1K38土地資源概論試閱讀檔

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(flow resources)
(stock resources)
(reproducible resources)
(injection)
102 8 1
iii
G. Tyler Miller Scott Spoolman

(Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and
Solutions)
102 9
Contents
17
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xii
401
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447
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452
1950 452
1960
452
1970
454
1980
456
1990
456
89
457
462
462
464
464
465
006688 466
789
466
466
467
467
467
2015 (20072009)
469
xiii
470
470
471
471
472
472
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473
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489
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490
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544
545
546
xv
547
552
553
554
555
558
561
xvi
556
567
Chapte
2012 5 70 4,000 1
<;
4
(land)
(resources)
(land resources) (natural resources)2
(earths life-support systems)
(Miller, 2000: 10-11; 2004: 9)3
(A. Marshall)
(material) (forces)(Alfred
Marshall, 1938: 138)
1
2
http://www.worldometers.info/tw/2012 5 25
Morehouse Ely(1924)Barlowe(1978) (1984) (1991)
(2001) (2004)
1994
(Miller, 1998: A54; 2000: G9)

(earth capital)(natural capital)
(Miller, 1998: A49; 2000: G4; 2004: 16, G10)
1
773
(flow
resources) (stock resources) 4
(renewable resources) (losable

resources)
(1984) (fund resources)

(flow resources) (biological resources) (ibid.: 303)Miller (renewable
resources) (potentially renewable resources) (nonrenewable resources)
Miller (ecological resource)
(economic resources)
(needs and wants)
(Miller, 2000: 11; 2004: 9)(2004: 192-193) (1990: 853-857)
biological diversity biodiversity5

(1) (genetic diversity)(2)
(species diversity)(3)
(ecological diversity)
(4) (functional diversity)
(Miller, 1998: 12; 2000: 11; 2004: 76)
(nonrenewable resources)(1) (energy resources)

(2) (mineral resources)
(3) (non-mineral resources)
80%
(economically depleted) (Miller, 1998: 16;
2000: 16; 2004: 9)
1-1-1
(U.S. Ofce of Technology Assessment)
(Dobson, 1996/2000: 10)
Miller, 2004: 9
1-1-1
(reuse)
6
(common property
resources)
(tragedy of the commons) (Hardin, 1968)

(1)
(2)
(Miller, 2004: 11)
(sustained
yield)
<;
4
(the physical
supply of land resources) (the natural supply of land resources)
(inelastic supply)
(the economic supply of land resources)
(Renne, 1958:
28) (elastic
supply)
(1)
(2) (3) (4)
(5) (Barlowe, 1978: 26)
Barlowe (1978: 26-34) (1984: 23-24) (1990:

9) (1995: 39-45; 2004: 21-39)
80 92
81 10,012 92 5,134
1-2-1
(Hartwick and Olewiler, 1986: 8-9)
1-2-1
80
81
6,280.31 1,002.69
729.54 204.27
474.86 2,087.19
539.64
58.54 1,183.58
10,011.89 1,909.28 1,407.56 527.30 1,692.00 1,788.26 1,491.00 104.01 1,092.48
82
3,816.58 1,366.25
707.74 273.37
290.27
9.19
239.48
83
5,985.63 1,479.06
667.57 506.96
697.87 1,097.06
779.53 265.23
492.89
84
5,322.70
972.56
901.17 374.81
321.87 1,497.68
251.12
59.42
944.07
85
4,989.67 1,107.05
798.71 224.22
178.46
520.49
526.04 208.47
426.23
86
7,951.56 1,238.96
849.16 362.79
285.28
823.66
314.09
15.13 1,062.49
87
5,996.20 1,015.68 1,511.21 490.64
344.44 1,471.10
673.67
32.55
88
8,760.73 1,769.48 1,610.67 418.60
877.22 1,041.68
721.95 166.85 2,154.28
89
3,760.70
691.82 1,454.96
111.84
357.37
304.09
333.46 195.62
311.54
90
4,121.97
794.66 1,231.65 225.98
141.23
528.40
302.45 661.70
235.90
91
5,134.52
485.59 1,206.15 410.66
170.35 2,159.51
348.07
49.17
305.02
92
4,647.81
879.89
444.68
531.55
32.76 1,523.67
532.45 374.82
673.59
327.99
257.11
816.91
20002001(6)27820032872004287
92
67
4
(resource requirements)
(the demand
for land resources)
(the willingness and ability of people to buy)
(a derived
type of demands) (derived demands)
(Barlowe, 1978: 21-22; Temple, 1994: 66)
(population density) (man-land ratio)8

641
494
339
409
7429
1-2-2
65
1,000 1,132 81 10,000
10,470 86 13,592 2012
37,579 21,042 1.79
48,214 2.29 51,460 2.45
1-2-3 89
10
(qualitative terms)
(arable cropland equivalent per person) (per capita
availability of food calories) (Barlowe, 1978: 59-60)
1-2-22011
144.00
150.7
1,046.5
36.19
23.2
641.1
99.26
49.0
493.7
40.84
16.7
408.9
30.53
11.0
360.3
3,287.58
1,241.3
377.6
377.80
128.1
339.1
65.61
20.9
318.5
300.00
95.7
319.0
331.69
87.9
265.0
244.88
62.7
256.0
356.98
81.8
229.0
796.10
176.9
222.0
301.27
60.8
201.8
120.54
24.5
203.3
147.18
30.5
207.2
923.77
162.3
175.7
9,572.86
1,345.9
140.6
78.86
10.5
133.1
513.12
69.5
135.4
108.89
14.7
135.0
1,904.56
238.2
125.1
323.25
38.2
118.2
91.98
10.7
116.3
241.04
34.5
143.1
0.70
5.2
7,428.6
9,632.03
311.7
32.4
9,984.67
24.5
2.3
7,741.22
22.7
2.9
1. 2011
2. poptool : http://www.poptool.net/quickcheck/country/
2012 5 26
11
1-2-32012 (GNP)
(GNP)
21,042
4,895
50,742
159,278
48,214
61,521
42,335
34,630
41,057
26,112
38,667
24,437
22,708
11,359
51,460
2,734
37,579
2,689
1.
2. B-2 (GNP) B-4
2013 7 18
1. * GDP
2. 2008 (Population Reference Bureau)
(World Population Data Sheet)
41 45.55% 98 9.57%
5.45
4.01 1-2-4
12
1-2-4
(1)
(2)
(%) (%)
(3)=(2)/(1)
(4)
(5)
(6)=(5)/(2) (7)=(5)/(4)
79
5,093,098
859,772
16.88
20,352,966
4,288,774
4.99
21.07
80
5,216,613
824,256
15.80
20,556,842
4,206,139
5.10
20.46
81
5,344,486
797,745
14.93
20,752,494
4,081,088
5.12
19.67
82
5,484,603
822,395
14.99
20,944,006
3,993,051
4.86
19.07
83
5,635,936
807,791
14.33
21,125,792
4,006,641
4.96
18.97
84
5,805,286
792,120
13.64
21,304,181
3,930,028
4.96
18.45
85
6,077,469
779,427
12.97
21,471,448
3,716,326
4.77
17.31
86
6,185,146
780,246
12.61
21,683,316
3,720,757
4.77
17.16
87
6,350,616
782,136
12.32
21,870,876
3,727,761
4.77
17.04
88
6,513,324
787,407
12.09
22,034,096
3,747,157
4.76
17.01
89
6,662,192
721,161
10.82
22,216,109
3,669,166
5.09
16.52
90
6,782,168
726,575
10.71
22,339,759
3,686,823
5.07
16.50
91
6,904,466
724,949
10.50
22,453,080
3,665,372
5.06
16.32
92
7,026,158
728,205
10.36
22,534,761
3,403,922
4.67
15.11
93
7,152,245
721,418
10.09
22,615,307
3,225,165
4.47
14.26
94
7,263,739
767,316
10.56
22,689,774
3,400,036
4.43
14.98
95
7,364,396
756,366
10.27
22,790,250
3,232,592
4.27
14.18
96
7,481,207
751,338
10.04
22,866,867
3,050,483
4.06
13.34
97
7,623,793
748,276
9.81
22,942,706
3,027,627
4.05
13.20
98
7,772,091
744,147
9.57
23,016,050
2,983,560
4.01
12.96
99
7,902,440
776,724
9.83
23,054,815
2,961,874
3.81
12.85
100
8,021,749
777,473
9.69
23,110,923
2,944,336
3.79
12.74
19993082012196http://www.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_file/web_articles/
coa/15002/099196.xlshttp://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book.aspx
1. (1)
0.05 (2) (3) (4) 100
(5) 20,000
2.
3. 84 89 94 99
13
1950 1996 2 25
13 2025 55
1996 43%
75% 35% 75%
5 350 800
600 (Miller, 1998: 311-312)
64
60.2%5.7% 99 79.6%
13.2%9
89 1 26
10
99 18,400,456 23,119,772
4,750.26 36,008
79.6% 13.2%http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/list.htm2012
5 27
10
89 1 26 8900017370
34 37 91 1 30 92 2 7
14
<;
8000 0.002%1-3-1
2012 70.4 1998 2002
1-3-2
1-3-1
(%)
10
1800
0.0020.060.30.5
20
18001930
0.50.8
130
30
19301960
0.81.9
30
40
19601977
1.92.0
17
50
19771989
2.01.7
12
60
19891999
1.71.5
10
70
19992012
1.5
13
80
20122025
1.5
13
90
20252050
1.5
25
Miller, 2000: 62004: 4
15
1-3-21998 2002
1998
2002
12
47
12
50
0.1%
1.7%
0.1%
1.6%
64
60
15
19%
35%
18%
33%
65
14%
5%
(14%)
(5%)
73%
36%
75%
40%
75
63
76
65
97%
48%
(97%)
(48%)
96%
45%
(96%)
(45%)
GNP(1996)
20,240
1,230
1,075 2,710
10,750
2,710
Miller, 2000: 62004: 8, 262, 661-2
1. (1)
(GNI) 10,750
(2)
2. 1998
(developing countries) 1.6%2002

50 81% 15%
12% 25%(developed
countries) 0.1%2002 12
19% (85%) (88%)
75% 90%
(Miller, 2000: 6-7; 2004: 5-6) 1-3-2
(overpopulation)
16
1798 (Thomas
Robert Malthus) (An Essay on the Principle of Population)
11
(the brink of
starvation)
(1)
(2)
(the
Malthusian Law) (1)
(needs)
(destructive overexploitation of environmental resources)(2)
(3)
(productive capacity)
1-3-3
2011 15% 2.4%
60% 1.1%
1.9% 1-3-4
2008 13.3
11
1
(1984)
35-49
17
1-3-32011
20
1.2
36
12
2.4
18
1.1
13
0.5
20
1.6
18
1.1
17
1.1
11
11
0.0
18
1.2
1.9
1. 2011
2. 1. http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/national/j001.xls
2013 7 18
3. h t t p : / / w w w . s t a t . g o v . t w /
ct.asp?xItem=15409&CtNode=36222013 7 18
1-3-42008 2050
18
2008
2025
2050
1,330.04
1,453.14
1,417.04
1,148.00
1,431.27
1,613.80
304.06
358.73
403.93
237.51
263.29
288.11
196.34
213.80
218.51
172.80
246.29
335.20
153.55
195.01
222.50
146.26
210.06
289.08
140.70
132.35
116.10
127.29
120.79
101.66
1. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 2009.3.11,
World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Highlights. New York United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/
population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_annextables.xls2011 6 20
2. U.S. Census Bureau, 2008.6.18, Population by Country or Area, International Data Base, http://www.census.gov/
compendia/statab/cats/international_statistics/population_households.html2011 6 20
1-3-52011 2025
2011
2025
(%)
(%)
6,987
100.00
8,084
100.00
1,051
15.04
1,444
17.86
4,216
60.34
4,780
59.13
346
4.95
391
4.84
158
2.26
185
2.29
42
0.60
45
0.56
396
5.67
447
5.53
740
10.59
746
9.23
37
0.66
46
0.57
1. 2011
2. 1. http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/national/j001.xls
2013 7 18
11.5 36% 2025

14 2050 16
2025 1.21 2050 1.02
1-3-5 2011 2025 11 95%
1960 1970
(neo-Malthusian)(gloom-and-doom
pessimists) (cornucopians)
(unrealistic technological optimists)
19
(Barlowe, 1978: 123; Miller, 1988: 17)
(throwaway worldview)
(sustainable-earth worldview) (Miller, 1988: 17)
1-3-1
(1) (2)
(3) (4) (5)
(Miller, 1988: 142004: 12)
Miller, 2004: 12.
1-3-1
20

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www.wunan.com.

G. Tyler Miller Scott Spoolman

(Miller, 1998: A54; 2000: G9)

(renewable resources) (losable

(1984) (fund resources)

biological diversity biodiversity5

(Miller, 1998: 12; 2000: 11; 2004: 76)

(nonrenewable resources)(1) (energy resources)

(U.S. Ofce of Technology Assessment)

(Dobson, 1996/2000: 10)

(tragedy of the commons) (Hardin, 1968)

(Miller, 2004: 11)

Barlowe (1978: 26-34) (1984: 23-24) (1990:

(Hartwick and Olewiler, 1986: 8-9)

10,011.89 1,909.28 1,407.56 527.30 1,692.00 1,788.26 1,491.00 104.01 1,092.48

5,996.20 1,015.68 1,511.21 490.64

8,760.73 1,769.48 1,610.67 418.60

721.95 166.85 2,154.28

794.66 1,231.65 225.98

485.59 1,206.15 410.66

(population density) (man-land ratio)8

Miller, 2000: 62004: 4

Miller, 2000: 62004: 8, 262, 661-2

(developing countries) 1.6%2002

(Miller, 2000: 6-7; 2004: 5-6) 1-3-2

11.5 36% 2025

(Barlowe, 1978: 123; Miller, 1988: 17)

(Miller, 1988: 142004: 12)

Miller, 2004: 12.

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