International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering (ICMAME'2012) Jan.

7-8, 2012 Dubai

Investigations on Mechanical and Erosive Wear Behaviour of Cenosphere Filled Carbon-Epoxy Composites
Mohammed Ismail, Suresha Bheemappa and Rajendra N
Polymer composites are increasingly used in engineering applications such as gears, pump impellers where the filled with different weight proportions of fly ash cenosphere (CSP) components undergo erosive wear. However, these composite were fabricated by hand lay up technique followed by compression materials present a rather poor erosion resistance [8, 9]. molding. The solid particle erosion characteristics of the CSP filled Hence, it is essential to evaluate their strength as well as their C-E composites have been studied and the experimental results were erosive behavior. Solid particle erosion is the progressive loss compared with those of unfilled C-E composites. For this, an air jet of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical type erosion test rig and Taguchi orthogonal arrays have been used. interaction between that surface and solid particles. Generally, The findings of the experiments indicate that the rate of erosion by variables influencing the erosive wear of composite materials impact of solid erodent was greatly influenced by various control are, mechanical properties of the composites, fiber content, factors. The tensile modulus and flexural modulus of cenospheresfiller content, eroding particle size, impingement angle and filled C-E composites showed good improvement compared with that of the unfilled C-E composites. Low density (0.6 g/cm3) and higher velocity. Solid particle erosion of polymers and their silica content (60%) of cenospheres seems to be the reason for this composites have not been investigated to the same extent as observation. The comparative study indicates that the CSP filled C-E for metals or ceramics. In viewing past work on erosive wear composites exhibit better erosive wear performance than that of the of polymer composites, most efforts were focused on the unfilled C-E composites. The CSP filled and unfilled C-E composites study of the influence of the material properties rather than the 0 showed ductile erosion behaviour, with maximum erosion at 30 operating parameters [1014]. Srivastava and Pawar [15] impingement angle. Overall the erosion rate was found to increase studied the effect of additives and impingement angle and with impact velocity. Furthermore, the filler content is the powerful eroding particle velocity on erosive wear of neat E-glass fiber influencing factor followed by impact velocity, impingement angle, reinforced epoxy resin composite materials and composites erodent size and erosion time during the erosive wear process. with 2 and 4 g fly ash additive particles. They concluded that KeywordsMechanical properties, Polymer matrix composites, the erosive wear rate of glass fiber reinforced polymer composite with 4 g fly ash is the lowest and that the maximum Solid particle erosion, Taguchi method. erosion occurs at 60. Finnie [16] and Barkoula and KargerKocsis [17] studied the influences of operating condition such I. INTRODUCTION POXY is one of the extensively used thermoset resins due as impingement angle and speed on the erosion of polymer to its ease of handling, molding and curing.[1]. In composites under small particle erodes. It is widely recognized that polymers and their composites composites technology, particulate organic and inorganic have a poor erosion resistance. Their erosion rates are fillers are added into the polymers, may provide a good considerably higher than metals. Barkoula and Karger-Kocsis method to improve their stiffness, modulus and reduce costs [17] summarized the behavior of polymer composite materials [24]. Fillers affect the tensile properties according to their packing characteristics, size and interfacial bonding [5-8]. The under erosion conditions in schematic diagram see Figure 1. maximum volumetric packing fraction of filler reflects the size However, elastomers and rubbers are being used as protective distribution and shapes of the particles. Srivastava and coatings for erosion resistance [18]. The erosion resistance of Shembekar [8] showed that the fracture toughness of epoxy polymers is two or three orders of magnitude lower than that resin could be improved by addition of fly ash particles as of metallic materials. Also, it is well known that the erosion filler. rate of polymer composites is usually higher than that of neat polymers [19]. Hutchings [20] observed that material behavior can vary with the variation of erosion conditions. Hger et al. [21] carried out erosion test for several thermoset and Mohammed Ismail, Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore 08 ( Phone: thermoplastics composites and observed a semi-ductile 08212480475;fax:08212485802 ; e-mail:ail: mi_61917@yahoo.co.in) behavior. Maximum erosion is observed at 60 impingement Suresha Bheemappa, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The National angle for most of the tested composites. A different Institute of Engineering, Mysore 08 ( e-mail: sureshab2004@yahoo.co.in) Rajendra N, Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, The National observation was made by Tsiang [22] as using Al 2 O 3 particles Institute of Engineering, Mysore 08(e-mail: nrajendra@nie.ac.in) erosion sand. He concluded that in glass fiber reinforced AbstractCarbon fabric reinforced epoxy (C-E) composites

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International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering (ICMAME'2012) Jan. 7-8, 2012 Dubai

epoxy and some other thermoset matrices, the erosion occurred in a brittle manner, while in thermoplastic matrices a semi-ductile erosion was dominant. Rajesh et al. [23] studied erosive wear of five different polyamides and observed that all polyamides showed maximum erosion wear at 30 impingement angle indicating a ductile failure behavior. Tilly and Sage [24] have investigated the influence of velocity, impingement angle, eroding particle size and weight on the erosion wear of nylon, carbon fiber reinforced nylon, epoxy resin, polypropylene and glass fiber reinforced plastics. Their results show that these particulate filled materials behave in an ideal brittle fashion and E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite exhibits erosion rates less than those of the other composites by a factor of 5. The E-glass epoxy composite exhibits semi-ductile erosion at 45 and 60 impingement angle while others eroded in brittle manner with a maximum weight loss occurring at 7590 impinging angles. Zahavi and Schmitt [25], Miyazaki and Takeda [26] also studied the erosive behavior of fiber reinforced polymer composites and concluded that the maximum erosion rate is at 90 impingement angle. Bitter [27, 28] in his study on erosion phenomenon, stated that ductile behavior shows a peak erosion rate around 30 impingement angle because the cutting mechanism is the dominant in erosion. Past work shows some uncertainty in this respect, because most of studies concentrated on erosive and strength behaviors of polymer composites separately. To reach more clear conclusions there is a need to investigate both strength and erosive behavior of polymer composites in parallel. In composite technology additives have been used in composite materials to minimize the overall material cost. This is also the case for the addition of fly ash cenosphere to carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composite. It is believed that the CSP filler is influencing the strength and the erosive wear behavior of CE composites. In this study, the hardness and the erosive wear behaviors of CSP filled C-E composites were examined. The variation in hardness and the erosion resistance with CSP filler loading, erodent particle size and impingement angle were studied and evaluated. Erosive wear resistance of polymers and their composites is therefore of substantial interest. From literature survey it is evident that very little work has been reported on solid particle erosion studies of epoxy and their composites [17, 29, and 30]. Fiber reinforced polymer composites represent the basic element of complex composite structures. Epoxy resins are superior to polyesters in resisting moisture and other environmental influences and offer lower shrinkage and better mechanical properties. Woven fabric reinforced polymer matrix composites are gaining popularity because of their balanced properties in the fabric plane as well as their ease of handling during fabrication. Also, the simultaneous existence of parallel and anti parallel fibers in a woven configuration leads to a synergetic effect on the enhancement of the wear resistance of the composite [31]. The role played by fly ash cenosphere in different matrices and fiber reinforced polymer composites, and its effect on friction and wear is of interest to
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material technologists. This is because of the ability of fly ash cenosphere which could act as a load bearing filler material Therefore, study of their behaviour is an important component of the analysis of erosive wear of polymer composites. The objective of the present investigation was to study the solid particle erosion characteristics of fly ash cenosphere filled and unfilled C-E composites under various experimental conditions. A plan of experiments, to acquire the data in a controlled way has been designed on the basis of Taguchi technique. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Materials The Carbon fabric reinforced epoxy laminates were prepared by hand lay up followed by compression molding technique using epoxy resin as the matrix material and carbon woven cloth as the reinforcement. The fly ash cenosphere particles of average size of about 25 to 50 m were employed as filler material. The fly ash cenosphere particles were treated with 2% organo-reactive sliane coupling agent. Table 1 gives the details in respect of designation and the wt% of epoxy, carbon fiber, and fly ash cenosphere filler used in this investigation. Erosion test specimens of geometry (50 mm50 mm2.5 mm) were cut from the laminates using a diamond tipped cutter. TABLE 1. COMPOSITES USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY.
Material (designation) Carbon-epoxy (C-E) Fly ash cenosphere filled C-E (2CSP-C-E) Fly ash cenosphere filled C-E (4CSP-C-E) Fly ash cenosphere filled C-E (6CSP-C-E) Epoxy (wt. %) 40 38 36 34 Fly ash cenosphere (wt. %) -2 4 6

Mechanical property measurements Mechanical properties namely tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus for different compositions of the CSP filled C-E composites were measured according to ASTM D 638 and ASTM D 790 standards using Shimadzu Universal testing machine (Kyoto, Japan). The data reported here is the average of 4 to 5 trials taken for each composition. The experimental errors on the measured parameters are around 2%. Erosion testing Erosion testing were carried out as per ASTM G 76. The test is conducted for 2, 4, and 6 minutes and weighed to determine the weight loss. Samples of size (50 mm50 mm2.5 mm) were cut from the plaque. The conditions under which erosion tests were carried out are listed in Table 2. Using test data, the ratio of weight loss to the weight of the eroding particles causing the loss is then computed as a dimensionless incremental erosion rate. Samples were eroded with silica sand at different impingement angles (i.e. 300, 600, and 900). Experimental design

International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering (ICMAME'2012) Jan. 7-8, 2012 Dubai

Tensile strength (MPa)

Design of experiments is a powerful analysis tool for modeling and analyzing the influence of control factors on performance output. Therefore, a large number of factors are initially included so that non-significant variables can be identified at earliest opportunity. Exhaustive literature review on erosion behavior of polymer composites reveals that parameters viz., impact velocity, impingement angle, fiber loading, erodent size and stand off distance etc., largely influence the erosion rate of polymer composites. The impact of five such parameters are studied using L 27 (313) orthogonal array design. The operating conditions under which erosion tests are carried out are given in Table 2. In Table 4, each column represents a test parameter whereas a row stands for a treatment or test condition which is nothing but a combination of parameter levels. In conventional full factorial experiment design, it would require 35 = 243 runs to study five parameters each at three levels whereas, Taguchis factorial experiment approach reduces it to only 27 runs offering a great advantage in terms of experimental time and cost. The experimental observations are further transformed into signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. The S/N ratio for minimum erosion rate can be expressed as lower is better characteristic, which is calculated as logarithmic transformation of loss function as per the equation shown below Smaller is the better.

TABLE 3. DENSITIES AND HARDNESS OF THE COMPOSITES Sample Theoretical density (g/cm3) 1.64 1.53 1.55 1.58 Measured density (g/cm3) 1.636 1.518 1.532 1.556 Void fraction (%) 2.4 7.8 12.9 22.1

C-E 2CSP-C-E 4CSP-C-E 6CSP-C-E

Mechanical properties The mechanical properties of carbon fabric reinforced epoxy (C-E) filled with different content of cenospheres (CSP) are shown in Figures 1 and 2 From these figures, it can be seen that the loading of CSP greatly decreased the tensile strength, flexural strength, and significantly increased the tensile modulus and flexural modulus of C-E composite, which can be attributed to the high modulus and hardness of the carbon fibers. In the experimental range, the best mechanical properties were obtained with the C-E composite with 4 wt.% CSP.
780 760 740 720 700 680 660 640 620 600 769.69 708.915 664 675

S = 10 log 1 y 2 n N

(1)

C-E

C-E + 2%Ceno

C-E + 4%Ceno Composites

C-E + 6%Ceno

Tensile modulus (GPa)

Where n is the number of observations, and y the observed data. The lower is better (LB) characteristic, with the above S/N ratio transformation, is suitable for minimization of erosion rate. TABLE. 2 LEVELS OF VARIABLES USED IN THE EXPERIMENT Levels Control Factors 1 2 3 A: Impact Velocity (m/s) 30 40 50 B: Filler Content (wt%) 0 2 4 C: Impingement Angle 30 60 90 (degree) D: Erosion Time ( min) 2 4 6 E: Erodent Size (m) 212 425 600

(a)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 C-E C-E + 2%Ceno C-E + 4%Ceno Composites C-E + 6%Ceno 72.84 72.98 97.8 95.9

(b)
Fig. 1 Mechanical properties of CSP-filled C-E. (a) Tensile strength, (b) Tensile modulus.

Flexural strength (MPa)

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

968.735 800

996.205

865.245

C-E

C-E + 2%Ceno

C-E + 4%Ceno Composites

C-E + 6%Ceno

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Density The theoretical and measured densities of all composite samples along with the corresponding volume fraction of voids are presented in Table 3. It may be noted that the composite density values calculated theoretically from weight fractions using rule of mixtures and are not in agreement with the experimentally determined values. The difference is a measure of voids and pores present in the composites. It is clear from Table 3 that the percentage of voids in an unfilled C-E is negligibly small i.e. 0.20% and this may be due to the absence of any filler. With the addition of light weight fly ash cenosphere, the volume fraction of voids is found to be at about 1%.
210
76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62

(a)
Flexural nodulus (GPa)
74 73.5

66.4

67.4

C-E

C-E + 2%Ceno

C-E + 4%Ceno Composites

C-E + 6%Ceno

(b)
Fig. 2 Mechanical properties of CSP-filled C-E. (a) Flexural strength, (b) Flexural modulus.

From the above discussion on the mechanical properties of C-E composites filled with CSP, it is clear that improvement in tensile modulus and flexural modulus in case of

International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering (ICMAME'2012) Jan. 7-8, 2012 Dubai

cenospheres-filled composites is high compared with unfilled C-E ones. In the present work, the cenospheres used are of bigger size particles with less specific surface area. Therefore, it is clear that for particles with micron size, the surface area seems to play an insignificant role in so for as the improvement in mechanical properties is concerned. Therefore, we are of the opinion that the density and higher silica content of cenospheres is responsible for the enhancement in tensile modulus and flexural modulus in cenospheres-filled C-E composites. Because of the low density (0.7 g/cm3), the cenospheres fillers provide good flow properties and hence results in uniform distribution in the C-E composite and this enhances more number of Si-O-Si interactions due to higher silica content (60%). Therefore, good interfacial adhesion between the cenospheres particles and the matrix occurs. Erosion rate Main effects plots for S/N ratios and their interactions of samples are shown in Figures 5 and 6 respectively. It can be seen that the erosion rate was a maximum at 300 impingement angle for both composites at the different impact velocities studied. It is known that impingement angle is one of the most important parameters for the erosion behaviour of materials. In the erosion literature, materials are broadly classified as ductile or brittle, based on the dependence of their erosion rate on impingement angle. The behaviour of ductile materials is characterized by maximum erosion rate at low impingement angles (1530). Brittle materials, on the other hand, show maximum erosion under normal impingement angle (90). Reinforced composites have been shown, however, to exhibit a semi-ductile behaviour with maximum erosion occurring in the angular range 450600 [3]. However, in the literature mixed trends have been reported even for nominally brittle or ductile materials. According to Hutchings [20], materials can show either ductile or brittle behaviour. If the erosion conditions are changed, such as impingement angle, impact velocity, particle flux, erodent properties such as shape, hardness or size, etc. Tilly and Sage [25] investigated the influence of velocity, impingement angle, particle size and weight of impacted abrasive for nylon, carbon fiber reinforced nylon, epoxy, polypropylene and glass fiber reinforced plastic. Their results showed that, for the particular materials and conditions of their test, composite materials generally behaved in an ideally brittle fashion (i.e. maximum erosion rate occurred at normal impact). Miyazaki and Takeda [26], Miyazaki and Hamao [30], reported that the peak erosion rate for neat nylon, ABS and epoxy matrix occurs at around 300 impingement angle. However, in the case of carbon or glass fiber reinforced nylon, ABS, and epoxy composites the peak of the erosion rate shifts to a larger value of impingement angle (60). However, in the present study, peak erosion rate were observed at 300 for both composites. A possible reason for the erosion behaviour found in the present study is that high modulus carbon fiber was used as reinforcement for the epoxy matrix are typical semi-ductile materials, so that erosion is mainly caused by such damage mechanisms as micro-cracking due to the impact of solid particles. The

maximum erosion rates were at impingement angle of 30, for all the composites tested. The S/N ratios given in Table 3 are in fact the average of two replications. The overall mean for the S/N ratios of composites reinforced with CSP, are found to be -59.40db. The analysis is made using the popular software known as MINITAB 14.
TABLE 4 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) TABLE FOR EROSION RATE
Level 1 2 3 Delta Rank Velocity (A) -58.06 -58.59 -63.18 5.12 2 Filler (B) -66.76 -60.80 -52.26 14.50 1 Angle (C) -61.19 -57.78 -60.84 3.41 3 Erosion time (D) -59.44 -60.20 -60.18 0.76 5 Erodent size (E) -59.23 -60.70 -59.89 1.48 4

TABLE 5 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR SN RATIOS

Source Vel Filler Angle Erosion time Erodent size Residual Error Total DF 2 2 2 2 2 16 26 Seq SS 142.66 955.91 63.26 3.43 9.83 292.20 1467.3
Main Effects Plot for SN ratios
Data Means
-52 -56 -60 VELOCITY FILLER ANGLE

Adj SS 142.662 955.911 63.265 3.430 9.833 292.196

Adj MS 71.331 477.956 31.632 1.715 4.916 18.262

F 3.91 26.17 1.73 0.09 0.27

P 0.042 0.000 0.208 0.911 0.767

Mean of SN ratios

-64 -68 30 -52 -56 -60 -64 -68 2 4 6 212 425 600 40 ERO TIME 50 0 2 ERO SIZE 4 30 60 90

Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better

Fig. 3 Relative effect of main factors on erosion rate.

Before any attempt is made to use this simple model as a predictor for the measure of performance, the possible interactions between the control factors must be considered. Thus factorial design incorporates a simple means of testing for the presence of the interaction effects. The effects of control factors on erosion rate for different filler materials are shown in Fig.3. The analysis of the result gives the combination of factors producing minimum wear of the
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International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering (ICMAME'2012) Jan. 7-8, 2012 Dubai

composites. These combinations are found to be different for different filler materials. For CE filled with CSP, the factor combination of A 1, B 3, C 2, D 1, and E 1 gives minimum erosion rate. As far as minimization of erosion rate is concerned, factors B,A,C, and E have significant effects on the composites whereas factor D has the least effect. It is observed from Fig. 4 that the interaction (A x B) shows most significant effect on erosion rate.
Interaction Plot for SN ratios
Data Means
VELOCITY 30 40 50

V. REFERENCES
[1] Katz H. S., Milewskin J. V.: Handbook of fillers and reinforcements for plastics. van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1978). Sare I. R., Mardel J. I., Hill A. J.: Wear-resistant metallic and elastomeric materials in the mining and mineral processing industries an overview, Wear, 250, 110 (2001). Zhou S. S., Wu L. M., Sun J., Shen W.: The change of the properties of acrylic-based polyurethane via addition of nanosilica. Progress in Organic Coatings, 45, 3342 (2002). Baral D., De P. P., Nando G. B.: Thermal characterization of micafilled thermoplastic polyurethane. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 65, 4751 (1999). Unal, H. and Mimaroglu, A. Influence of filler addition on the mechanical properties of Nylon-6 polymer, Journal Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 23 No.5, pp.461-469. (2004). Srivastava V. K., Prakash R., Shembekar P. S.: Fracture behavior of fly ash filled FRP composites. Composite Structures, 10, 271 279 (1988). Suresha, B., Ramesh, B.N., Subbaya, K.M., Chandramohan, G. Mechanical and Three-body Abrasive Wear Behavior of CarbonEpoxy Composite With and Without Graphite Filler, Journal of Composite Materials, 44:2059-19. (2010) Srivastava V. K., Shembekar P. S.: Tensile and fracture properties of epoxy resin filled with fly ash particles. Journal of Materials Science, 25, 35133516 (1990). Tilly G. P.: Sand erosion of metals and plastics: A brief review. Wear, 14, 241248 (1969). Pool K. V., Dharan C. K. H., Finnie I.: Erosive wear of composite materials. Wear, 107, 112 (1986). Kulkarni S. M., Kishore: Influence of matrix modification on the solid particle erosion of glass/epoxy composites. Polymer and Polymer Composites, 9, 25 30 (2001). Miyazaki N., Hamao T.: Solid particle erosion of thermoplastic resins reinforced by short fibers, Journal of Composite Materials, 28, 871883 (1994). Bijwe J., Rattan R., Fahim M., Tiwari S.: Erosive wear of carbon fabric reinforced polyetherimide composites: Role of amount of fabric and processing technique. Polymer composites, 29, 337344 (2008). Rattan R., Bijwe J.: Carbon fabric reinforced polyetherimide composites: Influence of weave of fabric and processing parameters on performance properties and erosive wear. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 420, 342350 (2006). Srivastava V. K., Pawar A. G.: Solid particle erosion of glass fiber reinforced flyash filled epoxy resin composites. Composites Science and Technology, 66, 30213028 (2006). Finnie I.: Some reflections on the past and future of erosion. Wear, 186187, 110 (1995). Barkoula N. M., Karger-Kocsis J.: Solid particle erosion of unidirectional GF reinforced EP composites with different fiber/matrix adhesion. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 21, 13771388 (2002). N.S. Penkin, Wear of equipment parts in abrasive media and problems of rubberizing to improve wear resistance, Sov. J. Friction Wear 3 5560. (1982) A. Hger, K. Friedrich, Y.A. Dzenis, S.A. Paipetis, Study of erosion wear of advanced polymer composites, in: K. Street, B.C. Whistler (Eds.), Proceedings of the ICCM-10, Canada Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, , pp. 155162. (1995) Hutchings I. M.: Tribology: Friction and wear of engineering materials. Edward Arnold, London (1992). Hger A., Friedrich K., Dzenis Y. D., Paipetis S. A.: Study of ersion wear of advanced polymer composites. in: ICCM-10 Conference Proceedings, British Columbia, Canada 155162 (1995). Tsiang T-H.: Sand erosion of fiber composies: Tesing and evaluation. in Test Methods and Design Allowables for Fibrous Composites, vol 2. (ed.: Chamis C. C.) ASTM, Philadelphia, 5574 (1989). Rajesh J. J., Bijwe J., Tewari U. S., Venkataraman B.: Erosive wear behavior of various polyamides. Wear, 249, 702714 (2001).

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

-50

[6]

-55
Mean

[7]
-60

-65

[8]

-70 0 2 FILLER 4

[9] [10] [11]

Fig. 4 Interaction graph between AB for erosion rate.

IV. CONCLUSIONS Based on the research presented in this paper the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Inclusion of cenospheres filler in the C-E composite decreases the tensile strength as well as the density. However, CSP filler loading into C-E greatly increased the tensile modulus and flexural modulus. 2. The addition of cenospheres filler in carbon fabric reinforcement epoxy composites have shown marked improvement in erosion wear behaviour. 3. Erosion characteristics of the composites have successfully analyzed using Taguchi experimental design. Taguchi method provides a simple, systematic and efficient methodology for the optimization of the control factors. 4. Factors like filler content, impact velocity, impingement angle, erodent time and erodent size are found to be the significant control factors affecting the erosion rate. The erosion time is identified as the least significant parameter as far as the wear of such composites is concerned. 5. From the Taguchi experimental design, Filler content is identified as the most significant factor influencing the erosion wear of cenosphere filled carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composite. Further, this investigation reveals that maximum erosion takes place at the impingement angle of 30.

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16] [17]

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[19]

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[22]

[23]

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[24] Tilly G. P., Sage W.: The interaction of particle and material behavior in erosion process. Wear, 16, 447 465 (1970). [25] Zahavi J., Schmitt G. F.: Solid particle erosion of reinforced composite materials. Wear, 71, 179190 (1981). [26] Miyazaki N., Takeda T.: Solid particle erosion of fiber reinforced plastics. Journal of Composite Materials, 27, 2131 (1993). [27] Bitter J. G. A.: A study of erosion phenomena part I. Wear, 13, 5 21 (1963). [28] Bitter J. G. A.: A study of erosion phenomena part II. Wear, 13, 169190 (1963). [29] Roy M, Vishwanathan B, Sundararajan G. The solid particle erosion of polymer matrix composites. Wear;171:14961.(1994) [30] Miyazaki N, Hamao T. Effect of interfacial strength on erosion behaviour of FRPs. Journal of Composite Materials;30:35 50. (1996) [31] Mody, P.B., Chou, T.W. and Friedrich, K.. Effect of Testing Conditions and Microstructure on the Sliding Wear of Graphite Fiber/PEEK Matrix Composites, J. Mat. Sci., 23(12): 4329-4330. (1988) [32] ASTM D 2583-07, Standard test method for indentation hardness of rigid plastics by means of a Barcol impressor. ASTM International. Revision as of 2007-03-01. [33] R.V. Kurahatti, A.O. Surendranathan, S. Srivastava, N. Singh, A.V. Ramesh Kumar and B. Suresha. Role of zirconia filler on friction and dry sliding wear behaviour of bismaleimide nanocomposites. Mater Design;32:2644-2649. (2011). [34] S.M. Kulkarni, Kishore. Influence of matrix modification on the solid particle erosion of glass/epoxy composites. Polym Polym Compos,n9:2530 (2001).

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