Section 6 Booker T. Washington: non-violent proponent for equal rights founded Tuskegee Institute. Atlanta exposition. W.E.B.

.B. Du Bois: violent proponent for equal rights later retired to Africa called Washingtons speech the Atlanta Compromise. Founded the Niagara movement later the NAACP Redeemers: local southern community leaders that sought to redeem the south from Yankees and a one-crop economy. (Aka: Bourbons or eventually Democrats) Also associated with KKK and a reversal of progress from the Civil war. Believed in laissez-faire government and privately funded education. Populist Party: welcomed back votes Fifteenth Amendment protected black from disenfranchisement. Mississippi Plan: requirements designed to keep blacks from voting Jim Crow laws: laws allowing separate but equal facilities. Great Planes: Area between the two coasts aka great American desert. Homestead Act of 1862: permission to stake claim to 160 acres and develop it or buy it after 6 months. Benjamin Pap Singleton: promoter of black movement to Kansas for economic freedom. California gold rush: 1949 CA became a state through the Compromise of 1850 Fifty-niners: emigrants to Colorado seeking gold eventually settled for ranching & farming. Central City, Leadville, Cripple Creek. Statehood Centennial state in 1876 Nevada became a state after another metal rush in 1864 Union Pacific started in the East (ex-soldiers & Irish immigrants) & the Central Pacific (Chinese) started in the West finally meeting in Promontory, Utah in 1869 BIA: Bureau of Indian Affairs (1836) originally under the war department. Corrupt & moved Indians around. George Custer: (and Sherman and Sheridan) led Buffalo Soldiers against the Indians. Custer fought the Sioux and Chief Sitting Bull in the Black Hills from 1876-1877. Little Bighorn: Crazy Horse defeated and slaughtered Custer and his men leading to many Indian migrating to Canada Sand Creek Massacre: Colorado 1864 Cheyenne and Arapaho by Chivington Chief Joseph: Nez Perce, Wounded Knee battle due to accidental gunfire, Ghost Dance sort of allowed Dawes Severalty Act of 1887: proportioned land to individual Indians instead of tribes. Good and bad Rancheros: Dustbowl: years of the 1930 when drought claimed the mid-America Sooners: people who snuck over the border to claim land in Oklahoma before the land was officially opened in 1889 Frederick Jackson Turner: historian who argued that the frontier defined America and was needed as an escape valve. The Gilded Age: late 19th and early 20th century coined by Mark Twain to illustrate the guilding of culture, wealth, availability of coin, and poor compared with rich. Cornelius Vanderbilt: Consolidated railroad New York central railroad system. Tammany Hall: headquarters of the Democratic party in NY headed by Boss Tweed (example of machine politics). NY was bilked out of over 200 million through kick-backs, bribes, and inflated expenses. Brought down by Thomas Nasts cartoons in the newspaper. Tildens prosecution of Tweed led to Tildens election in 1872.

Union & Central Pacific: two railroad companies involved in the transcontinental railroad. Credit Mobilier: holding company created by Union Pacific after it was supplemented by the govt to build the railroad. Scandal involved Grants vice president and two congressmen. Treaty of Washington: negotiated by Grants Secretary of State Hamilton Fish. (1871) Britain paid for damage done to US vessel Alabama in the civil war. Spoils System: Instigated the assassination of James A. Garfield b/c he did not spoil

J.P Morgan: bought out Carnegie and believed in the consolidation of wealth & unbridled capitalism. John D. Rockeffeler: Standard Oil ruthless business man yet a philanthropist. Monopoly Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest company . William Graham Sumner and Herbert Spencer Interstate Commerce Act: spawned the first federal regulatory board (ICC) to cut off RR kickback against farmers and small business RR had to publish rates and rate changes. Sherman Antitrust Act: business combinations in restraint of trade were illegal this and ICA were made ineffective due to court rulings in favor of big business. By 1920, nearly 20 percent of all manufacturing workers were women, and 13 percent of all textile workers were younger than 16 years old. Common wealth V. Hunt: (1842) workers allowed to unite. Knights of Labor: founded by Uriah S. Stephens in 1869first to welcome skilled and unskilled laborers, also called for equal pay for women. Brought down by Haymarket square incident in Chicago. Drafted the bill that brought about the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics (1884) American Federation of Labor: Association of national craft unionsprecipitated many successful strikes, sit ins, and various other things.. Cleveland: ended the Pullman RR strike because of mail Chinese immigration: spurred by the CA gold rush of 1848. Burlingame treaty of 1868 allowed unrestricted Chinese immigration. Spurred by Kearney (and the working mens party very violent) the Chinese exclusion act was passed in 1882 and was not opened again until 1943 New immigrants: southern and eastern Europe less educated, poor, diff. Religions. Open-doorpolicy toward China = free trade respect Chinese rights (McKinley) o Spanish American war Philippines and Cuba (Roosevelts rough riders) o Pact of Paris Guam, Puerto Rico Elkins Act Roosevelt Hepburn Act - Roosevelt o Meat inspection and pure food and drug acts o Newlands act conservation o Panama Canal = big stick w/Columbia o Roosevelt Carollary prevention in the Americas Taft tariffs Wilson underwood tariff reduction, graduated income tax, federal reserve and paper bills, federal trade commission act allowed inspection( antitrust) , Clayton act strengthened Sherman anti-trust act (supported union freedoms) o Espionage and sedition acts Schenk vs. US