Evolution of Atomic Models:

Greek Influence:
Democritus: o Matter is made up of atomos o atomos atoms, indivisible part of matter Aristotle: o Contradicted the concept of atomos o Matter can be infinitely divided

John Dalton:
17th 18th Century Revived the atomic theory proposed by Democritus FATHER OF ATOMIC THEORY Performed experiments that proved the existence of atoms Daltons Atomic Theory: o All elements are composed of sub-microscopic indivisible particles called ATOMS. o Atoms of the same element are identical o Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or chemically combine in simple number whole ratios to form compounds o Chemical reactions occur or take place when atoms are separated, joined or rearrange. Daltons Model: o Solid o Indestructible sphere

Thales of Miletus:
Discovered the static electricity Matter is made up of particles that are electrically charged

Joseph John Thomson:

CATHODE RAY TUBE EXPERIMENT Cathode Rays beams of light made up of negatively charged particles Discovered ELECTRONS Thomsons Model: o Plum Pudding Model o Chocolate Chip Model o Raisin Bread Model o Positive sphere (proton) where small negatively charged particles (electrons) are embedded.

Ernest Rutherford:
Cathode ray tube > Canal rays that are positive in charge Discovered NUCLEUS

Tried to prove Thomsons discovery: The Gold Foil Experiment and Alpha Scattering Experiment Rutherfords Model: o Atom is mostly empty space o Atom has a nucleus at its center Nucleus o Electrons surround the nucleus o Nuclear Model

James Chadwick:
Student of Rutherford Tried to prove Rutherfords model (lacked an important particle: model could not account for the discrepancy in mass) Beryllium Atom: discovered neutrons are also located in the nucleus

Eugene Goldstein:
Discovered PROTONS

Niels Bohr:
Electrons occupy certain ORBITS found at specific distances from the nucleus Electrons can jump from one orbit to another

Quantum Mechanical Model:

Proposed by quantum physicists and chemists Describes the location of electrons around a nucleus in terms of orbitals ORBITALS areas or regions where electrons are most likely to be found. (AKA: Electron Cloud) *currently used up to now. Orbitals Nucleus *Four Different Orbitals: s, p, d, f

Law of Conservation of Mass mass can neither be created nor destroyed Law of Definite Proportions in samples of any chemical compound, the masses of the
elements are always in the same proportion

Law of Multiple Proportions whenever two elements form more than one compound, the
different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ration of small whole numbers *based from Daltons atomic theory!