Vocabulary Understand and be able to apply each of these terms. 1.

Salinity the amount of dissolved salt in water

2. Plankton any organisms that live in the water column and are unable of swimming against a current. A food source for larger organisms 3. 4. 5. Nekton an aquatic organism that is capable of moving independently Benthos a community of organisms that live on, in, or near the seabed Littoral Zone the part of a large body of water that is near the shore

6. Benthic Zone the lowest level of a body of water, this includes the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. 7. Eutrophication when additional nutrients gets infused into the water

8. River Source the furthest place in a river/stream from its confluence with another river. 9. 10. River Course the flow that the river travels toward the river mouth. River Mouth a part of a stream that flows into another body of water.

11. Marsh a type of wetland that is mainly inhabited by herbaceous than woody plant species. 12. 13. Swamp a wetland that is forested Bog a wetland that accumulates peat (a deposit of dead plant materials)

14. Lagoon- a shallow body of water thats separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reef. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Estuary the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide connects with the stream Abundance an a lot amount of something Diversity the condition Watershed carries water shed from the land after rain precipitate and snow melts. Hydrophytes- plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments Halophytes a plant that grows in water of high salinity

Critical Thinking Read, analyze, and give complete answers to these questions. 1. What are the three important benefits (ecosystem service) provided by wetlands? One reason why wetlands are beneficial to the ecosystem is because they are sources of lucrative harvests of wild rice, furbearing animals, fish and shellfish. It also limits the damaging effects of waves, convey and store floodwaters.

2. What causes high and low tides? Explain. High and low tides are caused by the gravitational forces from the Moon and the Sun, along with the rotation of the Earth. 3. Where would you find an estuary? What type of organisms would you expect to find there? Estuary is usually found where a stream or rivers combines with the ocean. Fish, shellfish, and birds that migrate are usually found around an estuary. 4. What is the definition of freshwater? Freshwater is water that is not salty. 5. The mouth of a river can sometimes become murky because of all of the sediments that are washed downstream. Name 3 problems are caused by murkiness? Less algae = less fish Prevents sunlight to enter the pond causing organisms below it to lack sunlight. Bad odor and sight. 6. Name 2 types of fish that can live in low oxygen environments: Gourami and Catfish are two types of fish that can live in low oxygen environments. 7. Explain why reefs are so important to preserve. What are some of the dangers to coral reefs? Name 2. Reefs are so important to preserve because they are shelter to many marine organisms. There are a few dangers to coral reefs, and high carbon dioxide levels are one of them, along with pollution. 8. There are different types of marine reef environments. Define the following: a. Fringing Reefs: coral reefs that formed close to a shoreline

b. Barrier Reefs: coral reefs located parallel to the shore, but separated by a channel of deep water. c. Atolls: coral reefs that form a ring, island, or a chain of islands formed of coral d. Coral Reefs: produced from calcium carbonate that secreted by corals. 9. Draw a diagram of a marine environment and define the following: a. Intertidal: an area on a shoreline that is covered by high tides, but revealed when there are low tides b. Pelagic: relation to the sea c. Abyssal: 10,000 and 20,000 feet downward in depth d. Benthic: relating to what is occurring on the bottom of a body of water

10. What is winterkill in a lake? What happens? Winterkill occurs in a lake when the level of oxygen is not enough to in the water of that lake. Throughout winter, the lake gets cover by a layer of ice and the only oxygen that does get into the lake is through cracks in the ice and normal diffusion from the ice where oxygen will travel into the lake. The amount of oxygen that passes through the ice reduces due to the layer of thick snow on top of it. 11. Describe the differences in the types of food webs found in the two ocean light zones, euphotic and aphotic. Where does the initial energy input for each come from? Euphotic: a part of the ocean that receive sunlight Aphotic: a part of the ocean that does not receive sunlight The initial energy input for each come from phytoplankton that creates food from molecules, heat and light of the sun.

12. Explain how lakes turn-over yearly and what this process causes. Name one positive and one negative aspect of turn-over. Lakes turn-over yearly involves the temperature of the lake. The epilimnion located on the top is heated by the sunlight during the summer. The hypolimnion located on the bottom is the coldest part of the water because it does not receive any sunlight. During fall, the epilimnion temperature decreases, and it begins to sink because the density increase. One positive aspect of turn-over is it does not get too cold to the phase where everything is frozen quickly. One negative aspect of turn-over is that temperature of the water would suddenly change and it may have some effects on the organisms. 13. Draw a diagram of a lake and define the following: a. Littoral Zone a part of a lake that is nearest to the shore b. Limnetic Zone a part of a lake that is well lit and in open surface c. Profundal Zone a part of a lake that is below effective light penetration

lake

14. Complete this summary table of aquatic ecosystems: Location Near the equator Physical Characteristics Produced from calcium carbonate. Appears in different sizes and multiple colors. A lot of sand. The weather is usually warm. Muddy and have little waves. Healthy in spring and summer, but starts to decay in fall. Water can be fresh and sometimes very salty. Either drained or filled. It also has waves. Contains rocks and waves. Easy to be access.

Coral Reefs

Sandy Beach Mangrove Swamp

Salt Marsh

On the coastlines of continents and islands Tropical and subtropical locations, including estuaries Near estuaries

Mudflat Rocky Shore

Near salt marshes On coastlines with solid rock

Climatograph Use the data provided to construct a climatograph. Temperature should be displayed as a line graph and precipitation as a bar graph.

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

Precipitation (cm) Temperature (C) 10 3 2 5 13 9 2 2 2 8 18 7 35 37 39 40 42 44 45 44 42 40 37 35

What type of biome do you believe this is? Give specific observations from your graph to justify this answer.