Section 8.

6
C08S06.001: Let x = 4 sin. Then
_
16 x
2
=
_
16 16 sin
2
=

16 cos
2
= 4 cos and dx = 4 cos d.
Therefore
_
1

16 x
2
dx =
_
1
4 cos
4 cos d =
_
1 d = + C = arcsin
_
x
4
_
+ C.
C08S06.002: Let x =
2
3
sinu. Then
4 9x
2
= 4 4 sin
2
u = 4 cos
2
u and dx =
2
3
cos u du.
Thus
_
1

4 9x
2
dx =
2
3
_
cos u
2
cos u du =
1
3
u + C =
1
3
arcsin
_
3x
2
_
+ C.
C08S06.003: Let x = 2 sinu. Then dx = 2 cos u du and
x
2
_
4 x
2
= (4 sin
2
u)
_
4 4 sin
2
u = 8 sin
2
u cos u.
Thus
I =
_
1
x
2

4 x
2
dx =
2 cos u
8 sin
2
u cos u
du =
1
4
csc
2
u du =
1
4
cot u + C.
The reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side x, and hypotenuse 2 has adjacent side of length

4 x
2
, and thus
I =
1
4

4 x
2
x
+ C =

4 x
2
4x
+ C.
C08S06.004: Let x = 5 sec u. Then dx = 5 sec u tanu du and x
2
_
x
2
25 , = 125 sec
2
u tanu. So
J =
_
1
x
2

x
2
25
dx =
_
5 sec u tanu
125 sec
2
u tanu
du =
1
25
_
cos u du =
1
25
sinu + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, adjacent side 5, and hypotenuse x has opposite side

x
2
25 , and
hence
J =

x
2
25
25x
+ C.
C08S06.005: Let x = 4 sinu. Then dx = 4 cos u du and
x
2

16 x
2
=
16 sin
2
u
4 cos u
. Therefore
1
K =
_
x
2

16 x
2
dx =
_
16 sin
2
u du = 8
_
(1 cos 2u) du
= 8
_
u
1
2
sin2u
_
+ C = 8(u sinucosu) +C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side x, and hypotenuse 4 has adjacent side

16 x
2
, and
therefore
K = 8
_
arcsin
_
x
4
_

x
4

16 x
2
4
_
+ C = 8 arcsin
_
x
4
_

16 x
2
2
+ C.
C08S06.006: Let x =
3
2
sinu. Then dx =
3
2
cos u du and
x
2

9 4x
2
=
9
4
sin
2
u
_
9 9 sin
2
u
=
3 sin
2
u
4 cos u
;
I =
_
x
2

9 4x
2
dx =
9
8
_
sin
2
u du =
9
16
_
(1 cos 2u) u =
9
16
(u sinu cos u) +C.
The reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side 2x, and hypotenuse 3 has adjacent side

9 4x
2
and thus
I =
9
16
_
arcsin
_
2x
3
_

2x
3

9 4x
2
3
_
+ C =
9
16
arcsin
_
2x
3
_

9 4x
2
8
+ C.
C08S06.007: Let x =
3
4
sinu: dx =
3
4
cos u du, (9 16x
2
)
3/2
= (9 9 sin
2
u)
3/2
= 27 cos
3
u. Hence
J =
_
1
(9 16x
2
)
3/2
dx =
3
4
_
cos u
27 cos
3
u
du =
1
36
_
sec
2
u du =
1
36
tanu + C.
The reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side 4x, and hypotenuse 3 has adjacent side

9 16x
2
,
and hence
J =
1
36

4x

9 16x
2
+ C =
x
9

9 16x
2
+C.
C08S06.008: Let x =
5
4
tanu: 25 + 16x
2
= 25 sec
2
u and dx =
5
4
sec
2
u du. Thus
K =
_
1
(25 + 16x
2
)
3/2
dx =
_
1
125 sec
3
u

5
4
sec
2
u du =
1
100
_
cos u du =
1
100
sinu + C.
The reference triangle with acute angle u has opposite side 4x and adjacent side 5, and thus hypotenuse

25 + 16x
2
. Therefore
K =
1
100

4x

25 + 16x
2
+ C =
x
25

25 + 16x
2
+ C.
C08S06.009: Let x = sec :

x
2
1 = tan, dx = sec tan d. Thus
2
I =
_

x
2
1
x
2
dx =
_
tan
sec
2

sec tan d =
_
tan
2

sec
d
=
_
sec
2
1
sec
d =
_
(sec cos ) d = ln| sec + tan| sin + C.
The reference triangle with acute angle , adjacent side x, and hypotenuse x has opposite side

x
2
1 .
Therefore
I = ln

x +
_
x
2
1

x
2
1
x
+ C.
C08S06.010: Let x = 2 sinu:

4 x
2
=
_
4 4 sin
2
u = 2 cos u, dx = 2 cos u du. Thus
J =
_
x
3
_
4 x
2
dx =
_
(8 sin
3
u)(2 cos u)(2 cos u) du
= 32
_
(1 cos
2
u) cos
2
u sinu du = 32
_
1
5
cos
5
u
1
3
cos
3
u
_
+ C.
The reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side x, and hypotenuse 2 has adjacent side

4 x
2
.
Therefore
J = 32
_
1
5

(4 x
2
)
5/2
32

1
3

(4 x
2
)
3/2
8
_
+ C =
1
5
(4 x
2
)
5/2

4
3
(4 x
2
)
3/2
+ C
= (4 x
2
)
1/2
_
1
5
(4 x
2
)
2

4
3
(4 x
2
)
_
+ C =
1
15
(4 x
2
)
1/2
_
3(16 8x
2
+ x
4
) 20(4 x
2
)

+ C
=
1
15
(3x
4
4x
2
32)
_
4 x
2
+ C.
C08S06.011: Let x =
3
2
tanu: dx =
3
2
sec
2
u du, 9 + 4x
2
+ 9 + 9 tan
2
u = 9 sec
2
u. Thus
K =
_
x
3
_
9 + 4x
2
dx =
_ _
27
8
tan
3
u
_
(3 sec u)
_
3
2
sec
2
u
_
du
=
243
16
_
sec
3
u tan
3
u du =
243
16
_
(sec
3
u)(sec
2
u 1) tanu du
=
243
16
_
(sec
4
u sec
2
u) sec u tanu du =
243
16
_
1
5
sec
5
u
1
3
sec
3
u
_
+ C.
The reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side 2x, and adjacent side 3 has hypotenuse

9 + 4x
2
.
Hence
3
K =
243
16
_
1
5

(9 + 4x
2
)
5/2
243

1
3

(9 + 4x
2
)
3/2
27
_
+ C =
1
80
(9 + 4x
2
)
5/2

3
16
(9 + 4x
2
)
3/2
+ C
=
1
80
_
(9 + 4x
2
)
5/2
15(9 + 4x
2
)
3/2
_
+ C =

9 + 4x
2
80
_
(9 + 4x
2
)
2
15(9 + 4x
2
)

+ C
=

9 + 4x
2
80
_
16x
4
+ 72x
2
+ 81 60x
2
135
_
+ C =

9 + 4x
2
80
(16x
4
+ 12x
2
54) +C
=
1
40
(8x
4
+ 6x
2
27)
_
9 + 4x
2
+ C.
Such extensive algebraic simplications are not normally necessary.
C08S06.012: Let x = 5 tanu: dx = 5 sec
2
u du, x
2
+ 25 + 25 sec
2
u. Therefore
I =
_
x
3

x
2
+ 25
dx =
_
125 tan
3
u
5 sec u
5 sec
2
u du
=
_
125 tan
3
u sec u du = 125
_
(sec
2
u 1) sec u tanu du = 125
_
1
3
sec
3
u sec u
_
+ C.
The reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side x, and adjacent side 5 has hypotenuse

x
2
+ 25 .
Thus
I = 125
_
1
3

(x
2
+ 25)
3/2
125

(x
2
+ 25)
1/2
5
_
+ C =
1
3
(x
2
+ 25)
3/2
25(x
2
+ 25)
1/2
+C
= (x
2
+ 25)
1/2
_
1
3
(x
2
+ 25) 25
_
+ C =
1
3
(x
2
+ 25)
1/2
(x
2
50) +C.
C08S06.013: Let x =
1
2
sin: dx =
1
2
cos d, 1 4x
2
= 1 sin
2
= cos
2
. So
I =
_

1 4x
2
x
dx =
_
2 cos
sin

1
2
cos d =
_
cos
2

sin
d =
_
1 sin
2

sin
d
=
_
(csc sin) d = ln| csc cot | + cos + C.
The reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side 2x, and hypotenuse 1 has adjacent side

1 4x
2
.
Therefore
I = ln

1 4x
2
2x

+
_
1 4x
2
+ C = ln

1 1 + 4x
2
2x
_
1 +

1 4x
2
_

+
_
1 4x
2
+ C
= ln(4x
2
) ln|2x| ln
_
1 +
_
1 4x
2
_
+
_
1 4x
2
+ C
= ln4 + 2 ln|x| ln2 ln|x| ln
_
1 +
_
1 4x
2
_
+
_
1 4x
2
+ C
= ln|x| + ln2 ln
_
1 +
_
1 4x
2
_
+
_
1 4x
2
+ C
= ln|x| ln
_
1 +
_
1 4x
2
_
+
_
1 4x
2
+ C
1
4
where C
1
= C ln2.
C08S06.014: Let x = tan: dx = sec
2
d, 1 +x
2
= sec . Thus
_
1

1 + x
2
dx =
_
1
sec
sec
2
d = ln| sec + tan | + C = ln
_
x +
_
1 + x
2
_
+ C.
C08S06.015: Let x =
3
2
tanu: 9 + 4x
2
= 9 + 9 tan
2
u = 9 sec
2
u, ds =
3
2
sec
2
u du. Thus
J =
_
1

9 + 4x
2
dx =
_
1
3 sec u

3
2
sec
2
u du =
1
2
_
sec u du =
1
2
ln| sec u + tanu| + C.
The reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side 3x, and adjacent side 3 has hypotenuse

9 + 4x
2
.
Therefore
J =
1
2
ln

9 + 4x
2
3
+
2x
3

+ C =
1
2
ln
_
2x +
_
9 + 4x
2
_
+ C
1
where C
1
= C
1
2
ln3.
C08S06.016: Let x =
1
2
tanu: dx =
1
2
sec
2
u du,

1 + 4x
2
=

1 + tan
2
u = sec u. So
K =
_
_
1 + 4x
2
dx =
1
2
_
sec
3
u du =
1
4
sec u tanu +
1
4
ln| sec u + tanu| + C
by Formula 28 inside the back cover (or use the result in Example 6 of Section 8.3). The antiderivative
of sec
3
x is easy to remember: It is the average of the derivative and antiderivative of sec x (merely a
coincidence). Next, the reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side 2x, and adjacent side 1 has
hypotenuse

1 + 4x
2
, and therefore
K =
1
2
x
_
1 + 4x
2
+
1
4
ln
_
2x +
_
1 + 4x
2
_
+ C.
C08S06.017: Let x = 5 sin: dx = 5 cos d, 25 x
2
= 25 cos
2
. Thus
I =
_
x
2

25 x
2
dx =
_
25 sin
2

5 cos
5 cos d =
25
2
_
(1 cos 2) d =
25
2
( sin cos ) +C.
The reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side x, and hypotenuse 5 has adjacent side

25 x
2
.
Therefore
I =
25
2
_
arcsin
_
x
5
_

25 x
2
25
_
+ C =
25
2
arcsin
_
x
5
_

25 x
2
2
+ C.
C08S06.018: Let x = 5 sinu: 25 x
2
25 cos
2
u, dx = 5 cos u du. So
J =
_
x
3

25 x
2
dx =
_
125 sin
3
u
5 cos u
5 cos u du
= 125
_
(1 cos
2
u) sinu du = 125
_
1
3
cos
3
u cos u
_
+ C.
5
A reference triangle with acute angle u has opposite side xand hypotenuse 5, and thus adjacent side

25 x
2
. Therefore
J = 125
_
1
3

(25 x
2
)
3/2
125

(25 x
2
)
1/2
5
_
+ C =
1
3
(25 x
2
)
3/2
25(25 x
2
)
1/2
+ C
=
1
3
(25 x
2
)
1/2
(25 x
2
75) =
1
3
(x
2
+ 50)
_
25 x
2
+C.
C08S06.019: Let x = tan: 1 +x
2
= sec
2
, ds = sec
2
d. Thus
K =
_
x
2

1 + x
2
dx =
_
tan
2

sec
sec
2
d =
_
sec tan
2
d =
_
(sec
3
sec ) d.
For the antiderivatives, refer to Formulas 14 and 28 of the endpapers of the text or use the reduction formula
in Example 6 of Section 8.3. Thus we obtain
K =
1
2
sec tan
1
2
ln| sec + tan | + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side x, and adjacent side 1 has hypotenuse

1 + x
2
.
Therefore
K =
1
2
_
x
_
1 + x
2
ln
_
x +
_
1 + x
2
__
+ C.
C08S06.020: Let x = tan: 1+x
2
= sec
2
, ds = sec
2
d. Almost exactly as in the solution of Problem
19, we get
I =
_
x
3

1 + x
2
dx =
_
sec tan
3
d =
_
(sec
2
1) sec tan d =
1
3
sec
3
sec + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side x, and adjacent side 1 has hypotenuse

1 + x
2
.
Therefore
I =
1
3
(1 +x
2
)
3/2
(1 +x
2
)
1/2
+ C =
1
3
_
(1 +x
2
)
3/2
3(1 +x
2
)
1/2
_
+ C
=

1 + x
2
3
(1 +x
2
3) +C =
1
3
(x
2
2)
_
1 + x
2
+ C.
C08S06.021: Let x =
2
3
tanu: dx =
2
3
sec
2
u du, 4 + 9x
2
= 4 + 4 tan
2
u = 4 sec
2
u. Therefore
J =
_
x
2

4 + 9x
2
dx =
_
4
9
tan
2
u
2 sec u

2
3
sec
2
u du =
4
27
_
sec u tan
2
u du =
4
27
_
(sec
3
u sec u) du
=
4
27
_
1
2
sec u tanu
1
2
ln| sec u + tanu|
_
+ C =
2
27
(sec u tanu ln| sec u + tanu|) +C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side 3x, and adjacent side 2 yields hypotenuse of length

4 + 9x
2
. Therefore
6
J =
2
27
_
3x

4 + 9x
2
4
ln
_
3x +

4 + 9x
2
2
__
+ C
=
1
18
x
_
4 + 9x
2

2
27
ln
_
3x +
_
4 + 9x
2
_
+ C
1
.
C08S06.022: Let x = sin: 1 x
2
= cos
2
, dx = cos d. Then
K =
_
(1 x
2
)
3/2
dx =
_
cos
4
d.
You could now use the method in Example 5 of Section 8.4, oras we dothe result in Problem 54 of
Section 8.3: If n is an integer and n 2, then
_
cos
n
x dx =
(cos x)
n1
sinx
n
+
n 1
n
_
(cos x)
n2
dx.
Thus
K =
1
4
cos
3
sin +
3
4
_
cos
2
d
=
1
4
cos
3
sin +
3
4
_
1
2
cos sin +
1
2
_
d
_
=
1
4
sin cos
3
+
3
8
sin cos +
3
8
+C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side x, and hypotenuse 1 has adjacent side

1 x
2
.
Therefore
K =
1
4
x(1 x
2
)
3/2
+
3
8
x(1 x
2
)
1/2
+
3
8
arcsinx + C
=
1
8
x(1 x
2
)
1/2
(2 2x
2
+ 3) +
3
8
arcsinx + C =
1
8
x(5 x
2
)
_
1 x
2
+
3
8
arcsinx + C.
C08S06.023: Let x = tanu: dx = sec
2
u du, 1 = x
2
= sec
2
u. Hence
I =
_
1
(1 +x
2
)
3/2
dx =
_
1
sec
3
u
sec
2
u du =
_
cos u du = sinu + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side z, and adjacent side 1 has hypotenuse

1 + x
2
.
Therefore
I =
x

1 + x
2
+ C.
C08S06.024: Let x = 2 sinu: 4 x
2
= 4 4 sin
2
u = 4 cos
2
u, dx = 2 cos u du. Thus
J =
_
1
(4 x
2
)
2
dx =
_
2 cos u
16 cos
4
u
du =
1
8
_
sec
3
u du =
1
16
sec u tanu +
1
16
ln| sec u + tanu| + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side x, and hypotenuse 2 has adjacent side

4 x
2
. Thus
7
J =
1
16

2x
4 x
2
+
1
16
ln

2 + x

4 x
2

+ C
=
x
8(4 x
2
)
+
1
32
ln

(2 +x)
2
(2 +x)(2 x)

+ C =
x
8(4 x
2
)
+
1
32
ln

2 + x
2 x

+ C.
C08S06.025: Let x = 2 sin: 4 x
2
= 4 4 sin
2
= 4 cos
2
, dx = 2 cos d. Therefore
K =
_
1
(4 x
2
)
3
dx =
_
2 cos
64 cos
6

d =
1
32
_
sec
5
d.
From Example 6 in Section 8.3, we know that if n is an integer and n 2, then
_
sec
n
x dx =
(sec x)
n2
tanx
n 1
+
n 2
n 1
_
(sec x)
n2
dx.
Hence, beginning with n = 5, we see that
K =
1
32
_
1
4
sec
3
tan +
3
4
_
sec
3
d
_
=
1
32
_
1
4
sec
3
tan +
3
4
_
1
2
sec tan +
1
2
_
sec d
__
=
1
32
_
1
4
sec
3
tan +
3
8
sec tan +
3
8
ln| sec + tan |
_
+ C
=
1
128
sec
3
tan +
3
256
sec tan +
3
256
ln| sec + tan | + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side x, and hypotenuse 2 has adjacent side

4 x
2
. So
K =
1
512
_
4
8x
(4 x
2
)
2
+ 6
2x
4 x
2
+ 6 ln

x + 2

4 x
2

_
+ C
=
1
512
_
32x
(4 x
2
)
2
+
12x
4 x
2
+ 3 ln

(x + 2)
2
4 x
2

_
+ C =
1
512
_
32x
(4 x
2
)
2
+
12x
4 x
2
+ 3 ln

2 + x
2 x

_
+ C.
C08S06.026: Let x =
3
2
tanu: 4x
2
+ 9 = 9 tan
2
3u + 9 = 9 sec
2
u and dx =
3
2
sec
2
u du. Thus
I =
_
1
(4x
2
+ 9)
3
dx =
_
1
9
3
sec
6
u

3
2
sec
2
u du =
1
486
_
cos
4
u du.
Now use the recursion/reduction formula in Problem 54 of Section 8.3. The result:
I =
1
486
_
1
4
cos
3
u sinu +
3
4
_
cos
2
u du
_
=
1
486
_
1
4
cos
3
u sinu +
3
4
_
1
2
cos u sinu +
1
2
_
1 du
__
=
1
486
_
1
4
sinu cos
3
u +
3
8
sinu cos u +
3
8
u
_
+ C.
8
A reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side 2x, and adjacent side 3 has hypotenuse

9 + 4x
2
.
Hence
I =
1
486
_
1
4

54x
(9 + 4x
2
)
2
+
3
8

6x
9 + 4x
2
+
3
8
arctan
_
2x
3
__
+ C
=
27
4 243

x
(9 + 4x
2
)
2
+
9
8 243

x
9 + 4x
2
+
3
16 243
arctan
_
2x
3
_
+C
=
x
36(9 + 4x
2
)
2
+
x
216(9 + 4x
2
)
+
1
1296
arctan
_
2x
3
_
+ C.
C08S06.027: Letx =
3
4
tan: ds =
3
4
sec
2
d, 9 + 16x
2
= 9 + 9 tan
2
x
3
= 9 sec
2
. Hence
I =
_
_
9 + 16x
2
dx =
_
(3 sec )
3
4
sec
2
d =
9
4
_
sec
3
d =
9
8
(sec tan + ln| sec + tan | ) +C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side 4x, and adjacent side 3 has hypotenuse

9 + 16x
2
.
Thus
I =
9
8
_
4x

9 + 16x
2
9
+ ln
_
4x

9 + 16x
2
3
__
+ C =
1
2
x
_
9 + 16x
2
+
9
8
ln
_
4x +
_
9 + 16x
2
_
+ C
1
.
C08S06.028: Let x =
3
4
tanu: 9 + 16x
2
= 9 + 9 tan
2
u = 9 sec
2
u, ds =
3
4
sec
2
u du. Thus
I =
_
(9 + 16x
2
)
32
dx =
_
(27 sec
2
u)
3
4
sec
2
u du =
81
4
_
sec
5
u du.
Then, as in the solution of Problem 25, we have
I =
81
4
_
1
4
sec
3
u tanu +
3
8
sec u tanu +
3
8
|sec u + tanu|
_
+ C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, opposite side 4x, and adjacent side 3 has hypotenuse

9 + 16x
2
.
Therefore
I =
81
4
_
1
4

4x(9 + 16x
2
)
3/2
81
+
3
8

4x(9 + 16x
2
)
1/2
9
+
3
8
ln
_
4x +

9 + 16x
2
3
__
+ C
=
1
4
x(9 + 16x
2
)
3/2
+
27
8
x
_
9 + 16x
2
+
243
32
ln
_
4x +
_
9 + 16x
2
_
+ C
1
.
C08S06.029: Let x = 5 sec : dx = 5 sec tan d, x
2
25 = 25 sec
2
25 = 25 tan
2
. So
J =
_

x
2
25
x
dx =
_
5 tan
5 sec
5 sec tan d
= 5
_
tan
2
d = 5
_
(sec
2
1) d = 5(tan ) +C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , adjacent side 5, and hypotenuse x has opposite side

x
2
25 .
Therefore
9
J = 5
_

x
2
25
5
arcsec
_
x
5
_
_
+ C =
_
x
2
25 5 arcsec
_
x
5
_
+C
=
_
x
2
25 + 5 arctan
_
5

x
2
25
_
+C =
_
x
2
25 5 arctan
_

x
2
25
5
_
+ C.
C08S06.030: Let x =
4
3
sec u: dx =
4
3
sec u tanu du, 9x
2
16 = 16 sec
2
u16 = 16 tan
2
u. Consequently
K =
_

9x
2
16
x
dx =
_
4 tanu
4
3
sec u

4
3
sec u tanu du
= 4
_
tan
2
u du = 4
_
(sec
2
u 1) du = 4(tanu u) +C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, adjacent side 4, and hypotenuse 3x has opposite side

9x
2
16 .
Therefore
K = 4
_

9x
2
16
4
arcsec
_
3x
4
_
_
+ C
=
_
9x
2
16 4 arcsec
_
3x
4
_
+C =
_
9x
2
16 4 arctan
_

9x
2
16
4
_
+ C.
C08S06.031: Let x = sec : x
2
1 = sec
2
1, ds = sec tan d. Then
I =
_
x
2
_
x
2
1 dx =
_
(sec
2
)(tan)(sec tan) d =
_
sec
3
tan
2
d =
_
( sec
5
sec
3
) d.
Use the result in Example 6 of Section 8.3 (if you havent memorized it by now!): If n is an integer and
n 2, then
_
sec
n
x dx =
(sec x)
n2
tanx
n 1
+
n 2
n 1
_
(sec x)
n2
dx.
Thus
I =
_
(sec
5
sec
3
) d =
1
4
sec
3
tan +
3
4
_
sec
3
d
_
sec
3
d
=
1
4
sec
3
tan
1
4
_
1
2
sec tan +
1
2
ln| sec + tan|
_
+ C
=
1
4
sec
3
tan
1
8
sec tan
1
8
ln| sec + tan| + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , adjacent side 1, and hypotenuse x has opposite side

x
2
1 , and
therefore
I =
1
4
x
3
_
x
2
1
1
8
x
_
x
2
1
1
8
ln

x +
_
x
2
1

+ C.
10
Additional algebraic simplications of the answer are possible but not normally required (except possibly to
reconcile the answer with that of a computer algebra system such as Mathematica, Maple, or Derive).
C08S06.032: Let x =
3
2
sec u: dx =
3
2
sec u tanu du,

4x
2
9 =

9 sec
2
u 9 = 3 tanu. Thus
I =
_
x
2

4x
2
9
dx =
_
9
4
sec
2
u
3 tanu

3
2
sec u tanu du
=
9
8
_
sec
3
u du =
9
16
(sec u tanu + ln| sec u + tanu| ) +C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, adjacent side 3, and hypotenuse 2x has opposite side

4x
2
9 .
Therefore
I =
9
16
_
2x

4x
2
9
9
+ ln

2x +

4x
2
9
3

_
+ C =
1
8
x
_
4x
2
9 +
9
16
ln

2x +
_
4x
2
9

+ C
1
.
C08S06.033: Let x =
1
2
sec : dx =
1
2
sec tan d, (4x
2
1)
3/2
= (sec
2
1)
3/2
= tan
3
. Thus
J =
_
1
(4x
2
1)
3/2
dx =
_
1
tan
3

1
2
sec tan d
=
1
2
_
sec
tan
2

d =
1
2
_
cos
sin
2

d =
1
2 sin
+ C =
1
2
csc + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , adjacent side 1, and hypotenuse 2x has opposite side

4x
2
1 .
Therefore
J =
1
2

2x

4x
2
1
+ C =
x

4x
2
1
+ C.
C08S06.034: Let x =
3
2
sec u: dx =
3
2
sec u tanu du, 4x
2
9 = 9 sec
2
u 9 = 9 tan
2
u. So
K =
_
1
x
2

4x
2
9
dx =
_
3
2
sec utanu
_
9
4
sec
2
u
_
(3 tanu)
du =
2
9
_
cos u du =
2
9
sinu + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, adjacent side 3, and hypotenuse 2x has opposite side

4x
2
9 .
Therefore
K =
2
9

4x
2
9
2x
+ C =

4x
2
9
9x
+ C.
C08S06.035: Let x =
_

5
_
sec u: x
2
5 = 5 sec
2
u 5 = 5 tan
2
u, dx =
_

5
_
sec u tanu du. Therefore
I =
_

x
2
5
x
2
dx =
_
_
5
_
tanu
5 sec
2
u

_

5
_
sec u tanu du =
_
tan
2
u
sec u
du
=
_
sin
2
u
cos u
du =
_
1 cos
2
u
cos u
du =
_
(sec u cos u) du = ln| sec u + tanu| sinu + C.
11
A reference triangle with acute angle u, adjacent side

5, and hypotenuse x has opposite side

x
2
5 .
Thus
I = ln

x +

x
2
5

x
2
5
x
+ C = ln

x +
_
x
2
5

x
2
5
x
+ C
1
.
C08S06.036: 4x
2
5 = 5 sec
2
u 5 = 5 tan
2
u if 2x =
_

5
_
sec u. So let
x =

5
2
sec u; dx =

5
2
sec u tanu du.
Then
J =
_
(4x
2
5)
3/2
dx =
_
_
5
3/2
tan
3
u
_

5
2
sec u tanu du =
25
2
_
tan
4
u sec u du
=
25
2
_
_
sec
4
u 2 sec
2
u + 1
_
sec u du =
25
2
_
_
sec
5
u 2 sec
3
u + sec u
_
du.
From Example 6 in Section 8.3: If n is an integer and n 2, then
_
sec
n
x dx =
(sec x)
n2
tanx
n 1
+
n 2
n 1
_
(sec x)
n2
dx.
Therefore
_
sec
5
x dx =
1
4
sec
3
x tanx +
3
4
_
sec
3
x dx
=
1
4
sec
3
x tanx +
3
8
sec u tanu +
3
8
ln| sec u + tanu| + C;
2
_
sec
3
u du = sec u tanu + ln| sec u + tanu| +C;
_
sec u du = ln| sec u + tanu| + C.
Thus
J =
_
_
sec
5
u 2 sec
3
u + sec u
_
du =
1
4
sec
3
u tanu
5
8
sec u tanu +
3
8
ln| sec u + tanu| + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle u, adjacent side

5, and hypotenuse 2x has opposite side

4x
2
5 .
Therefore
J =
25
2
_
1
4

8x
3
5

4x
2
5

5

5
8

2x

4x
2
5
5
+
3
8
ln

2x +

4x
2
5

_
+ C
= x
3
_
4x
2
5
25
8
x
_
4x
2
5 +
75
16
ln

2x +
_
4x
2
5

+ C
1
.
C08S06.037: Let x = 5 sinh. Then 25 +x
2
= 25 + 25 sinh
2
= 25 cosh
2
and dx = 5 cosh d. So
12
_
1

25 + x
2
dx =
_
5 cosh
5 cosh
d = + C = sinh
1
_
x
5
_
+ C.
C08S06.038: Let x = sinh. Then 1 + x
2
= cosh
2
and dx = cosh d. Next we will rst use Eq. (11)
of Section 7.6, then Eq. (9):
_
_
1 + x
2
dx =
_
cosh
2
d =
1
2
_
(cosh2 + 1) d
=
1
2
_
1
2
sinh2 +
_
+ C =
1
2
(sinh cosh + ) +C =
1
2
_
x
_
1 + x
2
+ sinh
1
x
_
+ C.
C08S06.039: Let x = 2 cosh . Then x
2
4 = 4 cosh
2
4 = 4 sinh
2
and dx = 2 sinh d. Soat one
point using Eq. (5) of Section 7.6
_

x
2
4
x
2
dx =
_
2 sinh
4 cosh
2

2 sinh d =
_
tanh
2
d =
_
_
1 sech
2

_
d
= tanh + C =
sinh
cosh
+ C = cosh
1
_
x
2
_

x
2
4
x
+ C.
C08S06.040: Let x =
1
3
sinhu: dx =
1
3
cosh u du, 1 + 9x
2
= 1 + sinh
2
u = cosh
2
u. Thus
_
1

1 + 9x
2
dx =
_
1
3
cosh u
cosh u
du =
1
3
u + C =
1
3
sinh
1
(3x) +C.
C08S06.041: We will use Eqs. (9), (12), and (10) of Section 7.6. Let x = sinh. Then 1 + x
2
= cosh
2

and dx = cosh d. Hence

_
x
2
_
1 + x
2
dx =
_
sinh
2
cosh
2
d =
1
4
_
(2 sinh cosh )
2
d =
1
4
_
(sinh2)
2
d
=
1
8
_
(cosh4 1) d =
1
8
_
1
4
sinh4
_
+ C =
1
8
_
1
2
sinh2 cosh2
_
+ C
=
1
8
_
(sinh cosh )(cosh
2
+ sinh
2
)

+ C
=
1
8
_
sinh
3
cosh + sinh cosh
3

_
+ C
=
1
8
x
3
_
1 + x
2
+
1
8
x(1 +x
2
)
3/2

1
8
sinh
1
x + C
=
1
8
x
3
_
1 + x
2
+
1
8
x(1 +x
2
)
_
1 + x
2

1
8
sinh
1
x + C
=

1 + x
2
8
(x
3
+ x
3
+ x)
1
8
sinh
1
x + C
=
1
8
_
x(2x
2
+ 1)
_
1 + x
2
sinh
1
x
_
+ C.
13
C08S06.042: First solve the equation of the ellipse for
y =
b
a
_
a
2
x
2
.
Then its area is
A = 4
_
a
0
b
a
_
a
2
x
2
dx =
4b
a
_
a
0
_
a
2
x
2
dx
=
4b
a
_
x
2
_
a
2
x
2
+
a
2
2
arcsin
_
x
a
_
_
a
0
=
4b
a

a
2
2
arcsin(1) = 2ab

2
= ab.
C08S06.043: The area of triangle OAC in Fig. 8.6.8 is
1
2
xy =
1
2
x
_
a
2
x
2
.
The area of the region ABC is (by Example 2)
_
a
x
_
a
2
u
2
du =
_
u
2
_
a
2
u
2
+
a
2
2
arcsin
_
u
a
_
_
a
x
=
a
2
2
arcsin(1)
x
2
_
a
2
x
2

a
2
2
arcsin
_
x
a
_
.
The area A of sector OBC is therefore their sum:
A =
a
2
2


2

a
2
2
arcsin
_
x
a
_
.
But x = a cos , so
A =
a
2
4

a
2
2
arcsin(cos ) =
a
2
4

a
2
2
_

2

_
=
a
2
4

a
2
4
+
1
2
a
2
=
1
2
a
2
.
C08S06.044: Given y = x
2
, we have ds =
_
1 + (dy/dx)
2
dx =
_
1 + 4x
2
dx. So the length in question
is
L =
_
1
0
_
1 + 4x
2
dx.
Let x =
1
2
tan: 1 + 4x
2
= 1 + tan
2
= sec
2
, dx =
1
2
sec
2
d. Hence
L =
_
1
x=0
1
2
sec
3
d =
1
4
_
sec tan + ln| sec + tan|
_
1
x=0
=
1
4
_
2x
_
1 + 4z
2
+ ln
_
2x +
_
1 + 4x
2
_
_
1
0
=
1
4
_
2

5 + ln
_
2 +

5
_
_
1.4789428575.
C08S06.045: Given y = x
2
, we have ds =
_
1 + (dy/dx)
2
dx =
_
1 + 4x
2
dx. So the surface area of
revolution around the x-axis is
A =
_
1
0
2x
2
_
1 + 4x
2
dx.
14
Let x =
1
2
tan: 1 + 4x
2
= sec
2
, dx =
1
2
sec
2
d. So
A =
_
1
x=0
2
_
1
4
tan
2

_
(sec )
_
1
2
sec
2

_
d =

4
_
1
x=0
sec
3
tan
2
d.
Now
_
sec
3
tan
2
d =
_
_
sec
5
sec
4

_
d
=
1
4
sec
3
tan +
3
8
sec tan +
3
8
ln| sec + tan|
1
2
sec tan
1
2
ln| sec + tan| + C
=
1
4
sec
3
tan
1
8
sec tan
1
8
ln| sec + tan| + C.
A reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side 2x, and adjacent side 1 has hypotenuse

1 + 4x
2
.
Therefore
S =

4
_
1
2
x(1 + 4x
2
)
3/2

1
4
x
_
1 + 4x
2

1
8
ln
_
2x +
_
1 + 4x
2
_
_
1
0
=

4
_
1
2
5

5
1
4

5
1
8
ln
_
2 +

5
_
_
=

32
_
18

5 ln
_
2 +

5
__
3.8097297049.
C08S06.046: The length of one arch of the sine curve is
S =
_

0
_
1 + cos
2
x dx.
To obtain the length of the upper half of the ellipse, take
y =
_
2 2x
2
, 1 x 1.
Then
dy
dx
=
2x

2 2x
2
, soafter algebraic simplicationthe arc length is
E =
_
1
1

1 + x
2

1 x
2
dx.
Let x = cos u. Then
E =
_
0

1 + cos
2
u

1 cos
2
u
(sinu) du =
_

0
_
1 + cos
2
u du = S.
C08S06.047: Given y = lnx, it follows that the arc length element is ds =
1
x

x
2
+ 1 dx, so the arc
length in question is
L =
_
2
1
1
x
_
x
2
+ 1 dx.
The substitution x = sinhu can be made to work, but we prefer to use x = tanu. This results in the denite
integral
15
L =
_
2
x=1
(csc u + sec u tanu) du =
_
ln| csc u cot u| + sec u
_
2
x=1
=
_
ln

1 +

1 + x
2
x

+
_
1 + x
2
_
2
1
= ln
_
1 +

5
2
_
ln
_
1 +

2
_
+

2
= ln
_
1

2 1
_
ln
_
2

5 1
_
+

2 = ln
_

2 + 1
_
ln
_

5 + 1
2
_
+

2
= ln
_

2 + 1
_
ln
_

5 + 1
_
+ ln2 +

2 1.222016177.
C08S06.048: A =
_
2
1
2x

x
2
+ 1
x
dx = 2
_
2
1
_
x
2
+ 1 dx.
The substitution x = tanu transforms the antidierentiation problem into
2
_
sec
3
z dz = (sec z tanz + ln| sec z + tanz | ) +C =
_
x
_
x
2
+ 1 + ln

x +
_
x
2
+ 1

_
+ C.
Substitution of the limits x = 1 and x = 2 yields the answer:
A =
_
2

2 + ln
_
2 +

5
_
ln
_
1 +

2
_
_
11.37314434.
C08S06.049: First solve for y = [a
2
(x b)
2
]
1/2
. Then
dy
dx
=
(x b)
[a
2
(x b)
2
]
1/2
, and so 1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
=
a
2
a
2
(x b)
2
.
Therefore the surface area of the torus is
S = 2
_
b+a
ba
2x ds = 4a
_
b+a
ba
x
_
a
2
(x b)
2
dx.
The substitution we want should produce
a
2
(x b)
2
= a
2
a
2
sin
2
= a
2
cos
2
,
so we choose x = b + a sin. Then dx = a cos d,
sin =
x b
a
, and = arcsin
_
x b
a
_
.
Before proceeding, note that when x = b + a, we have
a cos = [a
2
(x b)
2
]
1/2
= 0 and = arcsin(1) =

2
,
and when x = b a,
a cos = [a
2
(x b)
2
]
1/2
= 0 and = arcsin(1) =

2
.
16
Consequently
S = 4a
_
b+a
x=ba
b + a sin
a cos
a cos d
= 4a
_
b a cos
_
b+a
x=ba
= 4a
_
b

2
b
_

2
_
0 + 0
_
= 4
2
ab.
C08S06.050: The area is
A =
_
4
0
_
9 + x
2
dx.
Let x = 3 tan. Then dx = 3 sec
2
d and 9 +x
2
= 9 + 9 tan
2
= 9 sec
2
. Then
A =
_
4
0
9 sec
3
d =
9
2
_
sec tan + ln| sec + tan |
_
4
x=0
.
A reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side x, and adjacent side 3 has hypotenuse

9 + x
2
. Thus
A =
9
2
_
x

x
2
+ 9
9
+ ln
_
x +

9 + x
2
3
__
4
0
=
9
2
_
20
9
+ ln3
_
= 10 +
9
2
ln3 =
20 + 9 ln3
2
14.9437552990.
C08S06.051: A = 4
_
/2
0
(sinx)
_
1 + cos
2
x dx. With u = cos x and du = sinxdx, we obtain
A = 4
_
1
0
_
1 + u
2
du.
To nd the antiderivative, we let u = sinhz, du = cosh z dz. Then we obtain
A = 4
_
u=1
u=0
cosh
2
z dz =
_
2(z + sinhz cosh z)
_
1
u=0
= 2
_
sinh
1
u + u
_
1 + u
2
_
1
0
= 2
_
sinh
1
(1) +

2
_
= 2
_

2 + ln
_
1 +

2
_
_
14.4236.
C08S06.052: First we solve the equation of the ellipse for
y =
b
a
(a
2
x
2
)
1/2
. (1)
Thus
dy
dx
=
b
a

1
2
(a
2
x
2
)
1/2
(2x) =
bx
a(a
2
x
2
)
1/2
,
17
so that
1 +
_
dy
dx
_
1/2
= 1 +
b
2
x
2
a
2
(a
2
x
2
)
=
a
4
a
2
x
2
+ b
2
x
2
a
2
(a
2
x
2
)
.
Equation (1) also gives the radius of the circle of revolution at x, so the surface area of revolution around
the x-axis is
A = 2
_
a
0
2
b
a
(a
2
x
2
)
1/2

_
a
4
(a
2
b
2
)x
2
a

a
2
x
2
dx =
4b
a
2
_
a
0
_
a
4
(a
2
b
2
)x
2
dx.
Let
x =
a
2
sinu

a
2
b
2
, so that dx =
a
2

a
2
b
2
cos u du.
Then
a
4
(a
2
b
2
)x
2
= a
2
(a
2
b
2
)
a
4
sin
2
u
a
2
b
2
= a
4
(1 sin
2
u) = a
4
cos
2
u. (2)
Hence
A =
4b
a
2
_
a
x=0
(a
2
cos u)
a
2
cos u

a
2
b
2
du =
4a
2
b

a
2
b
2
_
a
x=0
cos
2
u du =
2a
2
b

a
2
b
2
_
u + sinu cos u
_
a
x=0
.
Then, by Eq. (2), cos u =
_
a
2
(a
2
b
2
)x
2
a
2
. So
A =
2a
2
b

a
2
b
2
_
arcsin
_
x

a
2
b
2
a
2
_
+
x

a
2
b
2
a
2

_
a
4
(a
2
b
2
)x
2
a
2
_
a
0
=
2a
2
b

a
2
b
2
_
arcsin
_

a
2
b
2
a
_
+

a
2
b
2
a

a
2
b
2
a
2
_
.
Let c =
_
a
2
b
2
. Then
A =
2a
2
b
c
_
bc
a
2
+ arcsin
_
c
a
_
_
= 2ab
_
b
a
+
a
c
arcsin
_
c
a
_
_
.
As b a
+
, c 0 and arcsin(c/a) c/a. So lim
ba
+
A = 2a
2
(1 + 1) = 4a
2
.
C08S06.053: This is the case in which 0 < a < b. First we solve the equation of the ellipse for
y =
b
a
(a
2
x
2
)
1/2
. (1)
Thus
dy
dx
=
b
a

1
2
(a
2
x
2
)
1/2
(2x) =
bx
a(a
2
x
2
)
1/2
,
so that
18
1 +
_
dy
dx
_
1/2
= 1 +
b
2
x
2
a
2
(a
2
x
2
)
=
a
4
a
2
x
2
+ b
2
x
2
a
2
(a
2
x
2
)
.
Equation (1) also gives the radius of the circle of revolution at x, so the surface area of revolution around
the x-axis is
A = 2
_
a
0
2
b
a
(a
2
x
2
)
1/2

_
a
4
+ (b
2
a
2
)x
2
a

a
2
x
2
dx =
4b
a
2
_
a
0
_
a
4
+ (b
2
a
2
)x
2
dx.
Let
x =
a
2
tanu

b
2
a
2
, so that dx =
a
2
sec
2
u

b
2
a
2
du.
Then
a
4
+ (b
2
a
2
)x
2
= a
2
+ (b
2
a
2
)
a
4
tan
2
u
b
2
a
2
= a
4
(1 + tan
2
u) = a
2
sec
2
u. (2)
Thus
A =
4b
a
2
_
a
x=0
(a
2
sec
2
u)
a
2
sec
2
u

b
2
a
2
du =
4a
2
b

b
2
a
2
_
a
x=0
sec
3
u du
=
4a
2
b

b
2
a
2
_
1
2
_
sec u tanu + ln| sec u + tanu|
_
_
a
x=0
.
Now tanu =
x

b
2
a
2
a
2
, and by Eq. (2),
sec u =
_
a
4
+ (b
2
a
2
)x
2
a
2
.
So
A =
2a
2
b

b
2
a
2
_
x

b
2
a
2
a
2

_
a
4
+ (b
2
a
2
)x
2
a
2
+ ln

_
a
4
+ (b
2
a
2
)x
2
a
2
+
x

b
2
a
2
a
2

_
a
x=0
=
2a
2
b

b
2
a
2
_

b
2
a
2
a

a
2
b
2
a
2
+ ln
_

a
2
b
2
a
2
+

b
2
a
2
a
__
.
Let c =

b
2
a
2
. Then
A =
2a
2
b
c
_
c
a

b
a
+ ln
_
b
a
+
c
a
__
= 2ab
_
b
a
+
a
c
ln
_
b + c
a
__
.
Now let b a
+
. Then
b + c
a
1 +
c
a
, so that ln
_
b + c
a
_
ln
_
1 +
c
a
_

c
a
.
So
b
a
1 and
a
c
ln
_
b + c
a
_
1
19
as b a
+
. Therefore as b a
+
, A 2ab(1 + 1) = 4ab.
C08S06.054: Given: y = 1 + 2(x 1)
1/2
. Then
dy
dx
= (x 1)
1/2
, so 1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
= 1 +
1
x 1
=
x
x 1
.
Therefore the length of the graph of y is
L =
_
5
2
_
x
x 1
_
1/2
dx.
Let x = sec
2
, so that dx = 2 sec
2
tan d. Hence
L =
_
5
x=2
sec
tan
2 sec
2
tan d = 2
_
5
x=2
sec
3
d =
_
sec tan + ln| sec + tan|
_
5
x=2
.
A reference triangle with acute angle , adjacent side 1, and hypotenuse

x has opposite side

x 1 .
Therefore
L =
_
_
x
2
x + ln

x +

x 1

_
5
2
= 2

2 + ln
_
2 +

5
_
ln
_
1 +

2
_
3.6201842808.
C08S06.055: Given: y = 1 + 2(x 1)
1/2
. Then
dy
dx
= (x 1)
1/2
, so 1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
= 1 +
1
x 1
=
x
x 1
.
Therefore the cost is
C =
_
5
2

x
_
x
x 1
_
1/2
dx =
_
5
2
x

x 1
dx.
Let x 1 = u
2
. Then x = 1 +u
2
and dx = 2u du. Hence
C =
_
5
x=2
1 + u
2
u
2u du = 2
_
5
x=2
(1 +u
2
) du = 2
_
u +
1
3
u
3
_
5
x=2
= 2
_

x 1 +
1
3
(x 1)
1/3
_
5
2
= 2
_
2 1 +
8
3

1
3
_
=
20
3
(million dollars).
C08S06.056: If y =
1
20
x
2
, then
dy
dx
=
1
10
x, so that 1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
= 1 +
x
2
100
=
100 + x
2
100
.
Thus the arc length element in this problem is ds =
1
10

100 + x
2
dx. A segment of the string, above the
point (x, 0) and of length ds, originally at ground level, is lifted to the height y =
1
20
x
2
(even though its
original position was not (x, 0)). Hence the work done in lifting the string is
W =
_
100
0
1
16

1
20
x
2

1
10
_
100 + x
2
dx =
1
3200
_
100
0
x
2
_
100 + x
2
dx.
20
Let x = 10 tan. Then 100 +x
2
= 100 sec
2
and dx = 10 sec
2
d. Therefore
W =
1
3200
_
100
x=0
(100 tan
2
)(10 sec )(10 sec
2
) d =
100
32
_
100
x=0
sec
3
tan
2
d
=
25
8
_
100
x=0
(sec
5
sec
3
) d =
25
8
_
1
4
sec
3
tan
1
8
sec tan
1
8
ln| sec + tan|
_
100
x=0
.
A reference triangle with acute angle , opposite side x, and adjacent side 10 has hypotenuse

x
2
+ 100 .
Therefore
W =
25
8
_
1
4

x(x
2
+ 100)
3/2
10000

1
8

x(x
2
+ 100)
1/2
100

1
8
ln
_
x +

x
2
+ 100
10
__
100
0
=
_
1
12800
x(x
2
+ 100)(x
2
+ 100)
1/2

1
256
x(x
2
+ 100)
1/2

25
64
ln
_
x +

x
2
+ 100
10
__
100
0
=
_
x
3
(x
2
+ 100)
1/2
12800
+
x(x
2
+ 100)
1/2
128

x(x
2
+ 100)
1/2
256

25
64
ln
_
x +

x
2
+ 100
10
__
100
0
=
1000000

100 101
12800
+
100

100 101
256

25
64
ln
_
100 +

100 101
10
_
=
3125
4

101 +
125
32

101
25
64
ln
_
10 +

101
_
=
25125
32

101
25
64
ln
_
10 +

101
_
=
1
64
_
50250

101 25 ln
_
10 +

101
__
7889.5514748057
inch-pounds, about 657.4626229005 ft lb.
21