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Mathematical Symbols
List of all mathematical symbols and signs - meaning and examples. Basic math symbols Geometry symbols Algebra symbols Probability & statistics symbols Set theory symbols Logic symbols Calculus & analysis symbols Number symbols Greek symbols Roman numerals
= > < () [] +
equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality
equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to
parentheses calculate expression inside first brackets plus sign calculate expression inside first addition
* /
mod
subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication
multiplication multiplication dot division sign / obelus division slash horizontal line modulo period power caret square root cube root fourth root n-th root (radical) percent per-mille per-million per-billion per-trillion division division division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent
. ab a^b a
3 4 n
a a = a
3
a a a
a 3a 3a = a 4a 4a 4a = a
8 = 2 16 = 2
for n=3, n8 = 2 1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppt = 10-12 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppt 30 = 310-10
%
ppm ppb ppt
Geometry symbols
Symbol
Example
= 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60
infinite line line from point A to point B line that start from point A arc from point A to point B perpendicular lines (90 angle) parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size triangle shape distance between points x and y
= 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''
AB
= 60 AC | BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x -y | = 5 c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad
| || ~ |x-y|
rad grad
= 3.141592654...
pi constant
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle
radians grads
Algebra symbols
Symbol
Symbol Name x variable equivalence equal by definition equal by definition approximately equal approximately equal proportional to lemniscate much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets ceiling brackets exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x function
Meaning / definition unknown value to find identical to equal by definition equal by definition weak approximation approximation proportional to infinity symbol much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x)
Example
x := ~ () [] {} x x x! |x| f (x)
when 2x = 4, then x = 2
(f g) composition
(f g) (x) = f (g(x))
(a,b) [ a,b] e
x (2,6) x [2,6] t = t1 - t0
= b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation product - product of all values in range of series
xi= x1+x2+...+xn
sigma
e = 2.718281828... = 0.527721566...
golden ratio constant
= 3.141592654...
pi constant
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle
c = d = 2r
AB [] ()
ab ab AB
|A| det(A) || x || AT A A* A -1
rank(A) dim(U)
determinant
determinant of matrix A norm matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose
Hermitian matrix
A A-1 = I
rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A
rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3
= 10
value
random variable X expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X standard deviation value of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation value that occurs most frequently in population
E(X) = 10
summation
double summation
mode
MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
half the population is below this value 25% of population are below this value
50% of population are median / second below this value = quartile median of samples
Q3 x s2 s zx X~
N(,2) U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, )
75% of population are below this value average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator
population samples sample standard standard deviation deviation estimator standard score distribution of X normal distribution uniform distribution exponential distribution gamma distribution chi-square distribution F distribution binomial distribution Poisson distribution geometric distribution hyper-geometric distribution Bernoulli distribution
zx = (x -x ) / sx
distribution of random variable X gaussian distribution equal probability in range a,b
Combinatorics Symbols
Symbol
Meaning / definition
Example
n!
nPk n Ck
n! = 123...n
5! = 12345 = 120
5P3 = 5! /
(5-3)! = 60
combination
5C3 = 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10
Meaning / definition a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B subset has fewer elements or equal to the set subset has fewer elements than the set left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B
Example
{} AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB 2A
A = {3,7,9,14}, B = {9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}
intersection union
proper superset / set A has more elements strict superset than set B not superset power set power set set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A
A={3,9,14},
equality
both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A objects that belong to A and not to B
B={3,9,14}, A=B
complement
relative complement
A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A-B = {9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A-B = {9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A B = {1,2,9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A B = {1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, 3 A A={3,9,14}, 1 A
relative complement
objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality of natural numbers set cardinality of countable ordinal numbers set
symmetric difference
symmetric difference element of not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality cardinality aleph-null aleph-one
empty set universal set natural numbers / whole numbers set (with zero)
={}
set of all possible values 0=
C = {}
{0,1,2,3,4,...}
natural numbers / whole numbers set (without zero) integer numbers set rational numbers set real numbers set complex numbers set
1=
{1,2,3,4,5,...}
Logic symbols
Symbol Symbol Name and caret / circumflex ampersand plus reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus tilde implies equivalent if and only if and and and or or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor negation Meaning / definition Example
^ & + | x' x ! ~
Symbol
for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since
e y' y '' y (n )
0 e = lim (1+1/x)x , x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18 d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x
e = 2.718281828...
derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation
derivative
second derivative
derivative of derivative
nth derivative
(x2+y2)/x = 2x
opposite to derivation
integral
[ a,b] (a,b) i z* z
double integral triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector
z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)
x*y
Numeral symbols
Name zero one European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew
0 1 I
two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C
ch ps o
Roman numerals
Number Roman numeral
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30
not defined I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000
See also
Algebra symbols Geometry symbols Statistical symbols Logic symbols Set theory symbols
Calculus & analysis symbols Number symbols Greek alphabet symbols Roman numerals Infinity symbol Math calculators
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MATH SYMBOLS
Algebra symbols Geometry symbols Statistical symbols Logic symbols Set symbols Calculus symbols Number symbols Greek symbols Roman numerals
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