CONTENTS

PARAGRAPH STUDIES (1)

EXAMPLES ...........................................................

PAGE
4

TEST YOURSELF ................................................................................ 20

TEST YOUR GRAMMAR .................................................................... 40

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY............................................................... 55

EXAMPLES
It was a misty morning, and there was a soft rain falling. There were only a few leaves left on the trees, but on the ground was a thick carpet of brown and yellow leaves. This was the time of year the old gardener loved best. Since he was too old to work, he used to spend his days by the window, looking out on the garden. It was no longer what it had been under his care, but still it was lovely. 1- The garden had looked much nicer .................. . A) B) C) D) E) when he first began to work in it during the summer months before the winter had come from the other window when the old man had been looking after it 1- "The garden had looked much nicer ...." soru kk, bahenin eski durumuna ilikin bilgi istemektedir. Parada bununla ilgili bilgiyi, son cmlede grmekteyiz. Yani "It was no longer what it had been under his care, ..." (Bahe artk kendi bakt zamanlardaki gibi deildi...) ifadesi, bahenin, yal bahvann bakt zamanlarda daha gzel olduunu vurguluyor ki bu anlam da E seeneinde bulabiliyoruz.

2- It is obvious that .................. . A) no one cared any longer for the old gardener B) the old gardener disliked staying indoors C) the old gardener was as fond of his garden as ever D) it always rained heavily there in the spring E) the old gardener was no longer interested in gardening 3- The passage gives a description of .................. . A) B) C) D) E) the old gardener's dislike of rain the old gardener's house the change of the seasons a wet morning in autumn the weather in winter

2- Bu soruyu eleme yntemiyle zebiliriz. Parada A, B, D ve E seeneklerindeki ifadelere deinilmemitir. Parann en son cmlesindeki "..., but still it was lovely." ifadesi ise C seeneindeki anlam, yani "Bahvann bahesini her zamanki gibi sevdii" anlamn vermektedir.

3- Parann bandaki betimlemeden, mevsimin sonbahar olduunu ve yal bir gnn anlatldn anlyoruz. Bu anlam D seenei vermektedir.

Nowadays, in England, tea is quite the most popular, and also the cheapest, of all drinks. People drink their tea in different ways. Some like it with sugar, some without. Some drink it with milk, some with lemon; yet, one way or another just about everyone drinks tea. This, however, has not always been the case. During the last century, when tea was very expensive, it was kept locked up, and the lady of the house had the key. Tea drinking then was quite a ceremony, reserved for the evenings. At breakfast everyone drank beer! 4- In the passage it is explained that ............... . A) in England today people have different habits of tea drinking B) in the past in England only the wealthy were able to drink beer C) at breakfast English people also like to drink beer D) English people mostly prefer to have their tea in the evening E) in England usually a ceremony is held in the family before tea is served 5- Compared with the past, in England today A) more and more people prefer tea to beer B) tea is regarded as a luxury C) tea is very cheap and commonly available D) sugar is becoming less and less popular E) people don't care about the quality of tea 6- It is obvious from the passage that ............... . A) English people have always regarded tea as better than beer B) over the years the popularity of tea in England has increased tremendously C) drinking tea with lemon is only a recent habit in England D) like tea, beer also is an extremely popular drink E) English people are no longer fond of ceremonies 4- B, C, D, ve E seeneklerindeki ifadeler paraya uymamaktadr. Parann giri blmnde ngiltere'de insanlarn ay farkl ekillerde itii anlatlmtr. Bu anlam A seeneinde bulabiliyoruz.

5- "Compared with the past, in England today ....."sorusu, ngiltere'de ayn bugnk durumunu sormaktadr. Parann giri blmndeki ifadeden gnmzde ngiltere'de ayn ucuz ve bol olduu anlam kmaktadr. Bu anlam C seeneinde verilmektedir.

6- C, D, ve E seeneklerindeki ifadelere parada deinilmemitir. A seeneinde ise "ngilizlerin her zaman ay biradan daha ok sevdikleri" ifade edilmektedir. Oysa parada byle bir karlatrma yaplmamtr. Parada vurgulanan "gemiten gnmze ayn poplaritesinin artt" anlamn B seenei vermektedir.

The desires of a child were naturally rather limited in the Victorian era, Toys were simple and comparatively few; there were no bicycles or mechanical models; the average child "made his own fun" from very cheap materials. Really the only shop the child dreamed of entering for his own purposes was the sweetshop. Nowadays a bewildering variety of toys, magazines and entertainments in a multitude of shops compete for his interest and money; and the boredom of having everything ready-made leads to a constant desire for something new. 7- It is suggested in the passage that the modern child ................ . A) wishes he had been born in the Victorian era B) suffers from boredom in spite of all the toys C) develops his abilities by playing with toys D) is well able to amuse himself E) is allowed to eat too much 8- According to the passage, ................ . A) mechanical toys are essential to a child's happiness B) a child should not be left to "make his own fun" C) home-made toys give more pleasure than ready-made ones D) a constant desire for something new was encouraged in children in Victorian times E) simple toys slow down a child's development 9- The passage emphasizes, ................ . A) a child should have money to spend on toys B) the importance, in childhood, of a large choice of toys C) how lucky the modern child is D) that sweets are not good for the health E) the difference between a Victorian childhood and a present day one 7- Soruda gnmzde ocuun durumuyla ilgili bilgi istenmektedir. Modern ocukla ilgili olarak paraya baktmzda, son cmlede "ok sayda oyuncaa ramen ocuun skld" anlamn bulmaktayz. Bu anlam B seenei vermektedir.

8- Eleme yntemiyle yapabileceimiz bu soruda, A, B, D, ve E seeneklerine parada deinilmediini gryoruz. Parada Victoria dnemindeki ocukla gnmz ocuu karlatrlmaktadr. Victoria dneminde ocuun kendi elencesini kendisinin yaratt; gnmz ocuunun ise, hereyi hazr bulduu iin (the boredom of having everything readymade) can sknts ektii vurgulanmaktadr. Bu anlam C seeneinde buluyoruz.

9- Parada Victoria dnemindeki ocukla gnmz ocuu karlatrlmaktadr. Bu anlam E seeneinde gryoruz.

A popular method of treating frozen fingers and toes in very cold, even freezing weather is to slowly rewarm them or rub them with snow. The best treatment, however, is not slow rewarming but rapid rewarming. Putting the frozen fingers, or toes in a warm bath or using a hot water bottle are both good ways to treat them. Hot drinks to warm the body from within are also helpful. One must be careful about burning the skin, however. The temperature of any heat applied should not be greater than 43C. 10- The main concern of the passage is .......... . A) why frozen fingers and toes should be slowly rewarmed B) how to keep adequately warm in winter C) how to treat fingers and toes that have been frozen D) the dangers of freezing weather for the body E) why one should have plenty of hot drinks in winter 11- It is pointed out in the passage that .......... . A) the use of hot water bottles to rewarm the body is not advisable B) one should try to rewarm frozen fingers and toes fairly rapidly C) in rewarming the body the higher the temperature, the better the result is D) people should be warned not to go out in freezingly cold weather E) one should take a hot bath as often as possible in winter 12- The author warns that .......... . A) the minimum temperature required is 43 C. B) in rewarming the body, care must be taken not to burn the skin C) one should never rub frozen fingers and toes with snow D) hot drinks must not be taken in immediately recovery cannot be as rapid as one would expect 12- "The author warns that........." ifadesi, yazarn yapt bir uyary sormaktadr. Parann son iki cmlesinde uyan vardr. Parada ve A seeneinde geen 43 C s yanltc olabilir. Ancak parada "uygulanacak snn 43 C dan fazla olmamas" vurgulanmakta; A seeneinde ise "en az 43 C olmas gerektii" ifade edilmektedir ki paraya gre bu yanl bir ifadedir. Parada yaplan dier uyar ise , "stma srasnda deriyi yakmamak iin dikkatli olmak" ifadesidir ki B seeneindeki ifadeyle ayndr. 10- Parann ana dncesini soran sorularda, paray dikkatle okuduktan sonra eleme yntemini kullanabilirsiniz. Paray okuduumuzda, konusunun donmu el ve ayak parmaklarnn tedavisi olduunu gryoruz. Bu anlam C seenei vermektedir.

11- Parann ikinci cmlesindeki "en iyi tedavi ynteminin, yava deil hzl bir ekilde stmak" olduu anlamn B seenei vermektedir.

In an interview yesterday, Mr. Wilson was questioned about the harmful effects of horror movies on teenagers. He argued that such effects were often exaggerated, and claimed that other types of film were far more dangerous for young people. When asked to prove this, he pointed out that horror films were often set in unreal situations and were clearly not to be taken seriously. In contrast, he claimed that films showing violent crime were often set in everyday life, and were therefore more damaging. 13- In Mr. Wilson's opinion, horror films .......... . A) cost more than other kinds of film B) are more popular among the elderly than among the young C) should be banned altogether D) are less damaging to young people than films of violent crime E) have recently ceased to appeal to the young 14- For Mr. Wilson the main difference between a horror film and one showing violent crime is that the former ......... . A) is mainly concerned with everyday situations B) is liked by the young, and the latter by the old C) is unrelated to real life, whereas the latter is D) is less expensive to produce than the latter E) rarely receives any attention from the young 13- ".... and claimed that other types of film were far more dangerous for young people."ifadesinden, Mr. Wilson'n korku filmlerini daha az zararl bulduunu anlyoruz. Bu anlam D seenei vermektedir.

14- Bu soruyu yantlayabilmek iin soru kknde geen "former" ve seeneklerde geen "latter" szcklerinin anlamn bilmek gerekir. Syleni srasna gre birinciyi ifade eden "former", "horror film" yerine kullanlmtr. Syleni srasna gre ikinciyi ifade eden "latter" ise "a film showing violent crime" yerine kullanlmtr. Bu durumda, ilk anda zerinde dnlmesi gereken A ve C seeneklerinden A yi eleyebiliyoruz. nk A seeneindeki ifade ikinci tr filmin zelliidir. Oysa bizden istenen birinci tr, yani "horror film"n zelliini bulmaktr. Doru yant C seeneidir.

15- The interviewer wanted to find out whether .......... . A) young people were being harmed by horror films B) Mr. Wilson had himself been affected by horror films C) Mr. Wilson preferred horror films to films of violence D) people were seriously objecting to horror films E) the effects of crime films were being exaggerated

15- Parann ilk cmlesinden, Mr. Wilson ile yaplan grmenin amacnn, korku filmlerinin genler zerindeki zararl etkilerini aratrmak olduunu gryoruz. Bu anlam A seenei vermektedir.

Like so many other materials in Japan, paper too has come in for many hundreds of years of artistic consideration. At one period of the country's history, the paper on which a poem was written was as important as the poem itself. A thousand years ago there were whole towns actively engaged in making paper. Such towns still exist, but there were also many farming villages which then, as they do today, made paper to earn extra income during the winter. At present, about half of Japan's farmers must add to their incomes with winter jobs. Although a large amount of winter employment is provided by construction companies, some farmers continue to work at such cottage industries as paper making. 16- It is obvious from the passage that the art of paper-making in Japan ........... . A) is still the most important source of income for a large part of the population B) has disappeared owing to industrialization C) was of no economic value at all in the past D) was only practised by the peasants in the country E) has a long history 17- The passage emphasizes that approximately fifty per cent of the farming population in Japan .......... . A) is not satisfied with current farming policies. B) prefers town life to village life C) engages in a secondary occupation in the winter D) plans to give up farming and go into construction work E) has no concept of the national history 18- It is suggested that paper-making ...... . A) encouraged the development of poetry in Japan B) is still one of Japan's cottage industries C) has never been a significant commercial interest in Japan D) has seldom been regarded as an art by the Japanese E) and construction are the two major areas of employment in Japan 16- A seeneindi eki "kadn pek ok kii iin en nemli gelir kayna olduu" ifadesi doru deildir. nk paraya gre, pek ok insan kat sanayiinde ek gelir iin almaktadr. B seeneindeki ifadede ise kat yapmnn, endstrileme yznden yokolduu belirtilmektedir ki parada kat yapmnn hala devam ettii sylenmitir. C seeneindeki " .......... eskiden ekonomik bir deeri yoktu." ve D seeneindeki "....... sadece iftiler tarafndan srdrlr " ifadeleri ise paradaki ifadelerin tam tersidir. Doru yant E seeneidir.

17- Parada, kn iftilerin hemen hemen yarsnn, ek ilerde alt ifade edilmitir. Bu anlam C seenei vermektedir.

18- Seenekler arasnda zerinde dnlmesi gereken B ve E seenekleridir. Ancak, E seeneinde geen "construction" (inaat sektr) ifadesi parada "kn byk lde i imkan salayan" biiminde tanmlanmtr. Yani, kat yapm ve inaat sektrnn, Japonya'nn balca i alanlar olduu parada ifade edilmemitir. B seeneindeki anlam ise parann en son cmlesinde bulabiliyoruz.

There is nothing that man fears more than the touch of the unknown. He wants to see what is reaching towards him, and to be able to recognize or at least classify it. Man always tends to avoid physical contact with anything strange. In the dark, the fear of an unexpected touch can lead to panic. Even clothes give insufficient security: it is easy to tear them and pierce through to the naked, smooth, defenceless flesh of the victim. All the distances which men create round themselves are dictated by this fear. They shut themselves in houses which no one may enter, and only there they feel some measure of security. The fear of burglars is not only the fear of being robbed, but also the fear of something touching you in the darkness. 19- According to the passage, what frightens people most is .......... . A) the thought of being robbed at night B) the unexpected contact with something unknown C) a sense of insecurity D) being alone in the dark E) the knowledge that they won't be protected 20- Because people are frightened of the unknown, ......... . A) they feel it necessary to put a barrier between themselves and the unknown B) it is natural that they should always be in a state of panic C) they feel safer in a crowd D) they try to avoid physical contact of all kinds E) burglars find it much easier to break into houses 21- This passage is concerned with .......... . A) how people can regain a sense of security B) the measures people are advised to take against burglars C) the three main types of fear D) people's fear of the unknown and how they try to cope with it E) how to bring one's fears into the open 19- Parann ilk cmlesi, "insann en ok, ne olduunu bilmedii bireyin dokunuundan korktuunu" ifade etmektedir ki B seeneindeki ifadeyle ayndr.

20- lk anda zerinde dnmemiz gereken iki seenek A ve D seenekleridir. Ancak, D seeneindeki "insanlar her trl fiziksel temastan kanmaya alrlar" ifadesi, paradaki "Man always tends to avoid physical contact with anything strange." ifadesiyle elimektedir. nk burada, "insann, garip eylere dokunmaktan kand" ifade edilmektedir. Paradaki "All the distances which men create round themselves are dictated by this fear." ifadesi ise A seeneindeki anlam vermektedir.

21- Parann konusu, "insann bilinmeyen eylere kar olan korkusu ve bunlara kar gelitirdii nlemler" olduuna gre, doru yant D seeneidir.

Fahrenheit is the system of measuring the temperature, how hot or cold something is, used by many people in Britain. The freezing point of Fahrenheit is 32 degrees. So a cold winter's day in Britain would have a temperature of 38 F (3 centigrade) and a hot summer's day would have a temperature of 90 F (32 centigrade). The Fahrenheit scale was invented by the German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1710. Today in Britain most people over twenty-five know the Fahrenheit scale but the centigrade system (Celsius) is being used more and more. Weather forecasts on television and in newspapers show temperature in both scales. 22- It is explained in the passage that the term "fahrenheit" ............... . A) has retained its popularity among young people B) is very rarely used in Britain today C) refers to the scale of temperature between 32 and 90 D) is never used in weather forecast E) derives from the name of a German scientist 23- It is implied in the passage that in the long run, the Celsius system .......... . A) will be remembered only by the elderly B) will soon fall into disuse C) seems likely to be favoured by newspapers but not by television D) will replace the fahrenheit one E) will improve and become more reliable 24- The passage deals with .......... . A) two different systems of measuring the temperature B) the advantages of the fahrenheit scale over the Celsius scale C) the scientific research carried out by Gabriel Fahrenheit D) the range in temperature to be found in the British Isles E) the declining popularity of the Celsius scale in Britain 22- A seeneinde, "fahrenheit" sznn genler arasnda poplaritesini srdrd ifade edilmektedir. Oysa parada, yirmi be yan zerindeki pek ok kiinin "fahrenheit'i bildii, ama "centigrade"in daha ok kullanld ifade edilmitir. B seeneindeki "......nadiren kullanlr" ifadesi parada gememektedir. Parada bu noktayla ilgili olarak "santigrad sisteminin giderek daha ok kullanld" ifade edilmitir. C seeneindeki "........... hava raporlarnda hi kullanlmaz" ifadesi ise paraya gre yanltr. Doru yant E seeneidir.

23- Parada "Celsius system" ile ilgili olarak geen ifadeyi (.......... gittike daha fazla kullanlmaktadr.) gznne aldmzda, D seeneindeki anlamn, yani "uzun vadede "Celsius system"n "Fahrenheit'n yerini alaca" anlamnn ima edildiini gryoruz.

24- Para esas olarak, iki scaklk ls (Fahrenheit and Celsius) ile ilgili bilgi vermektedir ki bu anlam A seeneinde buluyoruz.

British towns suffer from the same traffic congestion, noise and polluting fumes as all towns in the western world, but as yet only London, Newcastle, Glasgow and to a small extent Liverpool, have useful railways going underground through the central areas. Elsewhere there are plans for building underground railways but they have little hope of making any progress with them so long as public expenditure is restricted. In general, the north has better public transport than the south, with cheap and frequent bus services using better roads shared with fewer cars. 25- As it is pointed out in the passage, most British towns have no underground railway system.......... . A) as the system is felt to cause a great deal of pollution B) since the majority of people have their own private means of transport C) as this is not felt to be a practical system outside London D) because there is not sufficient public money available for such projects E) simply because the people feel no need for one 26- We can understand from the passage that............. . A) Liverpool has the most developed underground train system in Britain B) more people drive their own cars in the north than in the south C) the north of Britain suffers less from traffic problems than the south does D) the south of Britain enjoys cheap and highly efficient bus services E) British cities have much less air pollution than other cities in the west 27- The author suggests that underground railways are an excellent means of transport since ................ . A) they are a much cheaper means of transport than buses B) they do not pollute the streets of a city with noise and petrol fumes C) the building and maintenance of them is comparatively cheap D) the numbers who use them can easily be restricted E) the services offered on them are constantly being improved 25- Parada, pek ok ngiliz ehrinde var olan trafik sorununu zmek iin metro yapmyla ilgili planlar olduu, ama yeterli mali kaynak olmamas nedeniyle, bu planlarn uygulanmasnn pek mmkn olmad vurgulanmaktadr. Bu anlam D seenei vermektedir.

26- Eleme yntemiyle yantlayabileceimiz bu soruda, A, B, D ve E seeneklerindeki ifadelerin parada verilen bilgilerle elitii grlmektedir. Parann son cmlesinde, lkenin kuzeyinde trafik durumunun daha iyi olduu belirtilmektedir ki bu anlam C seeneinde bulabiliyoruz.

27- Parann giri blmnde yazar, btn bat dnyasnda olduu gibi, ngiltere'deki ehirlerde var olan grlt ve kirlilikten sz etmi ve hemen ardndan, sadece birka ehirde iyi bir metro sisteminin olduunu belirtmitir. Yani yazar, metro sistemini, grlt ve kirlilik yaratmad iin mkemmel bir ulam sistemi olarak grmektedir. Bu anlam B seenei vermektedir.

10

During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale showed extraordinary qualities of determination and organizing ability. In the English hospital where she worked, conditions at first were terrible; dirt and disease probably caused more deaths among the soldiers than did the wounds received in battle. Still, under these circumstances, Florence Nightingale gradually built up a highly disciplined nursing staff and, together with more adequate medical supplies, she was able to improve conditions and be of real service to the soldiers. However, the work was hard, and, as a result, her own health suffered. 28- One important point the passage makes is that Florence Nightingale ................ . A) would have been more efficient if she had had a more qualified nursing staff B) was not liked by the nursing staff because of her harsh discipline C) hated the terrible conditions she was working in and wanted to get away D) failed to improve conditions in the hospital as she herself had poor health E) overcame, with great efficiency, the problems she faced in a military hospital 29- It is clear from the passage that, because Florence Nightingale was a determined person, with a gift for organizing, she .......... . A) volunteered to serve in the Crimean War B) was widely criticised by her staff C) did little nursing herself D) was able to succeed in her work E) was selected by the army to work as a nurse in the hospital 30- As the writer points out in the passage, conditions in the military hospital were, at the beginning, so bad that ......... . A) they accounted for more deaths among the soldiers than the war itself B) little could be done to improve them C) Florence Nightingale felt she had little chance of success D) many of the nursing staff fell ill E) medical supplies soon ran out

28- Parada genel olarak, Florence Nightingale'in kararll ve alanndaki yetkinlii sayesinde elde ettii baardan szedilmektedir. A, B, C ve D seenekleri bir olumsuzluk ya da baarszlk ifade etmektedir ki bu da para ile elimektedir. Doru yant E seeneidir.

29- A, B, C ve E seeneklerindeki ifadelerin parada bulunmadn gryoruz. D seeneinde ise Florence Nightingale'in iinde baarl olduu ifade ediliyor ki parada vurgulanan budur.

30- Askeri hastanenin balangtaki durumuyla ilgili parada verilen bilgi A seeneindeki ifadeyle ayndr.

Nobody knows when fiction began. Maybe the first story-teller was a prehistoric mother trying to

11

explain the world to her children. Or perhaps it was a hunter telling about his adventures around the camp fire. Who can tell? What we do know, though, is that story-telling was a purely oral activity until around 800 BC. Myths and tales were passed down by word of mouth and had to be memorized by each new generation of story-tellers. This oral tradition only changed when ancient peoples started to keep written records of certain stories. The earliest surviving examples of these are the epics of Homer, a blind professional story-teller, who lived in the eighth century BC. 31- It is pointed out in the passage that story-telling ........ . A) was first introduced by Homer in ancient times B) possibly began in prehistoric times C) began as a written activity in antiquity D) became less and less popular during the 8th century BC E) became far more popular with the invention of writing 32- According to the passage, the Homeric epics .......... . A) were among the first stories to be written down B) consisted mainly of myths and other tales C) are the first examples of prehistoric tales and myths D) were not the best of their kind in the 8th century BC E) have often been imitated successfully in later centuries 33- We understand from the passage that, throughout the oral tradition, professional story-tellers .......... . A) were much respected in primitive societies B) depended on Homer for their stories C) were skilful at creating new stories D) collected the first stories going back to prehistoric times E) used to learn myths and tales by heart

31- Parada verilen bilgiye gre, yk anlatm Homer'dan ok nce balamtr. O halde A seeneindeki ifade yanltr. yk anlatm yaznn bulunmasndan nce de var olduuna gre, C seeneindeki ifade de yanltr. D ve E seeneklerindeki ifadelere parada hi deinilmemitir. Parann ikinci cmlesi B seeneindeki anlam vermektedir. Doru yant B seeneidir.

32- Parada Homer'n destanlaryla ilgili bilgiyi sadece son cmlede buluyoruz ve onun eserlerinin yazl yknn gnmze kadar gelen ilk rnekleri olduunu reniyoruz. Bu anlam A seenei vermektedir.

33- Parada profesyonel ykclerle ilgili olarak geen bir ifade, ykleri ezbere bilmeleri gerektiidir ki bu anlam E seeneinde bulabiliyoruz.

By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the population of Tokyo had grown about 1 million, making it the largest city in Japan and one of the most populous in the world. An especially lively

12

section of the city was along the Sumida River, where pleasure boats and parties were common and whose banks were lined with fashionable tea-houses. Tea was central to the Japanese not only in their homes, but in the public life as well. In the bustling urban centres of 18th-century Japan, tea-houses served a role similar to the one played by coffee-houses in Europe which were centres of discussion and entertainment. 34- We learn from the passage that the Sumida River ........ . A) separated the poor area of Tokyo from the rich one B) could be dangerous and so boats rarely used it C) ran through one of the most popular parts of eighteenth century Tokyo D) was a busy waterway since it was the commercial centre of the city E) has recently lost its popularity among the people of Tokyo 35- The writer points out that, in the eighteenth century, there was ..... A) an effort among other Japanese cities to imitate the social life of Tokyo B) a sudden increase in the population of Tokyo C) a growing interest among the people of Tokyo in European coffee-houses D) a widespread desire among the young in Japan for all kinds of entertainment E) a great likeness between Japan's teahouses and Europe's coffee-houses 36- We can understand from the passage that no city in the eighteenth century Japan ........ . A) could compete with Tokyo's cultural life B) had as many tea-houses as Tokyo had C) had established as many centres of entertainment as Tokyo had D) had as large a population as that of Tokyo E) consumed as much tea as Tokyo did

34- Sumida River ile ilgili parada verilen bilgiyi dikkate aldmzda (ehrin ok hareketli bir blgesinden gemesi ve elence merkezi olmas), C seeneinin doru olduunu gryoruz.

35- A, C ve D seeneklerindeki ifadelere parada hi deinilmediini gryoruz. Parada Tokyo'nun nfusundan szedilse de, B seeneindeki "nfustaki ani art" biiminde bir ifade gememektedir. Bu durumda doru yant E seeneidir.

36- Parada 18. yzylda Tokyo, dier Japon ehirleriyle nfusu bakmndan karlatrlmaktadr (... making it the largest city in Japan). Bu ifadeyi D seeneinde buluyoruz.

Life on a submarine may, to many people, sound fascinating. However, it is, in fact, horribly boring. Except for the commanding officers, a day aboard a submarine consists of six hours on duty, six hours off, day after day, for months. This being the case, every effort is made to ensure that the lives of the

13

men are as pleasant as possible. The meals are exceptionally good, and there is a daily film, shown at a specific time, on television around the submarine. In return, the crew is always expected to perform perfectly all the time. A mistake is quite unforgivable. In fact, a favourite saying is "There's room for everything on a submarine except for a mistake". 37- We learn from the passage that, contrary to what a lot of people expect, ....... . A) life on a submarine is extremely rewarding for the crew B) submarines have every imaginable facility for entertaining the crew C) boredom is a major problem for the crew of a submarine D) there is comparatively little work to be done on a submarine E) the officers on a submarine share the same duties as the other members of the crew 38- The writer of the passage emphasises that, on a submarine, ........ . A) there is every opportunity for officers to have a pleasant life B) every member of the crew helps to prepare the meals C) everyone works six hours a day D) life never gets boring for the crew E) everything is to be done faultlessly 39- It is clear from the passage that it is almost impossible ....... . A) to make life aboard a submarine fully fascinating B) for officers to establish a friendship with other members of the crew C) for everyone to be aware of night and day D) for the commanding officers to make a mistake E) for any member of the crew to be on duty more than six hours 37- Soru kkndeki "...pek ok insann umduunun aksine..." ifadesi, parann en banda sz edilen bir konuyu gerektiriyor; nk parada, insanlarn dnceleri ilk cmlede yanstlm, hemen ikinci cmlede de bu dncenin doru olmad belirtilmi. Bu iki cmlenin verdii anlamdan yola karak, doru yantn C seenei olduunu grrz.

38- Bu soruda soru kk ok belirgin olmad iin eleme yntemini kullanabiliriz. A seenei ilk anda yakn gibi grnse de, "..yaam ho klacak her imkan var..." ifadesinin doru olmadn anlyoruz; nk parada bu ifade, "..yaam mmkn olduu kadar zevkli klmak iin her trl aba gsterilir.." biimindedir. C seeneini de rahatlkla eliyebiliyoruz nk parada sz edilen alt saatlik mesai herkes iin geerli deildir. B seeneindeki ifadeye parada hi deinilmemitir. D seeneinin ise yanl olduu ok aktr. Doru yant E seeneidir.

39- Parann btnnde ifade edilen, denizaltda yaam zevkli hale getirmek iin her trl abann gsterildii, ama buna ramen can skntsnn byk bir problem olduudur. Buna gre, parada deinilip de imkansz olabilecek bir ifade A seeneinde verilmektedir. Doru yant A seeneidir.

Some 130 million years ago, a spike-backed dinosaur walked heavily through the wilderness of what came to be Australia, and left its footprints as a gift for the future. They were the world's best impressions of a dinosaur's two-ton footfalls. When they were found seven years ago in a remote

14

valley in northern Australia, they provided scientists with the first clear evidence that dinosaurs had lived in Australia. This discovery provided further evidence for the theory that Australia was once joined to a vast super-continent that included what is now South America, Africa, India and Antarctica. 40- It is clear from the passage that, millions of years ago, Australia ..... . A) was undoubtedly the only suitable place in the world for the survival of dinosaurs B) was almost certainly not, as it is today, a separate continent C) was, for the first time, inhabited by a large variety of dinosaurs D) was for the most part a wilderness where no living being could survive E) with its geography and climate resembled South America and Africa 41- The passage makes it clear that the dinosaur footprints discovered in Australia in recent years ........ . A) are the same as those also found in South America, Africa, India and Antarctica B) have little attracted many a scientist interested in the distant past of the continent C) could only have been made by dinosaurs weighing a lot more than two tons D) are in surprisingly good condition although millions of years have passed since they were made E) have made scientists revise the most recent theories concerning dinosaurs 42- One reason why the discovery in Australia of the dinosaur footprints is so important is that ....... . A) previously, no one knew for certain whether this country had ever been inhabited by dinosaurs B) contrary to the popular view, this continent had always been a vast wilderness C) until this discovery, nothing was known about the early climate of this continent D) presumably, they will provide clues for future geological changes in this continent E) up to this point, no one knew for sure that dinosaurs could weigh two tons 40- Avustralya'nn milyonlarca yl nceki durumuyla ilgili parada verilen bilgileri gz nne aldmzda, B seeneindeki ifadeyi, parann son cmlesinde bulabiliyoruz. Doru yant B seeneidir.

41- A seeneindeki ifadeye parada hi deinilmemitir. B seeneindeki ifade yanltr nk sz edilen bulu bilim adamlarnn ilgisini ekmitir. Parada dinozorun arlndan sz ediliyor, ama C seeneindeki gibi bir ifade yoktur. Paraya gre, bu bulutan sonra bilim adamlar baz teorileri tekrar gzden geirmilerdir, ama bunlar, E seeneinde belirtildii gibi, dinozorlarla ilgili teoriler deil, Avustralya'nn konumuyla ilgili teorilerdir. Paradaki "They were the world's best impressions of a dinosaur's two-ton footfalls." ifadesi, D seeneindeki sonucu karmamz mmkn klmaktadr. Doru yant D seeneidir.

42- Parada, bu buluun nemli olduu nk bu bulu sayesinde, Avustralya'da dinozorlarn yaam olduu konusunda ilk kantlarn elde edildii vurgulanmaktadr. Bu ifadeyi A seeneinde bulabiliyoruz. Doru yant A seeneidir.

The origins of biography are to be found in early legendary accounts of the Greek, Germanic and Celtic heroes. Another early type of biography is the records of the teachings and deeds of wise men. The accounts of the life and teaching of Socrates given by Plato and Xenophon may be regarded as a

15

development of this kind of record. The interest of the Socratic dialogues of Plato is philosophic rather than biographical, but the Memorabilia of Xenophon, though not a biography in the modern sense of the word, comprises a series of sketches of the great philosopher with intimacy and vividness. The first European author, remembered primarily as a biographer, is Plutarch, a Greek philosopher who lived under the Roman Empire. His Parallel Lives on ancient Greek and Roman statesmen and soldiers is one of the most fascinating works of antiquity and influential in the European biographical tradition. Moreover, he seems to have been the first author to distinguish sharply between biography and history. 43- It is pointed out in the passage that the first true example of biography in the modern sense is to be found in ... A) B) C) D) E) the stories of Greek and other heroes Xenophon's Memorabilia ancient legends Plato's dialogues Plutarch's Parallel Lives 43- Parada, Plutarch'n zellikle biyografi almalaryla tannan ilk Avrupal olduu ve Parallel Lives adl eserinin Avrupa biyografi geleneinde etkili olduu belirtiliyor. Ayrca, tarih ile biyografiyi kesin olarak birbirinden ayran ilk kii olmas da, bugnk anlamyla ilk gerek biyografi rneklerinin "Parallel Lives"da bulunabileceini gsteriyor. Bu durumda doru yant E seeneidir.

44- According to the passage, Plato's account of Socrates, unlike the one given by Xenophon, .... A) is very critical of the great philosopher B) puts the emphasis on the philosophy of Socrates C) is full of fascinating details about the life of Socrates D) was the model for Plutarch when he wrote his Parallel Lives E) is commonly regarded as the first important example of biographical writing 45- We understand from the passage that, in his Parallel Lives, Plutarch .... A) is primarily concerned with the portrayal of people themselves, but not the events of their times B) concentrates on life and society in ancient Rome C) gives priority to statesmen rather than to soldiers D) includes his own philosophy of life in his accounts of the lives of others E) compares the Greek and Roman attitudes towards politics and military affairs 44- Parada, Plato'nun Socrates ile ilgili yazdklarnn biyografik olmaktan ok felsefi olduu ak bir biimde ifade ediliyor. Doru yant B seeneidir.

45- Parada Plutarch'n biyografi ile tarihi birbirinden ayrt eden ilk kii olarak tanmlanmas, onun "Parallel Lives"da, kiilerin iinde yaadklar dnemde gelien olaylara deil, kendi yaamlarna younlatn gsteriyor ki bu ifadeyi A seeneinde buluyoruz.

The job of check-in clerks at any airport is not a particularly interesting or satisfying one. They simply have to check the tickets of passengers, and take their luggage. The work is mechanical, repetitive and

16

very tiring. The only variation in the routine occurs when things go wrong when flights are delayed or when they are cancelled due to such things as bad weather, strikes or technical problems. Then the check-in clerks are in the unfortunate position of having to face the angry passengers though the fault is not theirs and they can do nothing to put things right. 46- We understand from the passage that the work check-in clerks does ..... . A) is always greatly appreciated by the passengers B) varies greatly from day to day which makes it more enjoyable C) requires a great deal of skill and creativity D) involves very little contact with passengers E) is both tedious and exhausting 47- According to the passage, a number of reasons may lead to ...... . A) passengers wishing to change the dates of their flights B) a strike among the check-in clerks C) the postponement or cancellation of flights D) the loss of the luggage of passengers E) overcrowding at airports 48- It is pointed out in the passage that when serious problems affecting flights arise at airports, ..... . A) passengers usually wait patiently for the situation to improve B) it is the check-in clerks who encounter the protesting passengers C) passengers are immediately notified by check-in clerks D) it is the primary responsibility of check-in clerks to solve them E) check-in clerks are required to explain, in detail, what has caused them 48- Paradaki ifadeye gre, hava limanlarnda sorun kt zaman fkeli yolcularla kar karya gelmek zorunda kalan, kontrol memurlardr. Bu anlam veren ifade B seeneidir. 46- Hava limanlarndaki kontrol memurlarnn ii parada, tekdze, skc ve yorucu olarak tanmlanyor. Bu anlam E seeneinde buluyoruz.

47- Parada, kt hava, grev ya da teknik sorunlar gibi bir dizi nedenle uularn ertelenebildii ya da iptal edilebildii ifade edilmi. Ayn anlam C seeneinde gryoruz.

TEST YOURSELF
17

The third of the Arab-Israeli wars was fought from June 5 to 10, 1967, and thus earned the name of the "Six Day War". Combatants in the war were Israel against Syria, Jordan and Egypt. When the war started in June 5, Israel was fighting on three fronts. Despite appearing cornered by its three neighbours, Israel nevertheless made short work of the Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian air forces, destroying them on the ground. Israeli armoured forces then pushed deep into the Sinai and destroyed Egyptian resistance there by June 7. Because Syria had bombarded Israeli villages from the Golan Heights earlier, on June 9 the Israeli ground and air forces attacked the Golan Heights, capturing it the next day. Complete mastery of the air had proved decisive for Israel in winning the war in such a short time.

1A) B) C) D) E)

It's stated in the passage that ....... . ground forces are the most important single element in modern warfare Israel was able to win so quickly because of the effective use of air power Egypt would have won the war if its air force had not been destroyed bombing civilian targets is important for winning modern wars Israel is one of the most populous nations in the Middle East

2A) B) C) D) E)

We understand from the passage that the Golan Heights passed over to the Israelis at the end of the war is the best point from which Israel can be bombed had previously been captured from the Israelis was the main reason for which the war was started took the Israelis six days to capture

3A) B) C) D) E)

The passage implies that at the beginning of the "Six Day War" the Arab forces had good reasons to declare war on Israel Israeli ground forces were heavily outnumbered the situation did not appear very hopeful for Israel Jordan was the most successful Arab country the resistance at the Golan Heights was the strongest

Two hidden faults off southern California, capable of unleashing a magnitude 7.6 earthquake, lie off the coast of heavily populated Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego counties, researchers reported on

18

Sunday. Though there is potential for catastrophe, the chances are slim. In the worst-case scenarios detailed in the study, the biggest quakes occur once every 2,100 years on one of the faults, and every 8,800 years on the other. It is possible that the faults release their energy on smaller but more frequent spurts, but as yet the discovery is so new that it is impossible to say how likely a large quake would be. A 7.6 magnitude quake would likely cause widespread damage and casualties.

4- According to the passage, A) this new discovery diminishes the chances that Southern California will have a serious earthquake B) southern California is now one of the most dangerous places in the world to live C) the researchers are highly pessimistic about the future of the area D) a lot of people live not far from where the new faults have been discovered E) there was an earthquake of magnitude 7.6 near Los Angeles on Sunday

5- The passage tells us that A) B) C) D) E) there was a severe earthquake on one of the fault lines 2,100 years ago a 7.6 magnitude earthquake would not be serious in southern California scientists have proved that the new faults will not cause major loss of life there is no chance of an earthquake on the newly-discovered faults for another 8,800 years it is too soon to estimate at the magnitudes of the future quakes on the new faults

6- One possibility, stated in the passage, about the new faults is that A) the quake may be smaller than magnitude 7.6 and only cause damage but no deaths B) their energy may be dissipated in a number of smaller quakes rather than in a big one C) because of the frequent quakes in the area, the faults may already have released most of their energy D) the newly-discovered faults will probably cause a major earthquake in the near future E) because they are undersea faults, they may be less dangerous than underground faults

With the coming of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, apprenticeship began to decline as an institution. Factory mass-production techniques eroded the personal relationship between master

19

and assistant that apprenticeship demands. Labour was plentiful and cheap, and experience was usually gained on the job. Nevertheless, certain crafts maintained the tradition of apprenticeship, and some professions, such as the legal profession in Britain, continued to rely on apprenticeship to provide practical training. Although the Industrial Revolution opened the doors to unskilled labour, there is still a place for the kind of skills that only a long period of practical training can provide.

7- The passage states that after the Industrial Revolution, ....... . A) the biggest problem was unskilled labour B) C) D) E) people with special skills were on the demand there was less need for apprentices masters did not need assistants Europe became wealthy very quickly

8- We learn from the passage that an 'apprentice" is ....... . A) B) C) D) E) plentiful and cheap labour that was employed after the Industrial Revolution a kind of mass-production technique developed in the 18th century a way to provide workers for the legal profession in Britain someone who learns a trade through a long period of practical experience under a master one of the main ways which was used by the opposition to the Industrial Revolution

9- From the passage, it is clear that ........ . A) in the 18th century, personal problems between masters and apprentices led to the Industrial Revolution B) apprenticeship as an institution has survived in spite of the impact of the Industrial Revolution C) the institution of apprenticeship completely disappeared after the Industrial Revolution D) on-the-job experience is no longer as important as it once was E) the Industrial Revolution was a response to the problems created by apprenticeship

Humans, because of the diversity of their genetic makeup, react to epidemic diseases in different ways. Some people have" acquired immunity for a different disease, others have partial immunity,

20

and still others have no immunity. It is possible to have an immunity for one disease while being susceptible to others. Sometimes an immunity can he temporary, as in the case of influenza. Some diseases, such as measles, confer permanent immunity on those who have had them. A few diseases, including chicken pox and rheumatic fever, can infect an individual early in life and then lie dormant for many years before becoming active again in another way.

10- The topic of the passage is A) B) C) D) E) the reasons for the diversity of human genetic makeup the cause of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome ways of achieving permanent immunity to certain diseases the diverse types of immunities found in human beings the effects of chicken pox and rheumatic fever on people in later life

11- It is clear from the passage that A) B) C) D) E) immunisation techniques are constantly developing measles used to be a far more dangerous disease than it is today people may react to different diseases in different ways chicken pox has always been a dangerous disease anyone who has had measles will not get chicken pox

12- The author attempts to make it clear that A) B) C) D) E) the characteristics of our immune systems come from our genetic makeup with the medical advances, everyone is immune to measles today no one is immune to diseases that lie dormant in their bodies every person is immune to a certain type of disease influenza can be one of the world's most dangerous diseases

Also called the "intelligent home", an automated house is an appliance-controlled dwelling made

21

possible by computers, microchips, television, voice synthesis and solid-state circuitry. All the appliances in such a home are interconnected. They respond to voice commands and they are able to communicate with one another. A dishwasher, for instance, could relay a message to a water heater to produce more hot water. The whole electrical system of the home is electrically controlled by a computer and activated by a telephone. A homeowner can relay commands from a distant computer or telephone to his or her house. Repairmen can be called automatically if some appliance breaks down. The chief obstacle to automated homes becoming widespread is not technological; it is the high cost of the equipment required to build them.

13- It is obvious from the passage that A) B) C) D) E) the "intelligent home" is a fantasy of the future the "intelligent home" is not within the reach of anyone today there is no sense in having an "intelligent home" with technology in its present state "intelligent homes" are already available to those who can afford them a large number of servants are needed to run an "intelligent home"

14- The owner of an automated house A) B) C) D) E) would need the addresses of a number of repairmen wouldn't need a baby-sitter because there are so many things to entertain children has to choose servants with a common language so that they can communicate could expect household chores to be done while he or she is not at home needs to hire someone to be present at home to supervise the machines

15- The writer implies that A) automated houses will become more common as the equipment becomes more affordable B) there is no reason for a single person to have an "intelligent home" C) the "intelligent home" has been developed in response to the demand for home entertainment D) everyone needs an "intelligent home" E) although automated houses are fine in theory, there are too many technological problems to make them practical

Calling Franklin Delano Roosevelt the "greatest president of this great American century", the

22

Unites States President Bill Clinton presided over the opening of a Washington, D.C. memorial dedicated to the life and times of Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States. Roosevelt became the 4th president, along with George Washington, Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson, to have a monument constructed in the capital memorialising the accomplishments of his administration. A sculpture of President Roosevelt sitting in a chair with the family dog, Fala, at his foot, overlooks the memorial grounds. Many disabled Americans argued that since Roosevelt had suffered from polio as a child and lost the use of his legs, he should have been depicted in a wheelchair.

16- We learn from the passage that A) B) C) D) E) Roosevelt's dog, Fala, used to be very popular with the American citizens Bill Clinton is the greatest US president of the 20th century Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 4th US president Bill Clinton wants a monument dedicated to himself built in Washington Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of the greatest of US presidents

17- We can infer from the passage that A) B) C) D) E) Roosevelt was a better president than Lincoln Roosevelt often used a wheelchair people who suffer from physical disabilities are usually great leaders most disabled Americans suffered from polio as children Roosevelt needed a dog because he was blind

18- After reading this passage, anyone who knows nothing about US history will

A) B) C) D)

realise that Abraham Lincoln was president during the Civil War understand why a monument was built to Franklin Delano Roosevelt know the names of five American presidents agree that Thomas Jefferson was an even greater president than Franklin Delano Roosevelt E) disagree that Roosevelt should be depicted in a wheelchair

23

One of the loveliest but most fragile of spring flowers in America is the bloodroot. In April and May, it pushes its delicate white blossom upward, wrapped in silver green leaves, in open woodlands from Canada to Florida and west to Nebraska and Arkansas. The first warm sunshine opens the flower. It has yellow stamens and from eight to twelve white petals; but the petals are soon washed or blown away by rain or wind. The plant is named for the red juice that oozes from broken stems and roots. In older days, it was taken, on a lump of sugar owing to its bitter taste, to cure coughs and colds. The dried roots contain an alkaloid that has medicinal value as a stimulant.

19- We learn from the passage that the bloodroot is A) B) C) D) E) harvested in April and May an ornamental plant found in gardens all over the United States in flower for only a short time one of the hardiest of wild flowers not particularly attractive but useful

20- It is stated in the passage that....... . A) B) C) D) E) the leaves are the most useful part of the bloodroot the bloodroot is a beautiful but useless plant this plant has a life expectancy of between eight and twelve months a useful red dye conies from this plant the plant gets its name because its juice resembles blood in appearance

21- From the information given in the passage, we learn that A) B) C) D) E) the juice of the bloodroot is very bitter dried roots of the plant taste better than its juice the bloodroot is commonly used as a cure for colds and coughs the bloodroot only grows in the United States the roots of the plant is among e best alkaloids used in medicine

24

Multiple personality is an extremely rare mental disorder in which two or more independent and distinct personalities develop in the same individual. Each personality may alternately inhabit the person's conscious awareness to the exclusion of the other personalities. Personalities usually vary remarkably from one another in outlook, temperament, handwriting and body gestures. Often each personality gives itself a different name. Only a few hundred true cases have been reported worldwide. The condition usually develops as a way of coping with painful and disturbing experiences faced early in life such as child abuse. Treatment is aimed at integrating personalities back into a single, unified personality by bringing trauma to conscious awareness and defusing it.

22- The passage gives us the information that multiple personality A) B) C) D) E) is more common than has usually been assumed involves two or more individuals related to each other has so far been rarely treated successfully is a mental illness which is encountered only infrequently has different names in different parts of the world

23- The author informs us that the most common cause of multiple personality

A) B) C) D) E)

remains a mystery is unhappy experiences in childhood is a desire to use different names is the ability to have different handwriting and body gestures may be the individual's fondness of acting as a child

24- It is clear from the description of multiple personality that A) B) C) D) E) those who suffer from multiple personality are in need of legal advice the patients' different personalities are often indistinguishable from one another not a single case of the disorder has been reported in the last a hundred years doctors disagree over how multiple personality should be treated in some cases a single person may have several distinct personalities

25

For centuries the vibrant colours, unusual perspectives and strangely contorted figures of El Greco's paintings were widely misunderstood. While some critics attributed these characteristics to a defect in the artist's eyesight, others saw them as an expression of El Greco's unique artistic vision. Not much is known of El Greco's early life, his family or his artistic training. By his own testimony, Domenikos Theotokopoulos was born about 1540 on the island of Crete. In 1570, the first documented date in his life, he arrived in Rome already an accomplished artist. According to Roman contemporaries, he had come from Venice. In Italy he was nicknamed "El Greco" or "the Greek", the name by which he is still known.

25- We learn from the passage that El Greco A) B) C) D) E) was the greatest painter of the 16th century was not actually a Greek received his artistic training in Rome was not the artist's real name spent most of his life in Venice

26- It is stated in the passage that A) B) C) D) E) the paintings of El Greco are notable for their realism El Greco's early life shaped his artistic outlook El Greco's paintings were incomprehensible to many people for a long time Domenikos Theotokopoulos spent his first 30 years on Crete El Greco had bad eyesight

27- From the figures given in the passage, we can conclude that El Greco A) B) C) D) E) was about 30 years old when he came to Rome knew very little about his early life attained fame through his contemporaries in Rome was not a particularly productive artist did not actually receive an artistic training

26

Sigmund Freud divided the structure of human personality into three components: id, ego and superego. The id is the instinctual part of the personality and contains all the basic drives and emotions that come from the animal nature in humans. At the other extreme is the superego. It encompasses cultural values, ideals and rules of conduct acquired from parents. The id is always in conflict with the superego. An example of how the superego controls the id is when a person may wish to overeat but does not do so because it is a socially unacceptable thing to do. To mediate between the id and the superego, people gradually build a third structure called the ego. The role of the ego is to see that the drives of the id are reasonably fulfilled without disturbing the superego.

28- We understand from the passage that ............ . A) B) C) D) E) there is constant discord between the id and the superego Sigmund Freud had a strong ego egotistical people are unpleasant to be with Sigmund Freud was the father of psychoanalysis the ego and the id are in conflict all the time

29- It can be inferred from the passage that A) B) C) D) E) mentally ill people often overeat the superego suppresses the wishes of the id childhood experiences are controlled by the ego people are born without an id many of Freud's theories have been proved wrong

30- The main purpose of the passage is A) B) C) D) E) to make Freud's most important theories invalid to give biographical details about Sigmund Freud to tell the reader why the superego is superior to the ego to explain in simple terms Freud's view of human personality to analyse the connection between the superego and cultural values

27

In his long career as a sculptor, Jacob Epstein drew storms of criticism. Each new carving in stone or marble was greeted with cries of "ugly" or "deformed". Gradually, many people would learn to appreciate the rugged strength of the new work, but the same argument began again when Epstein showed his next statue. Epstein also made many portrait busts of well-known people. These were modelled in clay, then cast in bronze. The busts have been accepted with less argument because Epstein worked to achieve realistic likenesses. Among his famous subjects were George Bernard Shaw, Albert Einstein and Winston Churchill. He also did many charming busts of children.

31- The passage tells us that ........ A) B) C) D) E) all of Epstein's works were too ugly to be looked at without disgust Epstein's paintings were more readily appreciated than his sculptures each new sculpture Epstein produced was uglier than the previous one people developed a liking for a sculpture of Epstein's only after he produced another Epstein's sculptures were seldom, if ever, appreciated when they were first shown

32- When making his portrait busts, Epstein aimed A) B) C) D) E) to create a new debate in society to distort some characteristics of the subject matter to make them look like the actual persons to avoid receiving any criticism about them to choose only famous people as his subject matter

33- Having learnt from the passage that Epstein was capable of producing realistic busts, we can conclude that ........ A) B) C) D) E) the distortion in his other sculptures was deliberate he attempted to apply Albert Einstein's theories to art in his later years, Epstein stopped being controversial he was not able to sculpt anything other than human beings the materials he used for busts, like bronze and clay, were also important

28

Since World War II, great strides have been made in the convenience of home washing. Earlier it was a laborious task at best, usually consuming an entire day of a housewife's week. The automatic washer and drier revolutionised the chore of home laundering. Heating water to fill the washer, using the washer and ringer and hanging linen and clothing to dry have become obsolete with the home laundering equipment now available. By merely loading clothes in a washing machine, adding detergent and allowing it to wash and rinse the clothes automatically, a person is freed to do other things while the wash is being done. Instead of hanging the clothes to dry, a person can now remove them from the washer and quickly dry them in a home dryer.

34- According to the passage, A) B) C) D) E) it was World War II that led to the development of the washing machine doing laundry used to be difficult and time-consuming washing clothes was once the best task of the housewife's week home laundering equipment has now become obsolete there are self-loading washing machines

35- From the information given in the passage, it is clear that A) the automatic drier is even more important than the automatic washer B) today technology spares one even from the task of hanging the clothes to dry C) the washing machine was developed well after World War II D) women have had little housework to do since the development of the washing machine E) modern trend is towards developing a washing machine with the capability of loading itself

36- A logical conclusion that we can draw after reading the passage is that A) B) C) D) E) clothes are cleaner now than they were in the past women need to work outside the home in order to be able to afford a washing machine housewives have more free time now than they did in the past the automatic washer would be virtually useless without the automatic drier hot water is always necessary for washing clothes

29

Some computer users, called hackers, try to sabotage other people's computers, and thus create software that can manipulate or destroy another computer's programs or data. One such program, called a logic bomb, consists of a set of instructions entered into a computer's software. When activated, it takes control of the computer's programs. A virus attaches itself to a program, often in the computer's operating system, and then copies itself onto other programs with which it comes into contact. Viruses can spread from one computer to another by way of exchanged disks or programs sent through telephone lines.

37- According to the passage, a logic bomb is A) B) C) D) E) an explosive that destroys the computer itself a defensive weapon used against hackers a program used for detecting computer viruses the instructions that come with new software a destructive kind of software

38- The passage informs us that there are certain people A) B) C) D) E) who spend all of their time combating computer viruses who attempt to control or destroy other people's computer data to whom you should not send e-mails about whose secret activities little is known with whom you should not play computer games

39- The author suggests that A) B) C) D) E) it can be dangerous to exchange disks no one in the world of computers can be trusted there should be special computer virus police a logic bomb would be a useful weapon in a high-tech war once your data have been infected, there is no way you can save them

30

Early in the 19th century, most English painters believed that "a good picture, like a good violin, should be brown." John Constable, however, believed that nature should be shown in its own colours. He invented a technique to make this possible. Instead of using flat colours, he painted with thick smears and flecks of many shades. He is said to have used "a thousand greens" to create the natural beauty of his trees and meadows. To suggest the highlights of sunshine, he used a special technique known as "Constable's snow". Although England was slow to appreciate Constable, France acclaimed his innovations, and Constable's technique helped lead the way to the French Impressionist movement.

40- It is obvious from the passage that A) B) C) D) English painting was not attractive before the time of Constable there are important similarities between violins and paintings Constable's influence helped to change the course of painting the limited variety of paints available caused paintings before Constable's time to lack colour E) Constable's techniques led to the later invention of colour photography

41- The author tells us that Constable was especially famous for A) B) C) D) E) his realistic winter snow scenes the shades of brown he used to paint violins the success he achieved in his native country the technique he invented to paint realistic nature scenes inventing new ways to use flat colours

42- We understand from the passage that A) B) C) D) E) green was the colour Constable used best constable was the first of the French Impressionists Constable had a particular technique for showing sunshine in snow Constable's paintings were unrealistic because of the thick smears and flecks he used the French were more receptive to Constable's innovations than were the British

31

When he was 21 years old, Thomas Edison took out his first patent. It was for an electric vote counter to be used in the United States Congress. The machine worked perfectly, but the congressmen would not buy it. They did not want vote counting to be done quickly, and the old roll-call system was sometimes used for purposes of delay. This experience taught the young inventor a lesson. He decided to follow a simple rule: "First be sure a thing is wanted or needed, then go ahead." When he died at 84, Edison had patented 1,093 inventions, which included the motion picture projector, electric light bulb, and hundreds of others. Many were among the most useful and helpful inventions ever developed.

43- According to the passage, Thomas Edison's first invention A) B) C) D) E) was a failure because it did not work properly brought him the wealth to continue with his experiments was unsuccessful because there was no demand for it revolutionised the vote-counting system in the United States Congress made him famous because it speeded up Congressional voting

44- As is stated in the passage, Thomas Edison A) learnt an important lesson from the failure of his first invention B) understood the voting system in the US Congress well enough to invent a successful vote counter C) was more proud of his electric vote counter than he was of his electric light bulb D) became bitter and disillusioned by the failure of his first invention E) had made sure that people wanted his electric vote counter

45- The rule Edison decided to follow after his first invention failed would be best described with the saying "......... ." A) B) C) D) E) Honesty is the best policy Necessity is the mother of invention Experience is the name we give to our mistakes Patience makes the world go round Time is money

32

The readers of his time found the startling inventions the French author Jules Verne described in his novels highly fantastic. However, today he is regarded as a prophet. His dreams of undersea and air travel have come true, and Verne's story, "Around the World in Eighty Days" now seems a record of a leisurely trip. Verne began to write poetry and plays at an early age, but he had little success until he published "Five Weeks in a Balloon". This fantastic tale delighted readers both young and old. Its success led Verne to continue writing exciting stories of adventure. He studied geography and science to get ideas for his tales. Verne's works include many short stories and more than fifty novels.

46- The writer of the passage explains A) B) C) D) E) the reasons for Jules Verne's initial failure as a writer how Jules Verne went on a leisurely trip around the world that Jules Verne described his own time in accurate detail that Jules Verne was remarkably accurate in his predictions for the future why Jules Verne is best remembered as a poet and playwright

47- It can be inferred from the passage that A) Jules Verne's story called "Around the World in Eighty Days" was based on his own experiences B) no one had travelled around the world before Jules Verne's famous book C) Jules Verne was also involved with the invention of the submarine D) there were no airplanes and submarines at the time Jules Verne was writing E) Jules Verne once spent five weeks in a balloon

48- The author underlines the fact that A) B) C) D) E) although Jules Verne wrote few books, they were highly successful Verne's stories were a combination of his imagination and solid research without Jules Verne, the airplane would not have been invented Jules Verne's fans were mostly children and young men after a career as a successful prophet, Jules Verne began to write late in life

33

The most severe outbreak of influenza ever took place immediately following World War I. It seems to have started among the multi-national armed forces in northern France late in the war. Sanitary conditions there were deplorable. The disease appeared late in 1918, spread around the world, and lasted into the next year. The world-wide death toll was estimated at 20 million, a greater number than died in the war. Fifty times that many people had the disease. The highest death rate was in India, where about 12.5 million people died. This proved to be the most severe epidemic of modern times and one of history's worst, with mortality rates comparable to the outbreaks of Bubonic Plague in the Middle Ages.

49- The passage tells us that when the influenza epidemic started, A) B) C) D) E) the death toll because of the war was already 12.5 million most of those who were affected were soldiers weakened by the war World War I came to an abrupt ending a multi-national armed force was gathered to help the sick the First World War had not yet quite finished

50- We understand from the passage that the influenza epidemic mentioned in the passage ....... . A) B) C) D) E) is a modern form of Bubonic Plague created unsanitary conditions among the soldiers in northern France affected every nation in the world claimed the lives of about 2% of the people who contracted the disease had been once experienced so severely in the Middle Ages

51- One can conclude from the passage that during the outbreaks of Bubonic Plague in the Middle Ages, ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the conditions in which the soldiers lived were almost the same India was the country with the greatest death toll about twenty million people lost their lives people suffered the same symptoms as those of influenza there was nowhere in the world which remained unaffected

34

The first play performed in Australia, -with a convict cast in 1789, was George Farquhar's "The Recruiting Officer". Six years after this performance, a convict named Robert Sidaway opened Australia's first licensed theatre. Like many others, he had been transported to the colony from England for stealing, but in 1794 he was granted an absolute pardon. In 1796 he built a playhouse in Bell Row, now Bligh Street, in the heart of Sydney's business district. After about two years, he was ordered to close it because Sydney's underclass routinely robbed the homes of the audience while they were in the theatre. A second attempt at operating a theatre was tried in 1800, but it soon met the same fate as the first.

52- The purpose of the passage is to A) B) C) D) E) describe the early history of the theatre in Australia show how actors were recruited in 18th-century Australia tell the story of Robert Sidaway's conviction and pardon give a brief account of talented Australian convicts give the reader an idea of what Sydney was like in the late 18th century

53- According to the passage, Robert Sidaway's theatre A) B) C) D) E) had to close because thieves broke into homes as the owners were at the theatre was built after George Farquhar's theatre became unpopular and had to close down was one of the most successful the country has ever had put on a play called "The Recruiting Officer" was attended largely by Sydney's underclass

54- We can infer from the passage that A) B) C) D) E) Australia is a nation of theatre lovers "The Recruiting Officer" is one of the most popular Australian plays Robert Sidaway was pardoned because he was such a good actor Robert Sidaway had once been in the transportation business at one time convicted criminals from Britain were sent to Australia

35

Camels and their relatives, such as the llama and the vicuna, were domesticated about 4000 to 6000 years ago. Ever since, they have provided meat, milk, wool and hides to various desert- and mountain-dwelling peoples of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Ancestors of the camel family lived in North America during a period that began about 54,000,000 years ago. Their remains show a steady development from tiny creatures no larger than rabbits to the large beasts of today. At some time before about 2.5 million years ago, one group migrated to Asia across a land bridge that once existed over the Bering Strait. These animals eventually developed into the camels proper. Another group migrated to South America. These developed into the llamas and vicuna of today. Later, camels died out in North America.

55- We learn from the passage that A) B) C) D) E) camels were first discovered around 6000 years ago the camel is distantly related to the rabbit about 4000 years ago it was learnt that the camel and the llama are related camels have been used by humans for about four to six millennia the camel is less rare than the vicuna

56- One can infer from the passage that A) camels are important to people all over the world B) Asia owes its camel population to a land bridge across the Bering Strait which no longer exists C) the llama and the vicuna come from the same ancestors as the camel but they are rabbitsized D) the camel is a more useful animal than the vicuna E) camels were known to mankind as long as 2.5 million years ago

57- It's stated in the passage that the ancestors of the camel originated in North America, ....... . A) B) C) D) E) in an area close to the Bering Strait but they are not used for milk and meat there but they are found in greater numbers in South America yet such creatures are extinct there now which means that camels have been on the Earth longer than human beings

36

On February 3rd, 1998, a United States Marine Corps pilot, flying well below minimum altitudes allowed by the Italian government for jet flight, caused an accident that resulted in the deaths of 20 people on a ski slope in the town of Cavalese, Italy. According to investigations conducted by the Italian and United States governments, the pilot, Lt. Col. Stephen Walters, was flying his EA6B Prowler military jet at altitudes of under 122 metres when it clipped the cable supporting a ski gondola. The gondola fell to the ground, causing the deaths of 19 skiers and the operator of the cable car. Italian government officials blamed the crash on recklessness on the part of the pilot, a claim supported by the United States government. Italian laws prohibit flights at less than 610 metres.

58- According to the information given in the passage A) B) C) D) E) the Italian and US governments disagree on the cause of the accident the accident was caused by the ski gondola being higher than the law permits the American pilot was flying nearly 500 metres lower than, he should have been the pilot of the American jet has been convicted of murder it is not a crime for an American pilot to break Italian laws

59- As the investigations revealed, A) B) C) D) E) the American pilot's careless behaviour made him responsible for the deaths of 20 people the US government was not fair in the assessment of the cause of the accident the 20 people on the ski gondola should not have been in a military area the accident was the fault of the operator of the cable car Lt. Col. Stephen Waiters deliberately caused an accident

60- Though it is not directly stated in the passage, it is implied that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the pilot will never be allowed to fly again the pilot faces punishment for his part in the crash the US and Italian governments are unable to cooperate mechanical failure played a part in the accident the Italian law on how low aircraft can fly is too strict

37

TEST YOUR GRAMMAR

1....... he did so well on his exams, I decided to update my son's computer. A) Since C) Until E) Unless 2Bill Clinton ....... as president for 8 years when he ....... from office in January 2001. A) was serving/has retired B) has been served/was retiring C) has served/is going to retire D) will be serving/would retire E) had served/retired 3Parents should read to their children from the time they are very young ....... they develop a love for books and a desire to read. A) so that C) nevertheless E) or else 4I didn't vote for ....... of the candidates since ....... of them had policies I agreed with. A] both/each C) neither/every E) several/either 5Paul Gauguin decided to give up everything and become a painter no one was interested in his art. A) by the time C) nevertheless E) in order that 6If only we ....... a house years ago when the prices were lower, we.........rent today. A) have bought/weren't paying B) could have bought/haven't paid C) had bought/wouldn't be paying D) bought/won't have paid E) were buying/didn't have to pay 7Although they thought they loved ........ they found it impossible to live together as husband and wife. A) the other C) the others E) others B) one another D) another B) no matter D) although B) either/neither D) each/both B) although D) likewise B) Although D) Provided that

38

8-

India is one of the poorest countries in the world, but Bangladesh is .......poorer. A) even C) so E) too B) more D) such

9-

Since Marvin was unable to attend university ........ he was determined that ....... children should all have the opportunity. A) its own/himself B) him/their C) his own/theirs D) himself/his E) itself/his own

10- ....... science and technology have increased our standard of living, they have also created weapons of mass destruction that threaten to end our lives at any moment. A) Despite C) Moreover E) In addition 11- Oscar Wilde was born in the Victorian Era, ....... was a time of great social and economic change. A) where C) that E) which 12- ....... his writing was acclaimed, he was imprisoned for his unorthodox personal life. A) The fact that C) Even though E) Unless 13- His books ....... ever since his time, and probably ....... to be appreciated in the future. A) have been read/will continue B) are being read/are continuing C) were reading/will be continuing D) would have read/continue E) were read/have been continuing 14- He wrote mostly plays, but his novel "A Picture of Dorian Grey", and his most famous poem, "The Ballad of Reading Gaol", are still available ....... good books are sold. A) however C) whenever E) wherever 15- I don't understand ....... it happens, but ....... the worsening economic situation, a lot of people still seem to have plenty of money to spend. A) why/while C) what/rather E) /instead of B) how/despite D) when/although B) whichever D) whatever B) Since D) As far as B) when D) B) Nevertheless D) While

39

16- I didn't expect my colleagues ....... my birthday, and it was very nice of them ....... a surprise party for me. A) remembering/to be given B) having remembered/giving C) to have remembered/give D) to remember/to give E) remember/to have given 17- A new TV series ....... in our neighbourhood at the moment, but it ....... until next year. A) is being filmed/won't be shown B) has been filmed/hasn't shown C) is filmed/doesn't show D) is filming/hasn't been shown E) has filmed/isn't being shown 18- He ....... determined to start his own business at the height of this recession even though we ....... him many times against it. A) was/are warning B) had been/warn C) is/have warned D) will be/had warned E) has been/will warn 19- To our surprise, his business turned out to be ....... we had predicted. A) too successfully for B) more successful than C) the most successful D) as successfully as E) so successful that 20- Although he bribed a lot of people in authority ....... avoiding taxes, he still couldn't save his business from going bankrupt. A) with the aim of C) in order that E) even if B) In spite of D) so as to

21- The password of this program ........ and now I ....... into the system. A) should have changed/couldn't get B) might have changed/don't get C) ought to be changing/shouldn't get D) must have been changed/can't get E) used to be changed/haven't got 22- I don't believe that this research paper is ....... work since your girlfriend took this course last year and this paper is remarkably like ....... . A) your/herself C) yours/her E) you/her own B) yourself/she D) your own/hers

40

23- My husband ....... jobs six months ago, and since then, he ....... a lot of problems with his new boss. A) was changing/had B) has changed/has C) changed/has had D) would change/is having E) had changed/was having 24- ....... candidate wins the next election, he or she will have to face up to serious problems. A) Whoever C) However E) Whichever 25- ........ area between ........ Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq is the site of ancient Mesopotamia, one of the world's first civilisations. A) An/ C) / E) The/the 26- The police are trying hard ....... the murder, but they seem ....... nowhere. A) to solve/to be getting B) solving/having got C) having solved/to have got D) to be solved/getting E) to have solved/to get 27- India gained independence from Britain after World War II, ....... most of the rest of Britain's colonial possessions. A) nor did C) so have E) as was 28- Don't panic if the cheque ....... yet; you ....... definitely get it in a day or two. A) isn't arriving/could B) doesn't arrive/may C) won't arrive/must D) hasn't arrived/will E) didn't arrive/might 29- Janice was ....... unhappy in her first marriage ....... she does not want to take a chance on getting married again. A) as/as C) so/that E) such an/as 30- The system ....... better now that everyone ....... how to use it. A) may work/had been training B) must have worked/trained C) will be working/was trained D) had better work/was being trained E) ought to work/has been trained B) more/than D) too/that B) as did D) either has B) /the D) Some/a B) Whomever D) Whenever

41

31- You can't expect to get anywhere in life these days ....... you know how to operate a computer. A) for C) despite E) only if 32- ....... you show up on time and work hard, I don't care what you wear or how long your hair is. A) As long as C) As though E) Even so 33- When we were house-hunting, we looked at a house that ....... before the 20th century because it still had stables instead of a garage. A) used to be built B) is supposed to have built C) ought to have built D) must have been built E) has been built 34- No one knows ....... Istanbul has a good chance to host the 2008 Olympics ....... not. A) whether/or C) not only/but also E) barely/when B) the more/the less D) either/or B) More than D) In contrast to B) unless D) whereas

35- What are you doing still in bed? You ....... for school by now. A) must be leaving B) had better leave C) should have left D) have left E) must have left 36- Everyone was relieved ....... that the mountaineers ........ in an avalanche were rescued. A) to have heard/having caught B) to hear/caught C) having heard/to catch D) hearing/having been caught E) hear/to be caught 37- The mountaineers must not have realised that an avalanche was approaching, .......? A) mustn't they C) wasn't it E) must they 38- The Americas had been inhabited by the natives for thousands of years before the first European explorers arrived there, ......... . A) and Australia did too B) but Australia had C) and nor had Australia D) but Australia didn't E) and so had Australia B) mustn't it D) were they

42

39- Your financial situation ....... in such critical condition now if you your money reasonably during your holiday last week. A) isn't/have been spending B) won't be/were spending C) hasn't been/spent D) wouldn't be/had spent E) weren't/would have spent 40- Because I........ to be in touch with people quite a lot in my job, I....... sure to get vaccinated against flu every autumn. A) have required/made B) am required/make C) have to require/am making D) will be required/am made E) require/have been made 41- Spices were not widely used in Europe ....... after the Crusades. A) until C) despite E) when 42- After years of living in a big city, we have decided to move to northern Scotland, ....... there is plenty of open space and fresh air. A) where C) which E) what 43- My brothers and I had to work all through the school breaks, ....... our classmates who were better off. A) instead C) however E) unlike 44- I have never understood ....... people go to horror movies to be frightened. A) what C) why E) which 45- ....... the rain stops soon, it is going to be too wet to play tennis. A) Even if C) As though E) Such as 46- Being ....... hardy and in ........ huge numbers, cockroaches are in no danger of becoming wiped off by human beings. A) too/enough C) so/such E) enough/so B) more/than D) the most/too B) In case D) Provided that B) how D) where B) thus D) whereas B) that D) why B) while D) since

43

47- Japan has become one of ....... nations in the world because of its hard-working and disciplined population. A) so wealthy C) the wealthiest E) as wealthy as 48- Now having more responsibilities than you used to, do you ever wish you ........ married? A) didn't get C) haven't got E) wouldn't get 49- Not even his closest relatives trust ........ as he has behaved so dishonestly towards every one of ........ many times. A) themselves/him B) him/them C) his/themselves D) them/himself E) himself/theirs 50- According to the police, it seems ....... likely that the man committed suicide ....... he was murdered. A) so/as C) too/for E) very/that 51- It is difficult to imagine what Asian and European food ....... like today without tomatoes, potatoes and chilli peppers, which ....... to these continents after Europeans began exploring the Americas. A) is/had been introduced B) has been/have been introduced C) should have been/introduced D) will have been/would have introduced E) would be/were introduced 52- The animal we know today ....... the camel actually originated as a rabbit-sized animal in North America millions of years ago. A) like C) much E) such as 53- Railways in Turkey have declined a great deal in recent years ....... busses have become inexpensive, reliable and comfortable. A) provided that C) during E) while B) in case D) as long as B) as D) just B) such/that D) more/than B) aren't getting D) hadn't got B) too wealthy D) wealthier than

44

54- There wouldn't be a problem if my friends and I were a few minutes late for your party, ........? A) was there C) could we E) would there 55- By the end of the 20th century, there were only ....... truly nomadic tribes left in the ....... world. A) a little/none C) any/most E) few/all 56- No one really believes that he could be capable of such a thing, .......? A) do they C) doesn't he E) don't they 57- It appears that the climbers who ....... to death in the mountains ...... proper clothing for the time of year. A) had frozen/haven't worn B) have frozen/don't wear C) were freezing/wouldn't be wearing D) froze/weren't wearing E) would have frozen/can't wear 58- If you don't find me in the office, you ....... in the canteen, because I ....... a break. A) are looking/could take B) should look/might be taking C) would have looked/was taking D) look/have been taking E) might look/have taken 59- When brought in front of the headmaster, the student said that boy hit him first, so he had to defend ....... by hitting him back. A) another/other B) other/his own C) the other/himself D) one another/him E) the others/another 60- The representative of the workers on strike expressed at the press conference that they ........ this action because the bosses refused to negotiate any of their demands. A) had to take C) may take E) used to take B) had better take D) can take B) couldn't he D) could they B) some/each D) a few/whole B) weren't we D) wasn't I

45

61- Make sure you wear a tie to the interview ....... the interviewers are more interested in appearance than substance. A) provided that C) even if E) as long as 62- I thought the film was a waste of money, and my girlfriend didn't like it A) though C) too E) either 63- I felt that the professor wasn't interested in the course he was teaching, A) and I was too B) and his students were too C) and neither were his students D) his students weren't though E) and so did I 64- Anyone ....... having tried the traditional Japanese food will know ....... delicious certain kinds of raw fish can be. A) who/that C) which/why E) when/whose 65- Our daughter looked terrible the last time we saw ........ and we are worried that she is not taking care of ....... . A) she/hers C) hers/her own E) herself/her 66- ....... Japanese is far more fluent than ....... will ever be. A) They/she C) Mine/her E) My/hers 67- I wouldn't want to be famous because the press seems to know about ....... you do. A) however C) whomever E) wherever 68- ....... I see my ex-wife, I try to hide before she sees me. A) Whatever C) Whichever E) Whomever B) Whenever D) However B) whatever D) whichever B) Her/my D) Their/I B) her/herself D) her own/she B) that/what D) /how B) nor D) neither B) even though D) in case

46

69- In countries ....... there is no democratic tradition, elections sometimes take strange forms. A) that C) what E) where 70- In fact, there are a number of countries ....... citizens do not seem particularly interested in democracy. A) that C) whose E) why 71- The people with ....... I stayed in Edinburgh had six cats, ....... drove me crazy. A) whom/which C) where/whom E) which/that 72- I really wish I ....... to Richard and Kate's wedding, but I had a terrible cold then. A) would have gone B) could have gone C) have gone D) went E) could be going 73- Backgammon closely resembles another game called Parcheesi, but no one knows exactly ...... the game was first played. A) what C) which E) whom 74- Early in the 19th century, several experimenters successfully produced artificial reproductions of rare stones, ........ the ruby. A) so much C) the same E) such as 75- This painting is a genuine Renoir ....... I can tell. A) provided C) in case E) however 76- ....... you register for your classes, ....... chance you have of getting what you want. A) As soon as/much better B) So soon/as good C) The sooner/the better D) Soon enough/the best E) The soonest/good enough B) no matter D) as far as B) just as D) the more B) why D) when B) who/when D) whose/why B) which D) what B) why D) whose

47

77- Two of the eye-witnesses couldn't remember if the robber was wearing a moustache, but ......... both of whom were much younger, insisted that he was. A) some other C) another E) each other 78- In some societies you can only marry people of a certain religion or class, while in others you can marry ....... you want. A) whomever C) however E) whenever 79- The Golden Horn hardly smells at all this year, ....... last year you could ........ not go near it without feeling ill. A) because C) as long as E) by the time 80- ....... had the country gained independence ....... they had to fight a war with one of their neighbours. A) Whether/or C) Barely/despite E) Neither/nor B) No sooner/than D) The more/the sooner B) whereas D) as a result B) whatever D) whichever B) the others D) other

81- Atomic energy is the most destructive force ever discovered by mankind; ........ it can be useful in the area of medicine and in generating electric power. A) therefore C) likewise B) as a consequence D) furthermore E) on the other hand

82- We ....... plans for the weekend; we ....... a boat trip up the Bosphorus. A) were making/had taken B) are making/take C) would make/have taken D) have made/are going to take E) make/will have taken 83- Of course, if the weather ....... unpleasant, we can't keep to this plan...... Then we ........ something interesting to do indoors. A) turns/will have to find B) will turn/are going to find C) had turned/were finding D) has turned/have had to find E) was turning/will be finding

48

84- ....... I've found the number you want, I will give it to you. A) While C) As if E) Unless 85- Unfortunately, ....... people in Istanbul waste their valuable time going to and from work because of the traffic. A) each C) the whole E) most 86- If James Watt ....... the steam engine in 1769, the Industrial Revolution ....... place in Europe. A) wasn't inventing/wasn't taking B) didn't invent/had not been taking C) hadn't invented/might not have taken D) wouldn't invent/didn't use to take E) hasn't invented/wouldn't have taken 87- The planets beyond Saturn ....... until after the telescope ....... . A) weren't discovered/had been invented B) haven't been discovered/had invented C) hadn't discovered/would be invented D) didn't discover/was being invented E) weren't being discovered/has been invented 88- When our son knocked on our door one cold and rainy night, he looked ....... he hadn't eaten for days. A) even though C) as long as E) therefore 89- ....... his famished state, there was a gleam in his eyes as he began to tell us the story of the last few weeks. A) In case C) As though E) Nevertheless 90- He ....... as a teacher in West Africa at the time of the military coup that ....... place in 1980. A) has worked/was taking B) would work/used to take C) had been working/has taken D) has been working/takes E) was working/took 91- ....... we were unhappy with the way they had treated us must have been obvious from our faces. A) While C) That E) Because B) Which D) Unless B) In order that D) In spite of B) as if D) in case B) all of D) both B) Once D) However

49

92- In developed countries, there are ....... institutions and agencies that offer special services and training for ....... blind. A) several/a C) plenty of/that E) too little/most 93- I spent ....... of my money at the amusement arcade, but I can't remember what I did with ........ A) most/another C) a little/a few E) much/the other 94- ....... she told us about her country, ....... interested we became in visiting it. A) Whether/or C) As much/more E) Barely/when B) Not only/but also D) The more/the more B) some/the rest D) none/the plenty B) few/some D) many/the

95- I used to have wonderful coffee and croissants for breakfast ....... I was living in Paris. A) while C) during E) thus 96- The yak, ....... is native to Tibet, is actually related to the American bison. A) how C) when E) whom 97- My job is terrible; I have ....... a good salary ....... much free time. A) both/and C) neither/nor E) either/or 98- ........ the short Arctic summer, Alaska is host to nearly half the world population of some twelve bird species. A) Since C) During E) When 99- Ever since he ....... his job in 1995, Fred ........ with little success, to support himself as a writer. A) has quit/was attempting B) was quitting/attempted C) quits/will have attempted D) used to quit/had attempted E) quit/has been attempting 100- I'm afraid you have not worked ....... to justify a promotion. A) hard enough C) so hard that E) harder than B) the hardest D) as hard B) Though D) While B) whether/or D) no sooner/than B) which D) where B) until D) in case

50

TEST YOUR PREPOSITION

1Alexandria in Egypt once had the world's greatest library, but today there is nothing left; it was destroyed by Christian monks in the 4th century and all traces of it have A) vanished C) receded E) appeared 2In spite of the suspect's ....... that he was innocent, the jury found him guilty and the judge sentenced him to 20 years' imprisonment. A) direction C) objective E) management 3The actress's ....... about her lovers have proved embarrassing to several prominent politicians. A) allowances C) pleading E) convictions 4Air power proved ....... in warfare for the first time in World War II. A) demonstrative C) convincing E) preferable 5B) decisive D) tender B) confessions D) persuasion B) offense D) insistence B) ceased D) concluded

One of the biggest problems Indonesia has to overcome is ......... the people in authority regularly accept bribes. A) devastation C) corruption E) stimulation B) restoration D) inspection

6-

Japanese soldiers in World War II who were facing certain defeat would often kill themselves rather than ....... . A) surround C) surrender E)abandon B) depart D) relieve

7-

Many people from developing countries are ....... of the American consumer life-style, but they seem to forget about problems such as racism, crime and drugs. A) envious C) greedy E) favourable B) discontented D) preferable

8-

Though he earns a good salary, his wife's tastes are so ....... that they are always in debt.

51

A) intensive C) dramatic E) extravagant 9-

B) fanatical D) alternative

It was very ....... of you to mention Julie's ex-husband in front of her. She seemed most upset. A) deliberate C) insidious E) anticipating B) tactless D) abrupt

10- Apparently, the gold mining company didn't expect so much ........... from the locals to their plans to set up a mine. A) conflict C) satisfaction E) contradiction 11- Have you noticed that Amy ....... in embarrassment whenever Ian's name is mentioned? She must be in love with him. A) evacuates C) blushes E) rages 12- The fame of the Panama Canal is not in its size, for it is only about 51 miles long. Its fame rests upon the fact that the canal is an engineering ........ over nature. A) attempt C) hindrance E) triumph 13- Mountain climbing is a/an ....... hobby, which demands enormous physical effort, but people seem to enjoy it no matter how tired they get. A) exhausting C) immense E) imaginary 14- My girlfriend found the film boring on the whole, but she liked the part where the hero held the heroine ....... in his arms and told her that he would always love her. A) cautiously C) dreadfully E) intentionally 15- Although they were heavily outnumbered, the town's defenders fought so ....... that the attackers were forced to retreat. A) predictably C) hardly E) customarily 16- Some university courses are required, but others are .........; in other words, it is up to you whether to take them or not. B) tolerantly D) bravely B) offensively D) tenderly B) profitable D) suspicious B) obstruction D) defeat B) flees D) abolishes B) obscurity D) opposition

52

A) alternating C) erratic E) optional

B) essential D) basic

17- If you cannot swim, you should stay where the water is ....... enough for you to stand up. A) superficial C) slight E) hollow 18- Marianne finally left her husband and took their children with her when she couldn't ....... any more of his ill-treatment. A) endure C) experience E) charge 19- When leaders are in power for too long, they become .......; they think they are more important than they actually are and that they can get away with anything. A) arrogant C) realistic E) competent 20- Passers-by first heard a/an ....... explosion and then the building collapsed in flames. A) bizarre C) tremendous E) inspiring 21- Many Western governments have introduced harsh laws in order to ....... the number of immigrants and refugees coming to their countries. A) encounter C) lighten E) alienate 22- There is a/an ....... of well-educated young people today, so in order to make yourself preferable among them, you need something extra, like speaking several foreign languages. A) fertility C) abundance E) assistance 23- Both men and women should always be ....... dressed when they enter religious buildings such as churches or mosques. A) permissively C) intelligently E) rapidly B) offensively D) decently B) satisfaction D) shortage B) diminish D) destroy B) passionate D) alternative B) humble D) satisfied B) include D) defend B) shallow D) tiny

53

24- It is a/an ....... to say that Chinese is an impossible language for a foreigner to learn, but it certainly is very difficult. A) exaggeration B) disguise C) embellishment D) safety E) accomplishment 25- Sponges are useful because of the way they can ....... water and other liquids. A) soak C) squeeze E) eliminate 26- The Byzantine Empire ....... during the first millennium, but declined during the second until it was finally conquered in 1453. A) displayed C) contracted E) cancelled 27- When visiting certain countries, you have to be careful not to go to ....... areas, or you might find yourself suspected of being a spy. A) rehearsed C) related E) restricted 28- I hope they have a/an ....... at the only hotel in the town; otherwise, I don't know where we will stay. A) hospitality C) requirement E) observation 29- The negotiations have gone ....... well; none of the expected problems have arisen. A) remarkably C) willingly E) internally 30- The surface of the wooden floor will have to be sanded in order to make it A) sharp C) rectangular E) light 31- Though it is not difficult to learn the ....... principles of any language, learning to speak colloquially like a native takes years of study and practice. A) considerate C) occasional E) fundamental B) detailed D) distilled B) smooth D) rough B) intentionally D) randomly B) pretence D) vacancy B) rehabilitated D) retarded B) flourished D) defeated B) absorb D) splash

54

32- I remember having lots of....... conversations about art and literature when I was a student, but today no one talks about anything but money. A) tender C) stimulating E) eventual 33- Investigators suspected that the building was burned down ....... for the sake of the insurance money. A) voluntarily C) gloriously E) intentionally 34- A surgeon has to work with a great deal of ....... if he is to carry out his operations successfully. A) eagerness C) truth E) affection 35- One of the world's biggest problems is how to dispose of ....... materials such as nuclear waste and poisons. A) uncertain C) speculative E) deficient 36- We need a/an ....... person for this job someone who can be counted on not to take time off for the slightest illness and who will turn up every day rain or shine. A) dubious C) reliable E) immense 37- Airline pilots are under a lot of stress because the ....... of everyone in the plane depends on them. A) refuge C) shelter E) safety 38- As the ....... of the ferry boat disaster were picked up by the coast guard, the families of everyone who had been on board waited anxiously for news. A) competitors C) survivors E) explorers 39- The classroom was becoming too noisy, so the teacher demanded complete ....... before he started the lesson. A) omission C) silence E) allowance B) sense D) intensity B) residents D) demonstrators B) departure D) voyage B) frantic D) fortunate B) theoretical D) hazardous B) precision D) affluence B) accidentally D) grievously B) tempting D) apologetic

55

40- It is said that "music has charms to ....... the savage beast", which means it makes even animals quiet and calm. A) supply C) fasten E) tolerate 41- If you set reasonable goals ahead of yourself and persevere, there is no reason why you shouldn't ........ them. A) attain C) remind E) deter 42- With the ....... of fuel constantly rising, developing new sources of energy has become essential. A) complexity C) remaining E) elimination 43- The development of deep-diving undersea craft ........ from, the 1950s through the early 1990s as exploration of the world's oceans became a matter not only of research but of seeking out mineral wealth and potential food supplies. A) moderated C) accelerated E) multiplied 44- Sometimes I think I was a little too ....... in accepting this job; if I had waited, I might have found something better. A) intentional C) tolerant E) hasty 45- Though I can understand your ....... to consider marriage at this point in your life, if I were you, I would go ahead and give it a try. A) hardship C) inquiry E) persuasion 46- Although the rescuers were ....... by the adverse weather conditions, they finally managed to get through to the hikers who had been stranded on the mountain. A) assisted C) constructed E) fortified 47- Please be careful with this piece of rare porcelain; it is so ....... that it will break unless it is handled with care. A) scarce C) emotional E) durable B) weak D) fragile B) prohibited D) hindered B) reluctance D) recognition B) obscure D) suspicious B) terminated D) sheltered B) consumption D) tolerance B) retard D) respond B) stun D) soothe

56

48- It was so dark when the troops were ambushed that they could not their friends from the enemy. A) characterise C) respond E) distinguish 49- Although the Chinese tried to keep the secret of silk making within their .......... two monks brought silk worms to Istanbul in 522 by concealing them in hollow canes. A) rivals C) charges E) deliveries 50- Even though the ....... of the concert was announced in the newspapers and on the radio, thousands of people turned up anyway. A) cancellation C) differentiation E) appearance B) continuation D) existence B) ingredients D) borders B) classify D) restrict

51- Beirut was so ....... damaged during the Lebanese Civil War that it will take decades to rebuild. A) ordinarily C) slightly E) barely 52- Not only is the weather always warm in Southeast Asia, but also the soil is ....... enough to produce three crops a year in some places. A) wealthy C) dense E) bare 53- History is full of stories of the successes of people who ....... until they reached their goals, no matter what the difficulties. A) pretended C) penetrated E) overhauled 54- Most people prefer not to vote for extreme left- or right-wing parties because their policies are so ....... . A) radical C) blunt E) bland 55- Though he is an excellent player in one match, he is terrible in the next, and this lack of ....... is beginning to make the fans angry. A) brilliance C) uneasiness E) consistency B) pleasantness D) hesitance B) steady D) vacant B) persevered D) fabricated B) intensive D) fertile B) moderately D) extensively

57

56- There is a place in the South Atlantic called the Bermuda Triangle, where ships and planes ....... disappear. No one can explain what happens to the lost ships or planes. A) predictably C) enviously E) sensitively 57- This year's charity football match drew great interest because of the ....... by so many celebrities in it. A) rejection C) participation E) alternation 58- He was so afraid of the dogs chasing him that he ....... off from the cliff without looking. A) landed C) limped E) relieved 59- All over the Middle East, there are places where ....... sightings of saints have been reported by people of all religions. A) merciful C) informative E) miraculous 60- The ....... of the Far East as one of the economic centres of the world was a phenomenon of the late 20th century. A) percentage C) abundance E) emergence B) settlement D) confusion B) gradual D) opaque B) leaped D) extracted B) elimination D) intimidation B) convincingly D) mysteriously

58

TEST YOURSELF
1. B 11.C 21.A 31.E 41.D 51.C 1. A 11.E 21.D 31.B 41.A 51.E 61.D 71.A 81.E 91.C 1. A 11.C 21.B 2. A 12.A 22.D 32.C 42.E 52.A 2. E 12.C 22.D 32.A 42.A 52.B 62.E 72.B 82.D 92.D 2. D 12.E 22.C 3. C 13.D 23.B 33.A 43.C 53.A 3. A 13.A 23.C 33.D 43.E 53.E 63.C 73.D 83.A 93.B 3. B 13.A 23.D 4. D 14.D 24.E 34.B 44.A 54.E 4. B 14.E 24.E 34.A 44.C 54.E 64.D 74.E 84.B 94.D 4. B 14.D 24.A 5. E 15.A 25.D 35.B 45.B 55.D 5. D 15.B 25.E 35.C 45.A 55.D 65.B 75.D 85.E 95.A 5. C 15.D 25.B 6. B 16.E 26.C 36.C 46.D 56.B 6. C 16.D 26.A 36.B 46.C 56.A 66.E 76.C 86.C 96.B 6. C 16.E 26.B 7. C 17.B 27.A 37.E 47.D 57.D 7. B 17.A 27.B 37.E 47.C 57.D 67.B 77.B 87.A 97.C 7. A 17.B 27.E 8. D 18.C 28.A 38.B 48.B 58.C 8. A 18.C 28.D 38.E 48.D 58.B 68.B 78.A 88.B 98.C 8. E 18.A 28.D 9. B 19.C 29.B 39.A 49.E 59.A 9. D 19.B 29.C 39.D 49.B 59.C 69.E 79.B 89.D 99.E 9. B 19.A 29.A 10.D 20.E 30.D 40.C 50.D 60.B 10.D 20.A 30.E 40.B 50.D 60.A 70.C 80.B 90.E 100.A 10.D 20.C 30.B

TEST YOUR GRAMMAR

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

59

31.E 41.A 51.D

32.C 42.B 52.D

33.E 43.C 53.B

34.B 44.E 54.A

35.D 45.B 55.E

36.C 46.D 56.D

37.E 47.D 57.C

38.C 48.E 58.B

39.C 49.D 59.E

40.D 50.A 60.E

60