Structural Design of Reinforcements For Fittings in Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe For Sewers and Other Applications

Designation: A 998/A 998M 98
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428 Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
Structural Design of Reinforcements for Fittings in FactoryMade Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications1
This standard is issued under the xed designation A 998/A 998M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.1 This practice covers the structural design of reinforcement for ttings in factory-made, round corrugated steel pipe, conforming to Specications A 760/A 760M or A 762/ A 762M, for use as storm and sanitary sewers and other buried applications. This practice is for ttings on pipe installed in a trench or embankment and subjected to earth loads and live loads. It must be recognized that a buried corrugated pipe is a composite structure made up of the steel ring and the soil envelope, and both elements play a vital part. Both main and branch pipe shall be designed in accordance with Practice A 796/A 796M and installed in accordance with Practice A 798/A 798M. 1.2 This practice covers the structural design of reinforcement for ttings such as those for branch pipes. Refer to Section 5 for design limitations. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way. SI units are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are the applicable values when the design is to be performed using SI units. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: A 36/A 36M Specication for Carbon Structural Steel2 A 153 Specication for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware3 A 307 Specication for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs,
60 000 psi Tensile Strength4 A 760/A 760M Specication for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated for Sewers and Drains3 A 762/A 762M Specication for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Polymer Precoated for Sewers and Drains3 A 796/A 796M Practice for the Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Applications3 A 798/A 798M Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications3 A 902 Terminology Related to Metallic Coated Steel Products3 A 929/A 929M Specication for Steel Sheet, MetallicCoated by the Hot-Dip Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe3 F 568M Specication for Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally Threaded Metric Fasteners3 2.2 AASHTO Standard: Standard Specications for Highway Bridges5 2.3 Society of Automotive Engineers: J978, Steel Self-Drilling Tapping Screws6 3. Terminology 3.1 For denitions of general terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology A 902. 3.2 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 branch pipecorrugated pipe with a diameter smaller than or equal to that of the main pipe, carrying a portion of the ow and connected to the main pipe through a tting welded in place. 3.2.2 ttingssections of main pipe fabricated to accommodate branch pipes or manhole pipes. 3.2.3 main pipecorrugated pipe carrying the primary ow. 3.2.4 reinforcementsheets, bars, or structural members connected to the main pipe to strengthen a tting. 4. Symbols 4.1 The symbols used in this practice have the following signicance:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.08. Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capitol St., N.W., Suite 225, Washington DC, 20001. 6 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 600 Commonwealth Dr., Warringdale, PA.
5 4
1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-5 on Metallic Coated Iron and Steel Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A05.17 on Corrugated Steel Pipe Specications. Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published March 1999. 2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 01.04. 3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 01.06.
A 998/A 998M
a Ali Arc Arcs Arl Arls d db de dm ds D H He Hnlr L Lw LL Nc Nl q tnp tnr tx w a 5 distance of saddle plate extension onto main pipe, in. [mm]. 5 incremental required min cross section area of each longitudinal reinforcement, in2/ft [mm2/m]. 5 required minimum cross section area of each circumferential reinforcement, in2 [mm2]. 5 cross section area of circumferential reinforcement actually selected, in2 [mm2]. 5 required min cross section area of each longitudinal reinforcement, in2 [mm2]. 5 cross section area of longitudinal reinforcement actually selected, in2 [mm2]. 5 branch diameter, in. [mm]. 5 nominal bolt diameter, in. [mm]. 5 effective branch diameter, in. [mm]. 5 maximum branch pipe diameter for which no circumferential reinforcement is required in. [mm]. 5 nominal screw diameter, in. [mm]. 5 main pipe diameter, in. [mm]. 5 depth of ll above top of pipe, ft [m]. 5 equivalent depth of ll, ft [m]. 5 ll height for which no longitudinal reinforcement is required, ft [m]. 5 total length of each longitudinal reinforcement, in. [mm]. 5 length of weld, in. [mm]. 5 live 2load pressure (see Practice A 796/A 796M), lbf/ft [kPa]. 5 minimum total number of fasteners required to attach each circumferential reinforcement. 5 minimum total number of fasteners required to attach each longitudinal reinforcement. 5 allowable load for each fastener, lbf [N]. 5 bare steel thickness of pipe, in. [mm]. 5 bare steel thickness of reinforcement in contact with pipe, in. [mm]. 5 bare steel thickness of pipe or reinforcement, whichever is less, in. [mm]. 5 unit force derived from 1 ft3 [1 m3] of ll material above the pipe, lbf/ft3 [kN/m3]. When actual ll material is not known use 120 lbf/ft3 [19 kN/m3]. 5 acute angle between main and branch pipe, degrees. 5.3 This practice is limited to pipe with a live load that can be described and quantied such as AASHTO H20 or HS20 and AREA E80. 5.4 Reinforcement design shall be based on an equivalent depth of ll (He) that accounts for both earth load and live load (LL) as follows:
He 5 LL 1 wH LL 1 wH He 5 120 19
(1)
This practice is limited to pipe with He # 30 ft [9 m]. 5.5 Reinforcement design shall be based on an effective branch diameter (de) determined for the branch angle (a) as follows:
d de 5 sina (2)
Calculated values of de shall be rounded up to the next 6 in. [150 mm] increment for design calculations. The value of de must not exceed 1.16D. 5.6 This practice is further limited to a from 30 to 90, inclusive. 5.7 This practice applies where the branch pipe is welded to the main pipe and has a specied thickness based on the requirements of A 796/A 796M. 5.8 This practice does not include the possible effects of dragdown loads on vertical risers (manholes) such as caused by settlement of deep lls. 6. Need for Reinforcement 6.1 The need for both longitudinal and circumferential reinforcement as illustrated in Fig. 1 shall be considered. 6.2 Longitudinal reinforcement needs shall be determined from Tables 1-48 as applicable for the main pipe diameter and wall prole under consideration.7 These tables list, for indicated branch pipe diameters, values of ll height, Hnlr, for which no longitudinal reinforcement is required. If He # Hnlr, no longitudinal reinforcement is required; otherwise, longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with Section 9. For main pipe diameters not included in Tables 1-48, interpolation shall be permitted. Fittings for branch pipes with
5. Basis of Design 5.1 Reinforcement requirements depend upon pipe diameter, pipe wall prole, pipe wall thickness, density of ll material, height of cover, and live load. Main pipes with intersecting branch pipes shall be investigated in accordance with Section 6 to determine whether reinforcement is required. If reinforcement is required, it shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of Sections 9 and 10, unless one of the alternatives specied in Section 7 is met. Fittings in main pipes with a diameter less than 48 in. [1200 mm], subject to the limitations of 5.2-5.6, do not require reinforcement. 5.2 This practice does not apply to cases where there are two branch pipes on opposite sides of the main pipe, each with a diameter greater than 0.75D, unless the longitudinal distance between the centerlines of the branches measured along the main pipe is greater than D.
2
7 The diameter-thickness combinations listed in the tables do not necessarily meet the requirements of A 796.
FIG. 1 Schematic of Reinforcements
A 998/A 998M
TABLE 1 Requirements for Longitudinal Reinforcement of Fittings in 48 in. Diameter Main Pipe with 2-23 by 12 in. CorrugationsA
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Dia., in ft 24 30 36 42 48 37.4 27.5 22.2 17.9 13.8 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
TABLE 4 Requirements for Longitudinal Reinforcement of Fittings in 1500 mm Diameter Main Pipe with 68 by 13 mm CorrugationsA
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 1.63 mm Thick Main Pipe 2.01 mm Thick Main Pipe 2.77 mm Thick Main Pipe 3.51 mm Thick Main Pipe 4.27 mm Thick Main Pipe
Ali, in.2/ft
0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.18
Hnlr, ft
48.2 36.3 29.6 21.6 16.6
Ali, in.2/ft
0.04 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.15
Hnlr, ft
69.1 53.2 39.2 28.9 22.0
Ali, in.2/ft
0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Dia., mm m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 9.l 6.7 5.4 4.4 3.4 2.7 2.1 127 191 254 339 445 572 699 11.8 8.8 7.2 5.3 4.1 3.2 2.6 106 169 212 296 381 466 593 16.9 13.0 9.6 7.0 5.4 4.3 3.4 85 127 191 233 296 360 445
50.0 37.0 28.0
0.06 0.07 0.09
45.0 34.0
0.06 0.07
A Branch pipe of any prole with specied thickness as required by A 796/ A 796M.
12.2 8.8 6.7 5.5 4.3
169 191 212 254 318
10.7 8.2 6.7 5.2
148 169 212 254
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
600 750 900 1050 1200
A
11.4 8.4 6.8 5.5 4.2
106. 14.7 148. 11.1 212. 9.0 275. 6.6 381. 5.1
85. 127. 191. 233. 318.
21.1 16.2 11.9 8.8 6.7
85. 106. 148. 191. 254.
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
46.1 35.5 26.1 19.2 14.7 11.6 9.4 7.8 6.6
Ali, in.2/ft
0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.35
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
15.2 11.3 8.5
127. 148. 191.
18.6 13.7 10.4
106. 127. 148.
Branch pipe of any prole with specied thickness as required by A 796/ A 796M.
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 29.9 22.0 17.7 14.3 11.0 8.7 7.0 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
33.0 24.0 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.22 0.28
29.0 23.0 18.0 15.0 12.0 10.0
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.22
Hnlr, ft
38.6 29.0 23.6 17.3 13.3 10.5 8.5
Ali, in.2/ft
0.05 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.28
Hnlr, ft
55.3 42.6 31.4 23.1 17.6 14.0 11.3
Ali, in.2/ft
0.04 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.21
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
required; otherwise, circumferential reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with Section 10. Branch diameters are listed for equivalent depths of ll (He) of 10, 20, and 30 ft [3, 6, and 9 m]. Use the 10 ft [3 m] column for 1 # He # 10 ft [1 # He # 3 m]. For other He not listed, interpolate between the values listed. 7. Alternatives to Providing Reinforcement 7.1 As an alternative to providing required longitudinal or circumferential reinforcement, or both, an increase in the thickness of the main pipe shall be permitted. The increased thickness must be such that the pipe does not require reinforcement when checked in accordance with 6.2, if longitudinal reinforcement is omitted, and 6.3, if circumferential reinforcement is omitted. 7.2 As a second alternative to providing required longitudinal or circumferential reinforcement, or both, it is permissible to provide a saddle plate as illustrated in Fig. 2 with a thickness selected from Tables 55 and 56. Saddle plates that act as reinforcement must be of the same material and wall prole as the main pipe and must extend onto the main pipe on all sides from the branch pipe a distance, a, of de/4 or 6 in. [150 mm],
3
40.0 29.0 22.0 18.0 14.0
0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.15
35.0 27.0 22.0 17.0
0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12
a diameter less than shown in Tables 1-48, subject to the limitations of 5.2-5.6, do not require longitudinal reinforcement. 6.3 Circumferential reinforcement needs shall be determined from Tables 49-54 as applicable for the wall prole under consideration.7 These tables list, for indicated main pipe diameters and wall thicknesses, the maximum branch pipe diameters, dm, for which no circumferential reinforcement is required. If de # dm, no circumferential reinforcement is
A 998/A 998M
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 14.1 10.8 8.0 5.9 4.5 3.5 2.9 2.4 2.0 106 148 212 275 339 423 529 614 741
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 12.0 9.3 6.8 5.0 3.8 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.2 127 191 254 318 402 487 593 699 826 974 1143
10.1 7.3 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4
169 212 254 318 423 466 593
8.8 7.0 5.5 4.6 3.7 3.0
169 212 254 339 381 466
8.4 6.2 4.7 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6
212 275 339 423 508 593 699 804 931
7.6 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.8
212 275 339 402 466 550 635 741
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
TABLE 9 Requirements for Longitudinal Reinforcement of Fittings in 60 in. Diameter Main Pipe with 3 by 1 in. or 5 by 1 in. CorrugationsA
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
39.5 30.4 22.4 16.5 12.6 10.0 8.1 6.6 5.6 4.8 4.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.54
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
32.6 23.0 17.8 14.7 12.6 10.5 8.5
Ali, in.2/ft
0.05 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.28
Hnlr, ft
45.3 32.6 25.7 21.5 17.6 14.0 11.3
Ali, in.2/ft
0.04 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.21
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
27.6 20.3 15.5 12.3 10.0 8.2 6.9 5.9 5.1
0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.44
25.0 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0
0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.35
24 30 36 42 48 54 60
25.9 18.0 13.7 11.2 9.5 8.7 7.0
0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.33
33.0 27.0 22.0 18.0 14.0
0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.15
33.0 27.0 18.0 14.0
0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12
whichever is greater. The saddle plate must be continuously welded to a stub length of the branch pipe. The stub must have a full uncut section at least 12 in. [300 mm] long. The saddle plate must be connected to the main pipe with sufficient fasteners (welds, bolts, or screws) so that there are no large gaps and so that it will act together with the main pipe. 7.3 As an alternative to providing required longitudinal reinforcement, it is permissible to provide a beam type reinforcement as illustrated in Fig. 3, designed using recognized engineering principles. 8. Materials 8.1 Any reinforcement required shall be a continuous sheet, bar, or structural member. Sheets for longitudinal reinforcement shall be at sheets, but either at sheets or circumferentially corrugated sheets are permitted for circumferential reinforcement. Sheets for reinforcement shall meet the requirements of A 929/A 929M, having the same metallic coating as the pipe to which the reinforcement is attached.
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Structural members or bars for reinforcement shall meet the requirements of Specication A 36/A 36M. Reinforcement shall have suitable corrosion protection. 8.2 Mechanical fasteners used to attach reinforcement shall be galvanized in accordance with Specication A 153. 8.3 Welds used to attach reinforcement shall be cleaned and painted or otherwise protected to provide suitable durability. 9. Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement 9.1 Longitudinal reinforcement shall be aligned with the longitudinal axis of the main pipe. It shall be attached to the main pipe above and below the branch pipe, and in close proximity thereto. It may be located either inside or outside of the pipe. Each reinforcement shall have the minimum length specied in 9.2 and the minimum cross section area specied in 9.3. It shall be attached to the main pipe with fasteners (welds, bolts, or screws) as specied in 9.4. 9.2 The minimum total length (L) of each longitudinal reinforcement shall be determined as follows:
L 5 1.5de for 1 , He # 10 (3)
A 998/A 998M
TABLE 10 Requirements for Longitudinal Reinforcement of Fittings in 1500 mm Diameter Main Pipe with 75 by 25 mm or 125 by 25 mm CorrugationsA
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 7.9 5.5 4.2 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.1 127 191 254 339 445 572 699 9.9 7.0 5.4 4.5 3.8 3.2 2.6 106 169 212 296 381 466 593 13.8 9.9 7.8 6.6 5.4 4.3 3.4 85 127 191 233 296 360 445
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 6.6 148 4.6 212 3.5 296 2.8 381 2.4 508 2.2 635 1.8 804 1.5 974 1.2 1207 8.3 5.9 4.5 3.7 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.5 127 191 254 339 423 529 656 804 974 11.5 8.3 6.5 5.5 4.5 3.5 2.9 2.4 2.0 106 148 212 275 339 423 529 614 741
10.1 8.2 6.7 5.5 4.3
169 191 212 254 318
10.1 8.2 5.5 4.3
148 169 212 254
8.2 7.0 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4
169 212 254 318 423 466 593
8.5 7.0 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4
169 212 254 339 381 466
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 21.6 15.0 11.5 9.3 7.9 7.2 5.9 4.8 4.1 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.57 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Hnlr, ft
27.1 19.2 14.8 12.2 10.5 8.7 7.1 5.9 4.9
Ali, in.2/ft
0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.46
Hnlr, ft
37.7 27.2 21.4 17.9 14.7 11.6 9.4 7.8 6.6
Ali, in.2/ft
0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.35
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
23.3 16.4 12.7 10.5 9.0 7.5 6.1 5.0 4.2 3.6 3.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.07 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.61 0.72
Hnlr, ft
32.3 23.3 18.3 15.4 12.6 10.0 8.1 6.6 5.6 4.8 4.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.54
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
27.0 23.0 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.22 0.28
28.0 23.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.22
@L 5 1.5de
for 1 , He # 3# for 10 ,He#30 for 3 ,He#9# (4)
24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84
18.5 12.9 9.8 8.0 6.8 6.2 5.0 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.5
0.08 0.11 0.15 0.21 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.51 0.62 0.75 0.89
25.2 20.3 15.5 12.3 10.0 8.2 6.9 5.9 5.1
0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.44
25.0 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0
0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.35
L 5 1.5de 1 ~He 10!~de/20!

@L 5 1.5de 1 ~He 3!~de/6!
9.3 The minimum cross section area (Arl) of each longitudinal reinforcement shall be determined as follows:
Arl 5 Ali ~He Hnlr! (5)
where: Ali is the incremental required minimum cross section area, and Hnlr is the ll height for which no longitudinal reinforcement is required, both as listed in Tables 1-48, as applicable for the main pipe diameter, wall prole, and wall thickness under consideration. 9.4 Each longitudinal reinforcement shall be attached to the main pipe with a total number of fasteners (Nl) not less than that determined as follows:
Nl 5 50 000Arls/q
@Nl 5 0.345Arls/q#
(6)
where: Arls is the cross section area of the longitudinal reinforcement actually selected and q is the allowable load for each fastener as provided in Section 12. The total area of bolt holes, screw holes, or slots for llet welds on any cross section of the reinforcement shall not exceed 20 % of the cross section area of the reinforcement.
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10. Design of Circumferential Reinforcement 10.1 Circumferential reinforcement shall be formed to the approximate radius of the main pipe. However, at sheet type reinforcement can be hand formed as it is attached. Circumferential reinforcement shall be attached to the main pipe on both sides of the branch pipe, in close proximity thereto, and shall extend around the main pipe approximately the same distance as the opening cut for the branch pipe. It shall have sufficient length to essentially ll the distance between any longitudinal reinforcements present, but need not bear on such reinforcements. Circumferential reinforcement is preferably placed on the outside of the pipe. Each reinforcement shall have the minimum cross section area specied in 10.2. It shall be attached to the main pipe with fasteners (welds, bolts, or screws) as specied in 10.3. 10.2 The minimum cross section area (Arc) of each circumferential reinforcement shall be determined as follows:
HeDde Arc 5 96 000
DS
de dm de
DF
HeDde Arc 5 29 260
DS
de dm de
DG
(7)
A 998/A 998M
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 5.6 3.9 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 169 233 318 445 572 720 889 1080 1313 1588 1884 7.1 5.0 3.9 3.2 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 148 212 296 381 487 614 741 910 1080 1291 1524 9.8 7.1 5.6 4.7 3.8 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.2 127 191 254 318 402 487 593 699 826 974 1143
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 4.9 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 169 254 360 487 635 783 974 1186 1440 1715 2032 2392 2794 6.2 4.4 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 148 233 318 423 550 677 826 995 1186 1418 1672 1948 2265 8.6 6.2 4.9 4.1 3.4 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 127 212 275 360 445 550 656 783 931 1080 1270 1461 1672
7.7 6.2 4.7 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6
212 275 339 423 508 593 699 804 931
7.6 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.8
212 275 339 402 466 550 635 741
6.7 5.4 4.1 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.0
233 318 402 466 572 656 783 910 1037 1186 1355
6.7 4.9 4.0 3.0 2.7 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2
254 318 381 466 529 635 720 826 953 1080
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 16.2 11.3 8.6 7.0 5.9 5.4 4.4 3.6 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.7 0.08 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.56 0.68 0.81 0.96 1.13 1.32 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Hnlr, ft
20.4 14.4 11.1 9.2 7.9 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.07 0.11 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.47 0.56 0.67 0.79 0.92 1.07
Hnlr, ft
28.3 20.4 16.1 13.5 11.0 8.7 7.1 5.8 4.9 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8
Ali, in.2/ft
0.06 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.60 0.69 0.79
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
18.1 12.8 9.9 8.2 7.0 5.8 4.7 3.9 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.5
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.12 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.61 0.72 0.85 0.99 1.15 1.32 1.51
Hnlr, ft
25.2 18.1 14.3 12.0 9.8 7.8 6.3 5.2 4.4 3.7 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9
Ali, in.2/ft
0.07 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.41 0.48 0.56 0.65 0.75 0.86 0.98 1.11
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
22.1 17.8 13.6 10.7 8.7 7.2 6.0 5.1 4.4 3.9 3.4
0.11 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.64
22.0 16.0 13.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.0
0.12 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.45 0.51
24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108
14.4 10.0 7.6 6.2 5.3 4.8 3.9 3.2 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2
0.09 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.41 0.50 0.61 0.73 0.87 1.03 1.21 1.41 1.62 1.87
19.6 15.8 12.1 9.6 7.8 6.4 5.4 4.6 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.4
0.13 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.54 0.62 0.70 0.79 0.89
19.0 15.0 12.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0
0.13 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.50 0.56 0.64 0.72
where: D is the main pipe diameter, and dm is the maximum branch diameter for which no circumferential reinforcement is required, as listed in Tables 49-54 as applicable for the main pipe diameter, wall prole, and wall thickness under consideration. 10.3 Each circumferential reinforcement shall be attached to the main pipe with a total number of fasteners (Nc) not less than that determined as follows:
Nc 5 40 000Arcs/q @Nc 5 0.276Arcs/q# (8)
material shall have a minimum of two rows of fasteners. 11. Multiple Reinforcements 11.1 Fig. 4 illustrates the use of reinforcements for multiple branches. Where two or more branches in a row are encountered, the longitudinal reinforcement above and below the branch shall be either a continuous member or multiple members with splices that develop the full tensile strength of the reinforcement. The reinforcement for the rst and last branch in the row shall extend, from the centerline of the branch to the end, a distance equal to one-half the reinforcement length specied in 9.2. Likewise, over each of these half lengths, use half the total number of fasteners specied in 9.4
6
where: Arcs is the cross section area of the circumferential reinforcement actually selected, and q is the allowable load for each fastener as provided in Section 12. The spacing between fasteners in a row shall not exceed 12 in. [25 mm]; additionally, for at material, the spacing shall not exceed 44 times the sheet thickness. Flat
A 998/A 998M
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 4.4 3.0 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 191 275 402 529 677 868 1059 1291 1545 1842 2181 2562 2985 3430 3959 5.5 3.9 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 169 254 360 466 593 741 910 1080 1291 1524 1799 2096 2435 2794 3197 7.7 5.5 4.4 3.7 3.0 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 148 212 296 381 487 614 720 868 1016 1186 1376 1588 1821 2075 2350
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 2850 3000 4.0 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 212 296 423 572 720 910 1143 1376 1651 1969 2329 2731 3154 3641 4192 4784 5420 5.0 3.5 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 191 275 381 508 635 804 974 1186 1397 1651 1926 2244 2583 2964 3387 3853 4361 6.9 5.0 3.9 3.3 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 169 233 318 423 529 656 804 931 1101 1291 1482 1715 1948 2223 2519 2837 3176
6.0 4.8 3.7 2.9 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7
275 339 423 529 635 741 868 995 1143 1313 1482 1672 1884
5.8 4.6 3.7 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9
275 339 423 508 593 699 804 910 1059 1186 1355 1524
5.4 4.3 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5
296 381 466 572 699 804 931 1080 1249 1418 1609 1821 2032 2286 2562
5.1 3.9 3.1 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
339 423 508 614 720 826 953 1080 1228 1397 1567 1736 1948 2159
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 13.0 9.0 6.9 5.6 4.7 4.3 3.5 2.9 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.10 0.14 0.20 0.27 0.34 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.78 0.93 1.10 1.29 1.49 1.72 1.98 2.26 2.56 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Hnlr, ft
16.3 11.5 8.9 7.3 6.3 5.2 4.3 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.09 0.13 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.56 0.66 0.78 0.91 1.06 1.22 1.40 1.60 1.82 2.06
Hnlr, ft
22.6 16.3 12.8 10.8 8.8 7.0 5.6 4.7 3.9 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.11 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.52 0.61 0.70 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.19 1.34 1.50
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, ft Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 17.7 14.2 10.9 8.6 7.0 5.7 4.8 4.1 3.6 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.8 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.27 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.51 0.59 0.67 0.76 0.86 0.96 1.08 1.21 16.8 12.8 10.1 8.2 6.8 5.7 4.9 4.2 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.1 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.45 0.51 0.58 0.66 0.74 0.82 0.92 1.02 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 14.8 10.4 8.1 6.7 5.7 4.8 3.9 3.2 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8
Ali, in.2/ft
0.09 0.14 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.49 0.60 0.71 0.83 0.97 1.13 1.30 1.49 1.70 1.92 2.17 2.44 2.73
Hnlr, ft
20.6 14.8 11.7 9.8 8.0 6.3 5.1 4.2 3.6 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.65 0.75 0.86 0.98 1.12 1.26 1.42 1.59 1.78 1.98
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
16.1 13.7 9.9 7.8 6.3 5.2 4.4 3.7 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3
0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.63 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.03 1.16 1.29 1.43 1.58
15.3 11.7 9.2 7.5 6.2 5.2 4.4 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5
0.17 0.22 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.63 0.71 0.79 0.89 0.99 1.09 1.21 1.33
and maintain the same fastener pattern and spacing throughout the entire length of the reinforcement. Circumferential reinforcement placement and attachment remains the same for single or multiple branches. 12. Allowable Loads and Locations for Fasteners 12.1 Welds: 12.1.1 Welds shall be llet welds with a leg size equal to the thickness of the pipe or the reinforcement, whichever is less. Any gap between the reinforcement and the pipe within the
7
design length of the weld shall be built up with weld metal and shall not be included in the leg size. 12.1.2 The allowable load per weld (q) shall be calculated as follows:
q 5 ~18 000tx 67!Lw @q ~0.124tx 0.12!Lw# (9)
where: tx is the bare steel thickness of the pipe or the reinforcement,
A 998/A 998M
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 2850 3000 3150 3300 4.5 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 191 296 402 529 677 847 1037 1270 1503 1757 2053 2392 2752 3154 3599 4065 4594 5165 5779 6.3 4.5 3.6 3.0 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 169 254 339 445 572 699 847 1016 1186 1376 1588 1821 2075 2371 2667 3006 3366 3768 4192
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 2850 3000 3150 3300 3450 3600 5.8 4.1 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 169 275 360 487 614 741 910 1080 1270 1482 1715 1948 2223 2519 2837 3197 3557 3980 4425 4890 5398
4.9 4.2 3.0 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4
318 402 508 614 741 889 1016 1164 1334 1524 1736 1948 2181 2456 2731 3027 3345
4.7 3.6 2.8 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
360 466 550 656 783 910 1037 1186 1334 1503 1672 1884 2096 2308 2562 2816
4.5 3.8 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3
339 423 550 656 783 931 1101 1270 1440 1630 1842 2075 2329 2604 2900 3218 3557 3916 4298
4.3 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
402 487 593 720 847 974 1122 1270 1440 1609 1799 2011 2223 2477 2731 3006 3303 3599
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
TABLE 25 Requirements for Longitudinal Reinforcement of Fittings in 48 in. Diameter Main Pipe with 34 by 34 by 7-12 in. RibsA
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
18.9 13.6 10.7 9.0 7.3 5.8 4.7 3.9 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.13 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.60 0.70 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.19 1.34 1.51 1.68 1.88 2.09 2.31 2.55
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, ft Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 14.7 12.6 9.1 7.2 5.8 4.8 4.0 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.16 0.20 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.68 0.77 0.87 0.98 1.10 1.23 1.37 1.52 1.68 1.85 2.03 14.0 10.7 8.4 6.8 5.7 4.7 4.0 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.46 0.53 0.60 0.68 0.76 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.17 1.29 1.42 1.56 1.70 24 30 36 42 48 30.4 20.5 15.2 11.9 9.9 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.18 0.25 37.7 25.8 19.3 15.3 12.8
Ali, in.2/ft
0.05 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.20
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
21.9 18.5
0.10 0.13
whichever is less, and Lw is the length of the weld. For structural members, the thickness of the reinforcement is the thickness of the part of the cross section in contact with the pipe. For pipe and for
8
reinforcement made from pipe stock, tx shall be taken as the specied minimum thickness less 0.004 in. [0.10 mm]. 12.1.3 Welds to corrugated pipe shall be located on corrugation crests. Welds to ribbed pipe shall be located in the at portion of the cross section, approximately 1 in. [25 mm] from the ribs, for inside reinforcement, or on top of the ribs, for outside reinforcement. Welds shall be placed along the edges of the reinforcement or in slots cut in the reinforcement. 12.2 Bolts: 12.2.1 Bolts shall conform to the requirements of Specication A 307, or Specication F 568M, Class 4.6. 12.2.2 The allowable load per bolt (q) shall be taken as the least of the following equations:
q 5 54,000txdb
@q 5 0.372txdb#
(10)
A 998/A 998M
TABLE 26 Requirements for Longitudinal Reinforcement of Fittings in 1200 mm Diameter Main Pipe with 19 by 19 by 190 mm RibsA
600 750 900 1050 1200 9.3 6.2 4.6 3.6 3.0 148 11.5 212 7.9 212 5.9 381 4.7 529 3.9 106 169 254 296 423
Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, ft Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 24.4 16.4 12.1 9.5 7.8 6.6 5.8 5.2 4.7
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.40 0.49 0.60
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
6.7 5.6
212 275
13.3 11.1 9.5 8.4 7.6 6.6
0.14 0.18 0.22 0.28 0.32 0.38
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
A
0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe
Hnlr, ft
30.2 20.6 15.4 12.3 10.2 8.8 7.9
Ali, in.2/ft
0.06 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.23 0.29 0.36
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
24.3 16.4 12.1 9.6 7.9 6.7 5.9
0.08 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.22 0.38 0.46
17.5 14.8 13.0 11.3
0.12 0.15 0.19 0.23
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 7.4 5.0 3.7 2.9 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 169 254 339 445 550 677 847 1037 1270
4.1 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0
296 381 466 593 677 804
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 7.4 5.0 3.7 2.9 2.4 2.0 1.8 169 275 360 339 466 804 974 9.2 6.3 4.7 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.4 127 212 275 381 487 614 762
5.3 4.5 4.0 3.4
254 318 402 487
q 5 7850~db!2
@q 5 0.0541~db!2#
(11)
where: db is the nominal bolt diameter. 12.2.3 Bolts shall be located on corrugation crests. Bolts to corrugated pipe shall be located on corrugation crests. Bolts to ribbed pipe shall be located in the at portion of the cross section, approximately 1 in. [25 mm] from the ribs, for inside reinforcement, or on top of the ribs, for outside reinforcement.
9
If more than one row of bolts is required, the bolts shall be placed in rows spaced at least 3db apart. The center of the rst and last bolts in each row shall be at least 1.5db from the end of the reinforcement. The minimum distance from the center of bolts to the longitudinal edges of the reinforcement shall be 4/3 times the bolt diameter for sheet material and 5/3 times the bolt diameter for structural members. 12.3 Screws: 12.3.1 Screws shall be self tapping and shall meet the minimum mechanical and quality requirements for tapping screws in accordance with SAE J978. Screw nominal diameters shall be 14 in. [6.3 mm], No. 12, or No. 10. 12.3.2 The allowable load per screw (q) shall not exceed 1000 lbf [4.45 kN] for a 14 in. diameter [6.3 mm] screw, 770 lbf [3.42 kN] for a No. 12 screw, or 547 lbf [2.43 kN] for a No. 10 screw. In addition, the allowable load per screw shall not exceed the least of Eq 12-14, as applicable, depending on the ratio of the bare steel thickness of the pipe to that of the reinforcement in contact with the pipe (tnp/tnr). When tnp/tnr # 1
3 q 5 85,500=t 3 npds @q 5 0.590=t npds#
(12)
A 998/A 998M
Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, ft Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84

A
Ali, in.2/ft
0.09 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.56 0.66 0.79 0.94
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, ft Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
10.0 8.3 7.2 6.3 5.7 4.9 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8
Ali, in.2/ft
0.19 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.41 0.48 0.56 0.66 0.76 0.87
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
20.9 14.1 10.4 8.1 6.7 5.7 5.0 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.1
11.4 9.5 8.2 7.2 6.5 5.6 4.8 4.1
0.16 0.21 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.43 0.51 0.59
6.9 5.9 5.1
0.33 0.38 0.44
6.0 5.1 4.4 3.9 3.4
0.37 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.64
Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Dia., mm m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 6.4 191 4.3 275 3.2 381 2.5 529 2.0 635 1.7 804 1.5 953 1.4 1186 1.2 1397 1.1 1672 0.9 1990
Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Dia., mm m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m
1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 402 487 614 720 868 1016 1186 1397 1609 1842
3.5 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.2
339 445 529 656 762 910 1080 1249
2.1 1.8 1.6
699 804 931
1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.0
783 910 1037 1186 1355
q 5 54,000tnpds @q 5 0.372tnpds#
(13)
When tnp/tnr $ 2.5

q 5 54,000tnrds @q 5 0.372tnrds
14
(14)
where ds is the nominal screw diameter taken as follows: in. nominal dia. - 0.250 [6.3 mm]; No. 12 - 0.216 in. [5.49 mm], or No. 10 - 0.190 in. [4.83 mm]. For values of 1 < (tnp/tnr) < 2.5, interpolation shall be used. 12.3.3 Screws to corrugated pipe shall be located on corrugation crests. Screws to ribbed pipe shall be located in the at portion of the cross section, approximately 1 in. [25 mm] from
the ribs, for inside reinforcement, or on top of the ribs, for outside reinforcement. If more than one row of screws is required, the screws shall be placed in rows spaced at least 1 in. [25 mm] apart. The center of the rst and last screws in each row shall be at least 34 in. [19 mm] from the end of the reinforcement. The minimum distance from the center of screws to the longitudinal edges of the reinforcement shall be 12 in. [12 mm]. 13. Keywords 13.1 buried applications; corrugated steel pipe; pipe ttings; reinforcement; steel pipe structural design
10
A 998/A 998M
TABLE 37 Requirements for Longitudinal Reinforcement of Fittings in 48 in. Diameter Main Pipe with 34 by 11-12 in. RibsA
Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, ft Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
9.7 8.2 7.2 6.3 5.2 4.4 3.7 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9
Ali, in.2/ft
0.20 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.45 0.53 0.62 0.72 0.83 0.95 1.08 1.22
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, ft Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 29.7 19.8 14.4 11.2 9.1 0.10 0.11 0.19 0.25 0.34 36.6 24.7 18.2 14.2 11.7
Ali, in.2/ft
0.07 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.26
Hnlr, ft
49.7 33.8 25.2 20.0 16.6
Ali, in.2/ft
0.06 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
5.4 4.6 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.4
0.41 0.47 0.54 0.62 0.70 0.79 0.89
Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Dia., mm m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m
600 750 900 1050 1200 9.1 6.0 4.4 3.4 2.8 212 233 402 529 720 11.2 7.5 5.5 4.3 3.6 148 212 318 402 550 15.1 10.3 7.7 6.1 5.1 127 148 212 275 360
Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., mm m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m
1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 423 529 656 783 953 1122 1313 1524 1757 2011 2286 2583
TABLE 39 Requirements for Longitudinal Reinforcement of Fittings in 60 in. Diameter Main Pipe with 34 by 11-12 in. RibsA
1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 868 995 1143 1313 1482 1672 1884 Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 23.7 15.8 11.5 9.0 7.3 6.1 5.3 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.51 0.63 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Hnlr, ft
29.3 19.7 14.5 11.4 9.4 8.0 7.0
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.14 0.17 0.24 0.31 0.37 0.48
Hnlr, ft
39.8 27.1 20.2 16.0 13.3 11.5 10.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.06 0.08 0.13 0.15 0.20 0.24 0.29
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
11
A 998/A 998M
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 7.2 4.8 3.5 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.6 233 360 487 635 847 1080 1334 8.9 169 12.1 6.0 296 8.3 4.4 360 6.2 3.5 508 4.9 2.9 656 4.1 2.4 783 3.5 2.1 1016 3.1 127 169 275 318 423 508 614 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 6.2 4.2 3.1 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 275 402 572 720 974 1207 1524 1842 2286 7.7 5.2 3.9 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.5 212 318 423 572 720 889 1122 1376 1651 10.5 7.3 5.5 4.5 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.0 148 212 296 381 466 593 741 868 1037
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 20.3 13.7 10.1 8.0 6.6 5.6 4.9 4.4 4.0 0.13 0.19 0.27 0.34 0.46 0.57 0.72 0.87 1.08 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Hnlr, ft
25.1 17.2 12.8 10.2 8.5 7.4 6.5 5.9 4.9
Ali, in.2/ft
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.53 0.65 0.78
Hnlr, ft
34.4 23.8 18.1 14.6 12.4 10.8 9.4 7.8 6.6
Ali, in.2/ft
0.07 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.49
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
21.5 14.7 11.0 8.8 7.3 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.2 3.6 3.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.12 0.17 0.24 0.31 0.39 0.29 0.60 0.73 0.87 1.04 1.22
Hnlr, ft
29.5 20.4 15.5 12.5 10.6 9.3 8.1 6.6 5.6 4.8 4.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.27 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.55 0.64 0.76
Hnlr, ft
37.9 26.8 20.7 17.0 14.6 12.3 10.0 8.2 6.9 5.9 5.1
Ali, in.2/ft
0.06 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.43 0.49 0.57
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
12
A 998/A 998M
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 6.6 4.5 3.4 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 254 360 508 656 826 614 1270 1545 1842 2202 2583 9.0 6.2 4.7 3.8 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.2 169 275 360 445 572 677 826 974 1164 1355 1609
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 7.9 5.5 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 169 296 381 508 614 762 910 1101 1313 1503 1778 2053 2350 10.1 7.1 5.5 4.5 3.9 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 262 254 296 423 529 614 741 847 1016 1185 1355 1545 1757
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Equivalent Fill Depth for Which No Longitudinal Reinforcement is Required, Hnlr, and Incremental Longitudinal Reinforcement Area, Ali 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Branch Hnlr, Ali, Dia., in. ft in.2/ft 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 0.079 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.109 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.138 in. Thick Main Pipe 0.168 in. Thick Main Pipe
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
25.8 17.9 13.6 11.0 9.3 8.1 7.1 5.8 4.9 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.14 0.18 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.43 0.52 0.62 0.71 0.84 0.97 1.11
Hnlr, ft
33.2 23.4 18.1 14.9 12.8 10.7 8.7 7.2 6.0 5.1 4.4 3.9 3.4
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.12 0.14 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.35 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.73 0.83
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
Hnlr, ft
22.1 15.0 11.2 8.9 7.4 6.4 5.6 5.1 4.4 3.7 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9
Ali, in.2/ft
0.10 0.14 0.20 0.25 0.32 0.41 0.48 0.57 0.67 0.78 0.91 1.05 1.20 1.37 1.55
Hnlr, ft
28.2 19.5 14.7 11.9 10.0 8.8 7.8 6.4 5.4 4.6 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.4
Ali, in.2/ft
0.08 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.53 0.61 0.70 0.81 0.91 1.03 1.16
Hnlr, ft
Ali, in.2/ft
13
A 998/A 998M
Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Ali, Branch Hnlr, Ali, Hnlr, Dia., mm m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m m mm2/m
600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 6.7 4.6 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 212 296 423 529 677 868 1016 1207 1418 1651 1926 2223 2540 2900 3281 8.6 5.9 4.5 3.6 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 262 254 360 444 550 677 825 974 1122 1291 1482 1714 1926 2180 2455
14
A 998/A 998M
TABLE 49 Requirements for Circumferential Reinforcement of Fittings in Main Pipe with 2-23 by 12 in., 3 by 1 in., or 5 by 1 in. CorrugationsA
Maximum Branch Diameter for Which No Circumferential Reinforcement is Required, dm (in.) 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Main Pipe Dia., in 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144
A
He 5 10 ft
48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 42 42 42
He 5 20 He 5 30 He 5 10 He 5 20 He 5 30 He 5 10 He 5 20 He 5 30 He 5 10 He 5 20 He 5 30 He 5 10 He 5 20 He 5 30 ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
30 30 30 30 24 24 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 48 54 60 66 66 66 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 54 48 42 42 42 42 36 36 30 30 24 24 24 18 18 18 18 30 30 24 24 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 48 54 60 60 60 60 60 60 54 54 54 48 48 48 42 42 36 48 48 48 42 42 42 36 36 30 30 24 24 18 18 18 18 18 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 114 114 114 114 114 48 54 60 66 72 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 72 72 72 66 66 48 54 60 60 60 60 60 54 54 54 48 48 42 42 36 30 30 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 90 48 54 60 66 72 72 72 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 60 60 54
Branch pipe of any prole with specied thickness as required by A 796/A 796M.
TABLE 50 Requirements for Circumferential Reinforcement of Fittings in Main Pipe with 68 by 13 mm, 75 by 25 mm, or 125 by 25 mm CorrugationsA
Maximum Branch Diameter for Which No Circumferential Reinforcement is Required, dm (mm) 1.63 mm Thick Main Pipe Main Pipe Dia., mm 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 2850 3000 3150 3300 3450 3600
A
2.01 mm Thick Main Pipe
He 5 3 m
1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1050 1050 1050
He 5 6 m
750 750 750 750 600 600 450 450 450 450 450 450 450
He 5 9 m
450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450
He 5 3 m
1200 1350 1500 1650 1650 1650 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1350
He 5 6 m
1200 1050 1050 1050 1050 900 900 750 750 600 600 600 450 450 450 450
He 5 9 m
750 750 600 600 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450
He 5 3 m
1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250
He 5 6 m
1200 1350 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1350 1350 1350 1200 1200 1200 1050 1050 900
He 5 9 m
1200 1200 1200 1050 1050 1050 900 900 750 750 600 600 450 450 450 450 450
He 5 3 m
1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 2850 2850 2850 2850 2850 2850
He 5 6 m
1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1800 1800 1800 1650 1650
He 5 9 m
1200 1350 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1350 1350 1350 1200 1200 1050 1050 900 750 750
He 5 3 m
1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 2850 3000 3150 3300 3450 3600
He 5 6 m
1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2250
He 5 9 m
1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1800 1800 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1500 1500 1350
15
A 998/A 998M
TABLE 51 Requirements for Circumferential Reinforcement of Fittings in Main Pipe with 34 by 34 by 7-12in. RibsA
Maximum Branch Diameter for Which No Circumferential Reinforcement is Required, dm (in.) 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Main Pipe Dia., in 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108
A
He 5 10 ft
30 30 30
18 18 18 12 12 12 42 42 42 42 42 42 30 24 24 24 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 48 54 60 66 72 78 78 78 78 78 48 54 54 54 48 48 48 48 42 42 42 36 36 36 30 30 24 24 18 18
78 84 90 96 102 108
78 78 78 78 78 78
60 60 54 54 54 48
TABLE 52 Requirements for Circumferential Reinforcement of Fittings in Main Pipe with 19 by 19 by 190 mm RibsA
Maximum Branch Diameter for Which No Circumferential Reinforcement is Required, dm (mm) 1.63 mm Thick Main Pipe Main Pipe Dia., mm 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700
A
He 5 3 m
750 750 750
He 5 6 m
450 450 450
He 5 9 m
300 300 300
He 5 3 m
1050 1050 1050 1050 1050 1050
He 5 6 m
750 600 600 600 450 450
He 5 9 m
450 450 450 450 450 450
He 5 3 m
1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950
He 5 6 m
1200 1350 1350 1350 1200 1200 1200 1200 1050 1050
He 5 9 m
1050 900 900 900 750 750 600 600 450 450
He 5 3 m
He 5 6 m
He 5 9 m
He 5 3 m
He 5 6 m
He 5 9 m
1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700
1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950
1500 1500 1350 1350 1350 1200
TABLE 53 Requirements for Circumferential Reinforcement of Fittings in Main Pipe with 34 by 1 by 11-12 in. RibsA
Maximum Branch Diameter for Which No Circumferential Reinforcement is Required, dm (in.) 0.064 in. Thick Main Pipe Main Pipe Dia., in 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108
A
He 5 10 ft
18 18 18 18
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 30 30 30 30 30 30 24 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 12 12 12 12 48 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 36 36 36 36 30 30 24 24 24 18 18 24 24 18 18 18 18 18 12 12 12 12
16
A 998/A 998M
TABLE 54 Requirements for Circumferential Reinforcement of Fittings in Main Pipe with 19 by 25 by 292 mm RibsA
Maximum Branch Diameter for Which No Circumferential Reinforcement is Required, dm (mm) 1.63 mm Thick Main Pipe Main Pipe Dia., mm 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700
A
He 5 3 m
450 450 450 450
He 5 6 m
300 300 300
He 5 9 m
300 300 300
He 5 3 m
750 750 750 750 750 750 600
He 5 6 m
450 450 450 450 450 450 450
He 5 9 m
450 450 300 300 300 300
He 5 3 m
1200 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350
He 5 6 m
900 900 900 900 750 750 600 600 600 450 450
He 5 9 m
600 600 450 450 450 450 450 300 300 300 300
He 5 3 m
He 5 6 m
He 5 9 m
He 5 3 m
He 5 6 m
He 5 9 m
FIG. 2 Schematic of Saddle Plate TABLE 55 Required Saddle Plate Thickness (in.)A
Increased Main Pipe Thickness (in.) to Avoid Both Longitudinal and Circumferential Reinforcement Per 6.2 and 6.3 0.079 0.109 0.138 0.168
Original Main Pipe Thickness (in.) Per A 796 0.064 0.079 0.109 0.138 Required Saddle Plate Thickness (in.) 0.064 0.079 0.138 0.168 0.064 0.109 0.138 0.079 0.138 0.079
TABLE 56 Required Saddle Plate Thickness (mm)A

Increased Main Pipe Thickness (mm.) to Avoid Both Longitudinal and Circumferential Reinforcement Per 6.2 and 6.3 2.01 2.77 3.51 4.27
Original Main Pipe Thickness (mm) Per A 796 1.63 2.01 2.77 3.51 Required Saddle Plate Thickness (mm) 1.63 2.01 3.51 4.27 1.63 2.77 3.51 2.01 3.51 2.01
APPENDIX
17
A 998/A 998M
FIG. 3 Schematic of Beam Type Reinforcement
FIG. 4 Schematic of Multiple Reinforcements
(Nonmandatory Information) X1. Background Information
X1.1 This practice is based mainly on the results of three dimensional nite element analyses8 of main pipes with openings cut for branch pipes. The longitudinal reinforcements at the top and bottom of the branch pipe reduce the longitudinal
8 Brockenbrough, R.L., Fittings Reinforcement in Corrugated Steel Pipe, paper submitted for publication by Transportation Research Board.
tension stresses that concentrate in the main pipe at these locations. The circumferential reinforcements at the sides of the branch pipe reduce the circumferential ring compression stresses that concentrate in the main pipe. For the identied cases where the concentrations are not excessive, no reinforcement is required. The strength contribution of the branch pipe stub, fully welded to the main pipe, with an assumed thickness of 0.064 in. was considered.
The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ve years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
18

Structural Design of Reinforcements For Fittings in Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe For Sewers and Other Applications

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Structural Design of Reinforcements For Fittings in Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe For Sewers and Other Applications

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Designation: A 998/A 998M 98

Standard Practice for

FIG. 1 Schematic of Reinforcements

50.0 37.0 28.0

0.06 0.07 0.09

12.2 8.8 6.7 5.5 4.3

169 191 212 254 318

10.7 8.2 6.7 5.2

148 169 212 254

11.4 8.4 6.8 5.5 4.2

85. 127. 191. 233. 318.

21.1 16.2 11.9 8.8 6.7

85. 106. 148. 191. 254.

15.2 11.3 8.5

127. 148. 191.

18.6 13.7 10.4

106. 127. 148.

33.0 24.0 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.22 0.28

29.0 23.0 18.0 15.0 12.0 10.0

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.22

40.0 29.0 22.0 18.0 14.0

0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.15

35.0 27.0 22.0 17.0

0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12

10.1 7.3 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4

169 212 254 318 423 466 593

8.8 7.0 5.5 4.6 3.7 3.0

169 212 254 339 381 466

8.4 6.2 4.7 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6

212 275 339 423 508 593 699 804 931

7.6 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.8

212 275 339 402 466 550 635 741

27.6 20.3 15.5 12.3 10.0 8.2 6.9 5.9 5.1

0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.44

25.0 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0

0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.35

25.9 18.0 13.7 11.2 9.5 8.7 7.0

0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.33

33.0 27.0 22.0 18.0 14.0

0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.15

33.0 27.0 18.0 14.0

0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12

10.1 8.2 6.7 5.5 4.3

169 191 212 254 318

10.1 8.2 5.5 4.3

148 169 212 254

8.2 7.0 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4

169 212 254 318 423 466 593

8.5 7.0 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.4

169 212 254 339 381 466

27.0 23.0 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.22 0.28

28.0 23.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.22

for 1 , He # 3# for 10 ,He#30 for 3 ,He#9# (4)

25.2 20.3 15.5 12.3 10.0 8.2 6.9 5.9 5.1

0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.44

25.0 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0

0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.35

L 5 1.5de 1 ~He 10!~de/20!

HeDde Arc 5 29 260