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Bioenergy Processing: Using Local Energy Resources

Ulf-Peter Gran 2013

Bioenergy Processing: Using Local energy Resources

In the near future, local small processing plants in rural areas will grow and develop. After the gasification of biomass, these plants will carry out the first refinement of biosyngas for synthetic fuel feedstock and further transportation to the final refining plant.

Ulf-Peter Gran

Kokkola 2013

Table of Contents

Page Introduction Alternative liquid fuel: Gas from biomass can partly replace and supplement fossil gas The difference between fossil gas and gas from biomass Fossil gas Gas from biomass The difference between gasification and fermentation Gasification Anaerobic fermentation Renewable energy green energy Solid and gaseous biofuels Solid, liquid and gaseous fuels Liquid biofuels are advanced products Processing biomass by heat Green Chemistry Bio-refinery From wood gas to liquid fuel Smaller units for refining Local heating and CHP Local heating produced by biomass Reduced dust emissions in flue gas Combined heat and power units (CHP) Integrated energy units Combining of biogas and wood gas 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 16 16 5 6

Page Green Feed-in tariffs for CHP Solar panels can be combined with a heating unit Integration with Geothermal energy Many opportunities for integration Gasification of biomass to fuel Gaseous or liquid fuels Gaseous fuel Liquid fuel Special fuel products Various catalytic routes Fermentation of biosyngas for biofuel feedstocks Local small processing units References 17 17 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 22

Bioenergy Processing: Using Local Energy Resources

Introduction
Forests contain a large amount of unused wood in the form of forest biomass. This wood biomass can be effectively used in local bioenergy processes as energy and raw materials. In the near future, new small-scale solutions will play a significant role in bioenergy processing. Harvesting, handling and further local processing, along with the use of local energy resources for local and regional consumers, all contribute to sustainable development.

Figure 1. The natural cycle of biomass and biomass energy production and their contribution to sustainable development.

Processing of biomass for various types of fuel materials, e.g. into solid or liquid form or finished products as electricity and heat. Coordination and management via energy terminals can provide synergistic benefits in an integrated production that utilizes local resources. Through an appropriate combination and correct applications we can achieve a higher utilization in the processing. This means less waste and less unused side products help reduce the environmental impact.

Alternative liquid fuel: Gas from biomass can partly replace and supplement fossil gas

Biosyngas is a synthetic gas derived from biomass gasification or a biogas derived from a true fermentation process. In the near future, after a purifying process these biogases may replace and supplement fossil gases such as natural gas (NG). With the right chemical process the synthetic gas can be converted to SNG (synthetic natural gas or bio-SNG). The wood gas or socalled product gas obtained through gasification of biomass is purified, cooled and filtered. This biosyngas is an important raw material in fuel feedstock for future biofuels.

The difference between fossil gas and Gas from Biomass

Figure 2. A comparison of fossil gases and biomass gas.

Figure 2 presents a simplified overview of various types of gases that can be used as fuel or fuel feedstock for further processing. The diagrams show the differences between the various types of gases.

Fossil gas
Besides natural gas, synthetic natural gas (SNG) can be produced from coal and oil. For the gasification of coal, the crushed coal is often suspended, prepared and injected into a so-called entrained flow gasifier.

Gas from biomass

Gas produced from biomass is a renewable energy carrier. As opposed to fossil gas, the term green gas can be used. The easiest way to use the gas from biomass is combustion. When the gas is used as fuel in, for example, a gas turbine engine at a CHP plant, there must be a good purification process. In particular, gases that contain tars can cause significant problems if they are not treated.

The difference between gasification and fermentation

Figure 3. The two main routes for gas from biomass gasification and anaerobic fermentation.

The production of gas from biomass can be made according to two main principles: gasification

8 and anaerobic fermentation. The general guideline is that woody biomass is mainly used for gasification.

Gasification
Gasification is the thermo-chemical conversion of biomass by heating it with a limited oxygen supply. The biomass is heated to a temperature at which it is converted into gaseous form. Gasification is usually divided into three ranges: low, medium, and high. Low-temperature gasification, 800-1000C Medium-temperature gasification, 1000-1200C High-temperature gasification, 1200-1400C In English-language literature on the subject, the gas that is produced is typically called product gas when the gasification is below 1000C. The gas from the reactors with temperatures above 1200C is called biosyngas, because the gas at these higher temperatures consists almost entirely of H2 (hydrogen) and CO (carbon monoxide), apart from CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water).

Anaerobic Fermentation
By allowing bacteria to digest biomass in an oxygen-free environment, biogas is produced (figure 4). The type of bacteria used depends on the temperature level in the reactor. Bacteria are sensitive to temperature variations and can only operate well within a limited range. Typically, a normal mesophilic environment and a higher thermophilic bacterial environment of the reactor can be separated.

Temperature ranges in the biogas reactor: Psycophilic, 15C-30C (not used) Mesophilic, 35C-40C Thermophilic, 55C-65C Along with the production of biogas, sanitation (e.g., 70C for one hour) must be used. Sanitation sterilizes the raw material and prevents the spread of infection, especially if the raw material (manure and biomass) comes from several farms.

Figure 4. Overview of options for using and processing the gas from biomass: 1) Conversion of heat as gasification. 2) Biochemical conversion using anaerobic fermentation.

Renewable energy Green Energy

Solid and gaseous biofuels Biofuels derived from the first stage of processing of biomass can be divided into three groups, o Solid fuels o Liquid fuels o Gaseous fuels

Solid, liquid and gaseous fuels Solid biofuels from the forest consist mainly of firewood, wood chips, wood pellets, crushed slash (i.e., forest residues,) and stumps Production methods for gaseous biofuels: Gasification through heating Anaerobic bacteria process

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Figure 5. Bioenergy materials from the forest can be processed into various solid, gaseous, or liquid biofuels.

Figure 6. The classification of solid and gaseous biomass for burning or further processing.

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Liquid biofuels are advanced products and can be obtained by various means, such as further refinement, using the following techniques: Wood gasification Alcohol Fermentation Anaerobic degradation Liquefaction (Pyrolysis Oil)

Processing of biomass by heat

The goals of the heat conversion process (pyrolysis) have varied over the years. Often it has been linked to the availability of fossil fuels. There are three routes of pyrolysis: Gasification (wood gasification was first developed during the war for producer gas operation) Liquefaction produces pyrolysis oil Pyrolysis - Carbonization, (used for charcoal production)

Figure 7. Processing biomass by heat, wood gasification, liquefaction, and carbonization.

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Green Chemistry
Through the chemical processing of syngas or producer gas, a variety of commodities (feedstocks) and different kinds of products can be produced. The main expectation is related to vehicle fuel as a substitute for fossil fuels. When forest biomass is the main feedstock it does not compete with crops that are suitable for food production. By developing green chemistry, the dependence on fossil oil products can be reduced. Local bioenergy resources can be better utilized, which can increase employment and self-sufficiency in the region.

Bio-refinery
As fossil fuels prices have increased, the interest in the enhanced processing of renewable resources such as biomass has increased as well. The tars in the wood gas (product gas) are one of the biggest problems for most companies, because purifying the gas of these tars is complicated and difficult. However, tar-free reactors for tar cracking and product gas cleaning are currently under development.

Figure 8. Future processing plants for synthetic fuels may use both biosyngas and biogas commodities.

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From wood gas to liquid fuel

The product gas from wood materials can today serve as raw material for the production of liquid fuel after it has undergone a couple of processes. The most known is the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. The FT process was developed in Germany. Today, the technology has been refined and the process consists of second and third generation FT processes.

Smaller units for refining

When gasification and refining is arranged next to a CHP plant, a good chance for synergy exists. The heat from the gasification process can be effectively utilized and the product gas can be upgraded. This way it is possible to ensure that low-grade gas and heat produced in the plant can be used in the CHP plant for the district heating network.

Small gasification plants that utilize biomass and which are connected to the local CHP plants are mainly suitable for the production of electricity and heat. Especially if there is access to one of the future gasification reactors that can use damp or dry wood chips, and also can produce a product gas without tar particles. For CHP units with biomass gasification that require drying of wood chips and efficient cleaning of tars, the unit must be large enough to be profitable for the production of biosyngas.

Local heating and CHP

Small-scale solutions to process biomass from the local area for the consumers in the nearby region, has not received the desired and adequate development resources. Governments and policy makers have not had the interest or the ability to see these really big potentials we have for small-scale solutions such as Cogeneration (CHP).

Local heating produced by biomass

Heat delivered from a common heating unit to several buildings (either residential or business) can be distributed with what is known as a local heating network or small district heating system. In municipalities and urban centers, there can also be major consumers (e.g., schools, health clinics, retirement homes, and churches) that are connected to the local district heating network.

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Figure 9. Local energy contractors and energy entrepreneurs collaborate with energy co-operatives to create the conditions to manage the local biomass processing and heating or combined heat and power production. In Finland there are many good examples of energy co-operatives, energy entrepreneurs, machinery contractors, and small businesses who harvest and process biomass locally.

. Figure 10. Through the coordination or integration of gasification and combustion in a local heating plant, the emissions of flue gas particles from the unit can be reduced.

15 In many municipalities in Finland, energy cooperatives have taken responsibility for the production of the heat in the pipes, serving the local district heating network.

Reduced dust emissions in flue gas

Many smaller heating units lack the demand and resources to have effective systems for flue gas cleaning. A new option for small heating units that use wood chips as fuel is to first gasify biomass and then burn the product gas (i.e., wood gas) in the boiler. The right gasification technology removes dust residue from the producer gas during the primary wood gas cleaning. When burning this product gas, there is no dust in the flue gas.

Combined heat and power units (CHP)

Small cogeneration units or CHP units produce heat and electricity. There are many different options and principles for how small-scale power generation in conjunction with a local heating unit can be arranged. The two most common groups are as follows: Wood burning boilers and the conversion from thermal energy into power and heat Gasification units and conversion of biosyngas into power and heat

Figure 11. With proper purification and cooling, the product gas can be used as fuel gas in a piston or turbine engine in a CHP unit.

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Integrated energy units

In order to use the product gas as engine fuel, the gas should be completely free of tars and tar particles. In small wood gasifiers it is easier to control and maintain a stable temperature during the gasification process. At temperatures above 1000 C, there is some cracking of the tars. The raw wood gas (i.e., the product gas) from the gasifier needs to be purified and cooled. Purification can be done with water or oil-cleaning devices, known as scrubbers, and by dryfiltering. The purified gas is known as biosyngas, a synthetic gas from biomass.

Combining of biogas and wood gas

In early planning it may be necessary see the possibility of combining a wood gasifying unit with a biogas plant in rural areas. This is especially true when the product gas is used for heat and power, and the unit is connected to a local district heating network. In the future, in some areas outsourced CHP units will benefit from a coordinated feedstock pool, which can consist of raw materials for biogas and forest biomass for gasification of product gas (wood gas). Both gases can be used for a piston or turbine engine in a CHP unit.

Figure 12. Future outsourced CHP units in some areas will benefit from a coordinated commodity pool, which can consist of raw materials for biogas and forest biomass for gasification of product gas (wood gas).

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Green feed-in tariffs for CHP

To create better economic conditions for small-scale CHP units, politicians and government officials have to recognize the need for electricity tariffs on green energy. It mainly involves small-scale CHP units using renewable energy resources from forests and agriculture that need feed-in tariffs. Smaller units that produce power from biomass through gasification, direct combustion or through biogas have a huge potential for the local processing of bioenergy materials. Local CHP are also important for employment, environmental considerations, and local self-sufficiency in power and heat.

Figure 13. Examples of pathways for processing biomass raw materials into electricity and heat through direct combustion and conversion by heat.

Solar panels can be combined with a heating unit

An interesting solution is to combine the local heating system with solar panels in order to utilize additional heat from the Sun. Especially from spring to fall, the heat from solar panels can be a very effective addition to the heating system.

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Picture 14. Synergies can be achieved by combining the solar panels with a heating plant for local district heating. Especially during the summer months when the heating need is low, solar panels can often be responsible for part of the heat production.

Integration with Geothermal energy

Heat energy from the ground and bedrock is an excellent addition to some local heating systems and units. Depending on the amount of heat wanted from the bedrock, boreholes should be drilled between 100 and 200 meters deep. Successful planning requires that the company or advisory organizations with sufficient expertise are hired at an early stage. Geothermal energy comes mainly from geothermal bedrock heat (vertical), sea/lake or pond heat, and from horizontal ground heat. The geothermal system can alternatively be used for heating or also combined for cooling.

Many opportunities are open for selection

There are many opportunities and routes for integrating cooperation. Individual energy cooperatives or contractors have a chance to select the way that is the most beneficial for them. Developing a so-called terminal and processing plant requires local management and cooperation regarding the use of the available local biomass feedstock.

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Figure 15. Heat is transferred from the drill holes in the rock to the water in the pipes that lead to the heat pump. The heat pump raises the temperature and transmits the heat to a heat exchanger, which then heats the water in a local district heating system or the boiler house.

Gasification of biomass to fuel

Biomass gasification presents many interesting possibilities for further processing of wood gas. The product gas is produced after an initial purifying and cooling of the wood gas or raw gas. Biosyngas is produced after better filtering and cleaning to remove particles and tars.

Gaseous or liquid fuels

In the gasification of biomass, there are different objectives for the use of the product gas or biosyngas. The simplest step is to use the product gas for direct combustion in a boiler.

For further processing into gaseous or liquid fuel feedstocks, the following rough classification can be used. The classification is based on the target and processing concerns. o Gaseous fuel, For direct combustion of the product gas: biosyngas (heating alt. heating and power) As fuel for gas engine or micro turbine (CHP, heat and power) For conversion into bio-SNG, (synthetic natural gas)

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Figure 16. An overview of the gasification process and further processing of vehicle fuels.

o Liquid fuel, Using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce gasoline or diesel Through methanol synthesis processing to produce diesel or gasoline additives In a mixed alcohol synthesis, produces ethanol or butanol

o Special fuel products, For example, the separation of hydrogen (H) from biosyngas (hydrogen H2)

Various catalytic routes

It is customary to divide the catalytic processes into three alternative routes or types of synthesis, o Fischer-Tropsch synthesis o Methanol synthesis o Mixed Alcohol synthesis In the conversion of biosyngas to liquid fuel products, the catalysts used in the various syntheses are keys to the efficient functioning of the process. A catalyst can be composed of several active elements attached to a carrier. The catalyst may have one or more active

21 components, such as Fe (iron), Co (cobalt), Ru (ruthenium), and Cu (copper).

How a catalyst is prepared and the active parts involved in it are critical to its function. As a rule, it should have a maximum surface area of the active parts in right proportion. The catalyst's active design is dependent on the desired result. Furthermore, both the temperature and gas pressure must be kept within certain limits in order to get a certain type of end product.

Figure 17. A comprehensive and simplified overview of the three catalytic pathways and the optional fermentation process for the biosyngas used in biofuel products.

Fermentation of biosyngas for biofuel feedstocks

A new option developed in recent years is that the product gas or biosyngas receive further processing of microorganisms in a fermentation process. Depending upon the types of microorganisms used in the process, ethanol or butanol feedstocks can be produced.
Fermentation of biosyngas requires customized and effective microorganisms.

Local small processing units

In the near future, local small processing plants in rural areas will grow and develop. After the gasification of biomass, these plants will carry out the first refinement of biosyngas for synthetic fuel feedstock and further transportation to the final refining plant. At the

22 concentration and refinery plant, the synthetic fuel feedstock can be processed and the final fuel produced.

References
Craig K., Mann M., Cost and Performance Analysis of Three Integrated Biomass Combined Cycle Power Systems, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 2002. Datar Rohit P., Shenkman Rustin M., Fermentation of Biomass-Generated Producer Gas to Ethanol, Biotechnology and bioengineering 86, 587-594, 2004. Evans R.J., Milne T.A., Chemistry of Tar Formation and Maturation in the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass. Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Vol. 2, 1997. Gran U-P., Small-scale processing of bioenergy, Scribd.com 2013. Gran U-P., Utlokaliserad energiproduktion, Frgasning av biomassa, Scribd.com 2010. Gran U-P., CHP - Grn Kemi - Bioenergi frn skogen, Scribd.com 2010 Gran U-P., Nyttja bioenergin frn skogen, Scribd.com 2008. H.A.M. Knoef, Handbook on Biomass Gasification, BTG biomass technology group B.V. Enschede, The Netherlands, 2005 Johansson T. B., Kelly H. , Reddy A. K. N., Williams R. H.. Renewable Energy, Sources for fuels and electricity. ISBN 1-55963-139-2 Lampinen Ari, Uusiutuva liikenne-energian tiekartta, Pohjois-Karjalan ammattikorkeakoulun julkaisuja B:17, Joensuu, Finland 2009, 439p Uil H., Mozafarrian, M., et. al, New and Advanced Processes for Biomass Gasification. Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), (2000) USDOE, Fuel Cell Handbook, 5th edition, 2000.