Compton (4C) showed that drying of crops on the farm with heated air was economical, Hall (9C) discussed a method for analysis of air flow in grain drying structures of nonrectangular cross section. Johnson and Dale (19C) presented a method for nieasiiring the energy required to vaporize grain moisture during drying and included dsta obtained in drying tests on wheat and shelled corn. Paper. The mechanism of web contraction during drying was discussed by Itance (232). IvarsJon (28C) presented quantitative data on the introduction of stress into laboratory-made paper sheets during drying and a method for calculating drying stresses based on thermodynamic data for the sample under test. The application of far-infrared heating in the paper industry was considered by Thomson, Dalheim, and Stannett (dnC), and in a communication in Paper Trade Journal (22C). The use of infra-air jets-ceramic infrared elements combined with high velocity cold air and eshmst-in paper converting was described by IIult'green ( f 6 C ) . Textiles. London ( 2 l C )reported on the performance of a hightemperature steam drying installation in finishing different fahrics. The production of a 50-foot dryer was reported to equal that of a 150-foot dryer using other heat sources. The principles of operation and the advantages of the Vapo-Jet dryer I study of the principles and were discussed by Hunter (f7C). . practical considerations involved in the development of highefficiency fabric-drying systems covering both hot air and superheated steam drying was reported by Egerton (5C, SC). Starting with the general drying curve for textiles, Walter (3fC) discusses hot-air dryers and cylinder drying machirics and

offers a simplified theory of drying. General directions enabling the operator of a textile mill to evaluate his drying operation were presented by Roesler (2&'). A patent for the tension-free drying of endless filaments was obtained by Torke, Koch, and Diem (JOC). Gases. The effects of several operating variables in the adiabatic drying of air using a synthetic bead-type desiccant were studied by Grayson (7C). An empirical method for predicting the effect of variables on the performance of packed-bed dehuniidificrs was presented by Ross and McLaughlin (%Cj The effort involved in obtaining data in order t o apply the method makes it of doubtful usefulness. Sorption drying o f air or other gases was discussed by Waterhouse (8%') as an aid in choosing whether sorption or cooling should be used in a specific case. Herrmann ( f 8 C ) evaluated granular silica gei for natural gas dehydration. Equipment and techniques for obtaining reliable data on moisture equilibria between solid desiccants and refrigerants were described by Gully, Tooke, anti Bartlett (8C). The various factors involved and techniques for obtaining dry instrument air were considered by Hankison (lac)and Simpson (26C). Miscellaneous Materials. Copeland (K), in a discussion of high-frequency drying of clay plates, concluded that the method has considerable advantage over more orthodox methods, but a t present the costs are high. The solution of several problem by using space heaters in ceramics drying was described by Coupe (3C). The advantages of drying soap by spraying into a vacuum flash chamber were discussed by Lanteri (IOC). Hughes (14C) describes in detail a rotary-dryer installation for phosphate rock Proper operating conditions for preventing nitrogen loss in fertilizer drying were determined by Bridger and Burzlaff ( I C )

Bibliography
DRYING FUNDAMENTALS

(la) Anderson, N. E., Hertz, C. 13.. Rufelt, H.. Physiol. Planlarum 7, NO.4, 753-67 (1954). (2.4) Bitron, M. D., IND. ENQ.CHEM. 47, 23-8 (1966). (3-1) Bradu. J. M., Brailsford. H. D.. I S A J . 2. No. 1, 22-3 (1955). (4-1)Burgoyne, J . H., Cohen, L., Proc. Roy. SOC.(London) A225, 376-92 11954). (5-1)Butler, R.'M., 'Plewea, A. C., Chem. Eng. Progr. Sumposium Ser. 50, No. 10, 121-7 (1954). (6-1)Csse, J. W., Instruments and Automation 27, N o . 7, 1076-7 (1954). ( 7 . 4 ) Chem. Processin0 - 17. . N o 7,100 (1954). p. 105. (82%) Ibid., Ibid.. No. 11. 63 (1954) (9-1) h'ewitt. D. SX., Chent. Age 72, No. 185%' (loa) Corben, R. W.; 475-80 (1955). (11.1) Davis, D. S., C h m . Eng. 62, No. 3,208 (1955). (12A) Fetzer, W.R.. Kirst. L.C , J . Assoc. Ofi. Am. - Chemists 38. 130-40 (1955). ( 1 3 . 4 ) Garner, F. H., Grafton, R. W., Proc. Roy. SOC.(London)A224, 64-82 (1954). (14-4)Goldsmith, M., Penner, S. S., Jet Propulsion 24, 2 4 . 5 5 1 (1954). (1 5 . 1 ) Gray, V. ll., Whelan, P. F., Chemistry Le: Industry 1955, No, 6. 126-8. (1 6 . 4 ) Harmon, D. B., Jr., J. Franklin Inst. 259, 519-22 (1955). (174 IIouston. D. F.. Kester E. B.. Food Technol. 8. 302-4 (19541. (18-4)Ingebo. R . D., Natl. Adtiismy Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Mem. 3265 (1954). (19-4) Jensen, F. W.. Kelley, R f . J., Burton, 11.B , Jr., Anal. Chem 26, 1716-19 (1954). (20.1) Kayse, J. R., Air Condituning, Heating, Ventilating 52, 86-91) (1955). (2lA) Kersten. H., Science 121, 98-9 (1954). (22A) King, A. R . ,Newitt, D. M., Chem. Age 72, 478-80 (1955). (23-4) Kobaymi, K.. Tech. Repts. Tbhoicu I m p . Uniu. 18, 209-22 (1954); Engrs. DiQest 15, No. 11, 463 (1954). Dodds, W. S., Stutzman, L. F., IND ( 2 4 4 Landsbaum, E. M., END.CHEM. 47, 101-3 (1955). (254) Levine, A. 5.. Fagerson, I. S., Tappi 37, No. 7, 299 (1954). (26-4) WcComb, E. A., Wright, H. Sl., Food Technol. 8, 73-3
. I

(1954).

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Significant advances continue to be made in the understanding and practice of the operation of drying. Especially important, l think, is the growth of quantifafive information about effects of drying conditions on properties of the dry product. One after another, complexities of actual industrial drying practice are being attacked through extensions of theory and development of new compufational techniques. Commercial adoption of continuous vacuum dryers for heatsensitive materials exemplifies the strong trend toward complete mechanization and automafic control of the drying operation.
W. B. VAN ARSDEL, Asst. Chief Western Utilization Research Branch Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department o f Agriculture
(27A) Marshall, W. R., Jr., Chem. Eng. Progr. Monograph Ser. 50, No. 2 (1954). (%A) Miesse, C. C., Jet Propulsion 24, 237-44 (1954). (29A) Ibid., 25, 36 (1955). (30A) Plewes, A. C., Butler, R. M., Marshall, H. E., Chem. Eng. P r o p . 50, 77-80 (1954). (31A) Polonskaya, F. M., Zhur. Tekh. Fiz. 23, 796-801 (1953). (32A) Ibid., 23, 802-5 (1953). (33A) Purr, A., Fette u. Seifen 56, 1006-10 (1954). (34A) Rhoden, M., Chem. Eng. 62, No. 1, 212 (1955). (366) Richardson, E. G., Appl. Sci. Research A4, 374-80 (1954). (36A) Ripka, L.v., Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 26, 440 (1954). (37A) Rollins, R. L., Spangler, M. G., Kirkham, D., Highway Research Board, Proc. 33, 492-508 (1954). (38A) Sato, T., Yamasaki, A., Chem. Eng. (Japan) 18, 212-15 (1954). (3QA) Schwartaman, G.. J . Aasoc. Ofic. Agr. Chemists 36, 661-3 (1953). (40A) Seltzer, E., Settelmeyer, J. T., Advances in Food Research, vol. 2, pp. 39S520, Academic Press, New York, 1949. (41A) Spalding, D. B., Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs. (London) 168, 54570 (1954). (42A) Spencer-Gregory, H., Instrlament Practice 8, 508-13 (1954). (43A) Strickland-Constable, R. F., Bruce, E. W., Trans.Inst. Chem. Engrs. 32, 199-203 (1954). (44A) Ibid., 32, 191-8 (1954). (46A) Taylor, S. A., Cavarea, L., Soil Sci. SOC.Amer., Proc. 18, 351-8 (1954). (46A) Troesch, H. A., Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 26, 311-20 (1954). (47A) Webb, P., Neugebauer, AI. K., Reu. Sci. In&. 25, 1212-17 (1954). (48A) Weisbecker, H. B., Oil Gas J . 53, No. 24, 118 (1954). (498) Weston, W. J.. Morris, H. J., Food Technol. 8, 353 (1954). (60A) White, W. C., Elec. Eng. 73, 1084-7 (1954).
DRYING METHODS

(23B) Nagano. E., Akizawn, K., Coal Tar 6, 394-6 (1954). (24B) Ned, G. H., Smith, G. S., others, Food Technol. 8, 230-4 (1954). (25B) Neurnann, K.. Matz, G., Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 27, 5-13 (1955). (26B) Parker, F. A,, Jr., U. S. Patent 2,702,949 (Alarch 1, 1955). (27B) Pawson, E., Chemistry &Industry 1955, pp. 109-10. ENG.CHEM.47, No. 5, 69-72A (1955). (28B) Pierce, D. E., IND. (29B) Richardson, R. W., Moise, J. E., Turpin, F. G., Jr., U S. Patent 2,702,434 (Feb. 22, 1955). (30B) Rockwell, W. C., Lowe, E., others, Food Technol. 8, 500-2 (1954). (31B) Saunders, J., J . Sci. Food Agr 6 , 110-16 (1955). (32B) Spraul, J. R., IND. ENG.CHEM. 47, 368-74 (1955). (33B) Stephenson, J. L., Nature 174, 235 (1954). (34B) Tanno, H., Sasaki, N., J. Coal Research Inst. (Japan) 3, 65-70 (1952). (35B) Tappel, A. L., Anal. Chem. 26, 1671-2 (1954). (36B) Vener, R. E., Robinson, I,. A., Chem. Eng. 62, No 5, 163-72 (1955). , . , Rock Prodiicta 57, No. 5, 116-18 (1954). (37B) Walter, I
DRYING SPECIFIC MATERIALS

Aluminum Co. of America, Heat Exchanger Bulletin, 1954. A S T M Bull., No. 201, 78, 1954. Bauer, W. G., Chent. Eng. 61, No. 5, 193-200 (1954). Borofsky, H., Brick & Clay Record 125, No. 5, 68-9 (1954). Buckham, J . A., Moulton, R. W., Chem. E r ~ g Progr. . 51, 12633 (1955). (6B) Chem. Eng. 61, No. 10, 181-4 (1954). (7B) Ibid., 62, NO. 1, 118-20 (1955). (8B) Ibid., 62, NO. 6 , 306-8 (1955). (9B) Chem. Trade J . 135, No. 3515, 998 (1954). (10B) Cooley, A. M., Severson, D. E., others, Food Technol. 8, 263-9 (1954). (11B) Frame, D. P., Am. Ceram. SOC. Bull. 33, No. 7, 216-17 (1954). (12R) Gardiner, S. D., Farmiloe, F. J., Analyst 79, 447-53 (1954). (13B) Grose, J. W., Duffield, G. H., Chemistry & Industry 1954, pp. 1464-74. (14B) Helmbold, P. A.. Chimie Ce: Indudtrie 70, 672-6 (1953). (15B) Herdlein, W , Ind. Finishing 30, No. 12, 46-50 (1954). (16B) Isenberg, Y. H., IND. ENC. CHEM.46, No. 11, 105-106A (1954). (17B) Kamei, S., Toei, R., Chem.-Ing.-Tech 26, No. 1, 1-9 (1954). (18B) Kamei, S., Toei, X.,Mem. Fac. Eng. K ~ o t oUniv. 16, 14-48 (1954). (19B) Koutsuma, &I., Chem. Eng. (Japan) 19, 99-103 (1955) (20B) Mary, N. Y . , Christensen, B. V., Beal, J. L., J . Am. Pharm. Assoc., Sci. Ed. 43, 554-7 (1954). (21B) Mate, G., V a k u u m Tech. 3, 109-14 (1955). (22B) Ibid., 3, 115-23 (1955).

(1B) (2B) (3B) (4B) (5B)

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