ME2143E-SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

LAB REPORT/ LINEAR CIRCUITS

NAME: Phyo Wai Aung

MATRICULATION NUMBER: A0088893E

Lab Objective The objective of this laboratory experiment is to gain experience and understand the properties of an ideal operational amplifier. As well as familiar with typical application and limitation of an operational amplifier. The equipment used in this lab is listed. Dual channel oscilloscope Elite II circuit design test system Multimeter 741 OP amp 5.1 V Zener Diode Resistors 100K, 10K, 1K

Introduction The operational amplifier, or OP amp, is a low cost and versatile integrated circuits consisting of many internal transistors, resistors, and capacitors manufactured into a chip of silicon. It can be combined with external discrete components to create a wide variety of signal processing circuits. The Op amp is the basic building block for Amplifiers Integrators Summers Differntiators Comparators A/D and D/A converters Active filters Sample and hold amplifiers

EXPERIMENT 1

During this experiment have connected the circuit of fig 1 and measured the Vi and Vo with the dual channel oscilloscope. Vi = 1.12Vpp and Vo = 11.2V pp Voltage Gain of the operational amplifier = 11.2V pp / 1.12Vpp = 10 Theoretical gain = R2 / R1 = 100K / 10K = 10 In this experiment we were able to get gain of amplifier gain of 10 which is same as theoretical value.

Experiment 2 Have measured the frequency response of the above circuit by changing the input frequency. Experiment results of voltage gain at the frequencies are shown in below table.

Frequency 0.01 (KHz) Gain 10.4

0.1 11.4

1 11.2

10 10.8

20 10.2

30 8.00

40 6.40

50 5.20

60 4.40

100 2.80

Gain
12 10 8 Axis Title 6 4 2 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 100

Gain

The frequency at which the magnitude of the gain drops to 1 over the square root of 2 of its D.C. value is called the cutoff frequency or the half power frequency. Half power gain = 0.7071 x 11.2 = 7.919 Therefore half power frequency = 30 KHz

Experiment 3 Have measured the Dc output voltage after removing the sin wave generator and short the input to the ground. Output reading was 11.2 mV. Ideally it should be zero with no input signal. This amount of 5.1mV voltage represents the offset Voltage at the operational amplifier input. And measured the DC output voltage ground the non inverting input with 10K resistor. Output has decreased to 8.3mV. This is because making the resistance at the non-inverting input equal to R1//R2, (i.e. R1 in parallel with R2) minimizes the differential effects of the input bias currents flowing into the inverting and non-inverting terminals of the operational amplifier.

Experiment 4

During this experiment have connected the circuit of fig 2 and measured the Vi and Vo with the dual channel oscilloscope. Vi = 1.00Vpp and Vo = 11.0V pp Frequency output = frequency input =1.09KHz Voltage Gain of the operational amplifier = 11.0 V pp / 1.00Vpp = 11 Theoretical gain = 1 + R2 / R1 = 1 + 100K / 10K = 11 In this experiment we were able to get gain of amplifier gain of 11 which is same as theoretical value.

Experiment 5

Fig.3 During this experiment have connected the circuit of fig 3 and measured the Vi and Vo Vi Vo -15 4.92 -12 4.89 -9 4.84 -6 4.72 -3 -0.523 0 -0.672 3 -0.69 6 -0.701 9 -0.708 12 -0.714 15 -0.719

Vi vs Vo
6 5 4 3 2 1 -15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 0 -1 -2 3 6 9 12 15 Vo

In this experiment V ref was 3V which the input voltage Vin being compared. The above graph shows when input voltage is -2.9 output voltage has changed to negative.

Experiment 6

MSB S2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 S1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

LSB S0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Vo

theoretical Vout -Vref X 0/8 =0 -Vref X 1/8 = -0.625 -Vref X 2/8 =-1.25 -Vref X 3/8 =-1.875 -Vref X 4/8 =-2.5 -Vref X 5/8 =3.125 -Vref X 6/8 =-3.75 -Vref X 7/8 =-4.375

-0.033 -0.653 -1.269 -1.889 -2.51 -3.129 -3.745 -4.36

0 -0.5 0 -1 -1.5 Axis Title -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 -4.5 -5 Axis Title Series1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

In this experiment we were able to get practical results which is same as theoretical value.

Conclusion
From the experiments carried out, all results correspond with the predicted/theoretical results. It is also impossible to attain ideal results under the laboratory conditions. Thus from above experiments, they allow us to better understand the properties of ideal operational amplifier, the limitations of a practical operational amplifier. We are also more familiar with the typical applications of an operational amplifier.