ABOUT fAMILY Not much is known about aryabhatta's family No authentic information is available about the chronological history

of Aryabhatta Such as his parentage, education and other aspects of personal life It is only from the writings of Bhaskara I, who was one of his students, that it Is known that Aryabhatta took up the profession of a teacher... Aryabhatta I, born 476 A.D in Patliputra in Magadha is now modern Patna in Bihar. There are several tales of claim for his origins. Many believe that he was born in the south of India around the Kerala region and lived in Magadha at the time of the Gupta rulers; time which is known as the golden age of India.. There is no evidence that he was born outside Patliputra and traveled to Magadha, the centre of instruction, culture and knowledge for his studies where he even set up a coaching institute. His first name "Arya" is not a south Indian name while "Bhatt" (or sometimes Bhatta) is a typical north Indian name. The name is popular even today in India especially among the trader community of north India. Whatever this origins, it cannot be disputed that he lived in Patliputra
Early life.

According to the Aryabhatiya, Aryabhata was 23 when he completed the work sometime in about 499, making his year of birth 476 C.E. Aryabhata's masterpiece focuses on mathematics and astronomy, and it is written in verse couplets. It is divided into an introduction and three segments: Ganita (Mathematics) Kala-kriya (Time Calculations) Gola (Sphere) In the introduction, Aryabhata set forth a system he invented for representing numbers with letters from the Indian alphabet. With this system it is possible to 18 represent numbers up to 10 . Here he also included astronomical tables. In Ganita (Mathematics), the author provided 66 mathematical rules (without proof), and he discussed arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry and spherical trigonometry. He used the "kuttaka" method to solve linear indeterminate equations, a technique in which the problem is broken into smaller problems with smaller coefficients (kuttaka means "to pulverize"). Aryabhata also provided an accurate approximation for (pi).

In Kala-kriya (Time Calculations), Aryabhata focused largely on astronomy, with particular attention to planetary movement. He defined various units of time, addressed problems of longitude, and determined the circumference of the earth to within less than 100 miles of today's calculations. In Gola (Sphere), spherical astronomy is discussed. Here Aryabhata applied plane trigonometry to spherical geometry. He was able to predict solar and lunar eclipses, and he also stated that the movement of the heavens was due to the axial rotation of the earth, a concept that was ignored or disputed in western astronomy for another thousand years. The Aryabhatiya would have a profound and far-reaching effect on mathematics and astronomy in general, particularly in India. What he invented and discovered?? The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry and spherical trigonometry. It also contains :

1. Place value system and zero

The place-value system, first seen in the 3rd-century Bakhshali Manuscript, was clearly in place in his work. While he did not use a symbol for zero, the French mathematician Georges Ifrah explains that knowledge of zero was implicit in Aryabhata's place-value system as a place holder for the powers of ten with null coefficients[13] However, Aryabhata did not use the Brahmi numerals. Continuing the Sanskritic tradition from Vedic times, he used letters of the alphabet to denote numbers, expressing quantities, such as the table of sines in a mnemonic form 2.

Approximation of

Aryabhata worked on the approximation for pi ( ), and may have come to the conclusion that is irrational. In the second part of the Aryabhatiyam (gaitapda 10), he writes: caturadhikam atamaaguam dvaistath sahasrm ayutadvayavikambhasysanno vttapariha. "Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000. By this rule the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 20,000 can be approached." [15]

This implies that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is ((4 + 100) 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3.1416, which is accurate to five significant figures.

3.Trigonometry
In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the area of a triangle as tribhujasya phalashariram samadalakoti bhujardhasamvargah that translates to: "for a triangle, the result of a perpendicular with the half-side is the area."[17] Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work by the name of ardha-jya, which literally means "half-chord". For simplicity, people started calling it jya. When Arabic writers translated his works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they referred it as jiba. However, in Arabic writings, vowels are omitted, and it was abbreviated as jb. Later writers substituted it with jaib, meaning "pocket" or "fold (in a garment Alphabetic code has been used by him to define a set of increments. If we use Aryabhata's table and calculate the value of sin(30) (corresponding to hasjha) which is 1719/3438 = 0.5; the value is correct. His alphabetic code is commonly known as the Aryabhata cipher.[18]

4.Indeterminate equations
A problem of great interest to Indian mathematicians since ancient times has been to find integer solutions to equations that have the form ax + by = c, a topic that has come to be known as diophantine equations. This is an example from Bhskara's commentary on Aryabhatiya: Find the number which gives 5 as the remainder when divided by 8, 4 as the remainder when divided by 9, and 1 as the remainder when divided by 7 That is, find N = 8x+5 = 9y+4 = 7z+1. It turns out that the smallest value for N is 85. In general, diophantine equations, such as this, can be notoriously difficult.. Aryabhata's method of solving such problems is called the kuaka ( ) method. Kuttaka means "pulverizing" or "breaking into small pieces", and the method involves a recursive algorithm for writing the original factors in smaller numbers. Today this algorithm, elaborated by Bhaskara in 621 CE, is the standard method for solving first-order diophantine equations and is often referred to as the Aryabhata algorithm.[19] The diophantine equations are of interest in cryptology,

and the RSA Conference, 2006, focused on the kuttaka method and earlier work in the Sulbasutras.

5.Algebra
In Aryabhatiya Aryabhata provided elegant results for the summation of series of squares and cubes:[20]

and

Astronomy
Aryabhata's system of astronomy was called the audAyaka system,

Motions of the solar system

Aryabhata correctly insisted that the earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the earth, contrary to the then-prevailing view in other parts of the world, that the sky rotated. This is indicated in the first chapter of the Aryabhatiya, where he gives the number of rotations of the earth in a yuga,[23] and made more explicit in his gola chapter:[24]
In the same way that someone in a boat going forward sees an unmoving [object] going backward, so [someone] on the equator sees the unmoving stars going uniformly westward. The cause of rising and setting [is that] the sphere of the stars together with the planets [apparently?] turns due west at the equator, constantly pushed by the cosmic wind.

Aryabhata described a geocentric model of the solar system, in which the Sun and Moon are each carried by epicycles. They in turn revolve around the Earth. In this model, which is also found in the motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, a smaller manda (slow) and a larger ghra (fast). [25] The order of the planets in terms of distance from earth is taken as: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars,Jupiter, Saturn, and the asterisms."[12] The positions and periods of the planets was calculated relative to uniformly moving points. In the case of Mercury and Venus, they move around the Earth at the same

mean speed as the Sun. In the case of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, they move around the Earth at specific speeds, representing each planet's motion through the zodiac. Most historians of astronomy consider that this two-epicycle model reflects elements of prePtolemaic Greek astronomy.[26]

Eclipses
Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata. He states that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahuand Ketu, he explains eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. Thus, the lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters into the Earth's shadow (verse gola.37). He discusses at length the size and extent of the Earth's shadow (verses gola.3848) and then provides the computation and the size of the eclipsed part during an eclipse. Later Indian astronomers improved on the calculations, but Aryabhata's methods provided the core.

Sidereal periods
Considered in modern English units of time, Aryabhata calculated the sidereal rotation (the rotation of the earth referencing the fixed stars) as 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.1 seconds;[28] the modern value is 23:56:4.091. Similarly, his value for the length of the sidereal year at 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, and 30 seconds (365.25858 days)[29] is an error of 3 minutes and 20 seconds over the length of a year (365.25636 days).[30]

Heliocentrism
As mentioned, Aryabhata advocated an astronomical model in which the Earth turns on its own axis. His model also gave corrections for the speeds of the planets in the sky in terms of the mean speed of the sun. Thus, it has been suggested that Aryabhata's calculations were based on an underlying heliocentric model, in which the planets orbit the Sun,[ though this has been rebutted. It has also been suggested that aspects of Aryabhata's system may have been derived from an earlier, likely pre-Ptolemaic Greek, heliocentric model of which Indian astronomers were unaware, though the evidence is scant. The general consensus is that a synodic anomaly (depending on the position of the sun) does not imply a physically heliocentric orbit (such corrections being also present in late Babylonian astronomical texts), and that Aryabhata's system was not explicitly heliocentric.

Achievements
World renowned name, Aryabhata, is the biggest innovative and intellectual thinker. Aryabhata was the first great scientist, astronomer and mathematician of ancient India. With his landmark contribution in number world he make India world famous. His greatest achievements include finding a solution for the indeterminate algebraic equation of the first degree and determining the value of Pi correct to four decimal places. He simplified the astronomical information needed for religious rituals.

Aryabhata Bibliography

Publication list from ADS

The Aryabhata publication list through May, 1999 is the result of a query to the ADS service using the keyword Aryabhata. Note: the following link is not section 508 compliant.

Publications 1-4

Other source of Information

Space Satellite Handbook , 1994, ed. Anthony R. Curtis, p.144 Jane's Pocket Book of Space Exploration , 1976, T.M. Wilding-White, p.103.

Related site

ISRO , (Indian Space Research Organization)