Professional Documents
Culture Documents
. Then both Fourier integrals can be evaluated by considering the integral i z f ( z )e dz , > 0 , where contour C consisting of the interval [ R , R ]
C
and a semicircle of radius large enough to enclose all poles lies in upper half plane. Remark Suppose then
f ( z) = p( z) q( z ) ,
p( z )
degree of q ( z ) . If
CR
CR
iz
f ( z )dz
as R .
Replace x by z and cos x or sin x by e i z . Find the poles of f ( z ) and locate those poles which lie in upper half plane. Integrate f ( z ) over a contour C consisting of the interval [ R , R ] and a semicircle of radius large enough to enclose all poles lies in upper half plane. Step II Find the residues at the selected poles and apply Cauchys residue theorem.
Example:
cos x dx , +a2
Solution Let
I =
0
cos x ` 1` cos x dx = dx . 2 2 2 x 2 + a 2 x +a
(30.1)
z + a2
. Only ai lies in upper half plane C consisting of the interval [ R , R ] and a semicircle of radius R > a . Now
Re s ( f ( z ), ai ) = e a 2ai
.
R R
f ( z ) dz =
CR
f ( z )dz +
f ( z ) dz = 2i Re s ( f ( z ), z k )
k= 1
= 2i
e a e a = 2ai a
Therefore,
e a ei x cos x sin x dx = dx + i dx = 2 + a2 2 + a2 2 + a2 a x x x
This implies
x
0
e a cos x dx = 2 2 2a +a
Example: Evaluate ( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2
cos x
+ b2
dx,
a >b >0.
f ( z) =
Poles are at z = ai , bi . Only ai and bi lie in upper half plane. Now and
Re s ( f ( z ), bi ) = e b 2bi ( a 2 b 2 )
ei z ( z 2 + a 2 )( z 2 + b 2 )
Therefore,
e b ei z e a e b e a dz = 2 i + = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a 2ai (b a ) 2bi(a b ) a b b C ( z + a )( z + b )
As
(x
+ a 2 )( x 2 + b 2 )
ei
dx =
cos x sin x dx + i 2 dx 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( x + a )( x + b ) ( x + a )( x + b )
This implies
e b cos x e a dx = . 2 2 2 2 a a2 b2 b ( x + a )( x + b )
Indented Counters In this section we shall discuss the integrals of rational functions which have poles on real axis as well. Integrals of the form
xdx . Such types of integrals are sometimes or f ( x) sin refereed as Fourier integrals.
xdx f ( x) cos
Suppose that
f ( x) =
p ( x) q ( x)
except at a finite number of poles. Behavior of the integral as r tends to infinity Theorem: Suppose f has a simple pole z = c on the real axis. If defined by z = c + re i , 0 , then
Lim
r 0 CR
CR
is the contour
f ( z )dz = i Re s( f ( z ), c ) .
Now,
CR
a 1 + g ( z) , z c
1
where g is analytic at c .
= a 1
= i Re s( f ( z ), c ) + I
ire d +I i 0 re
(30.2)
Now
I = ir g (c + re i ) d r Md = Mr
0
Clearly,
I 0
Replace x by z and cos x or sin x by e i z . Find the poles of f ( z ) and locate those poles which lie in upper half plane and on the real axis. Step II Find the residues at the selected poles and apply Cauchys residue theorem as:
+ iR X + iR X
] ]
Where R P and R X are the sum of residues at poles in upper half plane and on real axis respectively. If limit of integration are from 0 to then divide the result by 2. Example: Evaluate
0
Sinx dx . x
by e
i z
, we have,
f ( z) =
ei z z
Poles are at z = 0 , which lies on real axis. No pole lies in upper half plane. Now So
Re s ( f ( z ),0) =1 = R X
f ( x ) cos xdx =
Example: Evaluate x( x 2
0
Sinx dx , +a 2 )