FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA MALACCA

BEKM 2321 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 1 PART A: AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS

GROUP MEMBERS

: CHAN CHUN YUAN GOPALASAMY A/L KASIAPPAN OH KOK KEN ROSE NEEZAR BIN ROSE ZAIDI

(B011210017) (B011210219) (B011210113) (B011210135)

LECTURER

: EN. ZAMZURI AB. RASHID

Abstract The determination of the force employed to each adherent of an axially load structure when a particular load is applied is the main focus of the experiment. In the experiment, a load was hanged at the apex of a horizontal triangle like structure. The upper member and lower member are subjected to extension and compression respectively. This difference in the length was measured when different loads are hanged. The experimental value is then used in the calculation to know the value of the force exerted on each member. It was then used to compare to the theoretical results. With this comparison, analysis was done and a conclusion was made from the findings. Objective The main objective of this experiment was to determine the forces in each members of an axially loaded structure when an inclined load was applied. Experiment Background In a case whereby a system is subjected to coplanar force simultaneously, it is said that the system is in equilibrium given that the resultant of the forces acting on the system is zero. About any common point, the moment of forces is constantly zero in which the equilibrium condition focuses on two scalar equations. Where and

is given by the horizontal and vertical forces respectively.

From the resolution of forces and application of the equations above, two unknowns can be solved. Since the system is in equilibrium, the resultant force is zero giving rises to closed polygon. In the experiment, there are three concurrent forces are in equilibrium and hence a closed triangle is formed. From the force triangle drawn, the unknowns can be determined. Equipment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. An axially loaded member 2 experimental rig. A set of weight and spring balance. Load hanger. Cord. Ruler.

Procedures 1. Set up the experimental rig as shown in figure 1. 2. Hang the loader hanger using cord as shown in Figure 1. 3. Apply a 5N load on the load hanger and record the reading of spring balance and dial gauge for this load. 4. Measure and record the length of the members AC and BC at this condition. 5. Record the inclination of the cord with respect to member AC as shown in Figure 2. 6. Repeat step 3 to 5 using different load of 10N, 15N, 20N, 25N and 30N.

Distance H1 is from center of the hook for the chain to the center if the screw of the bottom member. Distance L1 is from center of the hook for the chain to the center of the pulley. Distance L2 is from center of the screw for the bottom member to the center of the pulley.

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Test Structure

Fix the distance to say 200mm. Measure the height h1 and h2 perpendicular to the bar AC

Figure 2: Diagram of measurement points.

Result

Table 1: Table shows the reading on dial gauge, actual Force AC, actual Force BC, length of member AC and BC, and the inclination of cord. Member BC (reading on spring Actual balance , Force (N) N)

Member AC Load (N)

Length

Inclination of Cord

Dial Gauge (mm)

Member AC (mm)

Member BC (mm)

(mm)

(mm)

0.09

0.9

2.5

600

475

67

61

10

0.18

1.8

5.0

600

475

67

58

15

0.27

2.7

7.5

600

475

67

58

20

0.37

3.7

10.0

600

480

67

58

25

0.46

4.6

12.5

600

480

66

58

30

0.57

5.7

15.0

600

480

66

58

Free Body Diagram

Diagram 1: Diagram above shows the free body diagram of the whole arrangement.

Table 2: Table shows the readings of applied load,

with its corresponding values of .

Load (N) 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

(mm) 67 67 67 67 66 66

(mm) 61 58 58 58 58 58 1.72 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.30 2.30

COSINE RULE For calculating angle between member AB and AC (a):

For calculating angle between member AB and BC (b):

FBC b c d FCD FA
C

a W

9 9

Diagram 2: This diagram shows distribution of forces aligned at point C.

Load (N) 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Member AC (mm) 600 600 600 600 600 600

Member BC (mm) 475 475 475 480 480 480

( )

a( )

b( )

c( )

d( )

1.72 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.30 2.30

39.25 39.25 39.25 39.74 39.74 39.74

53.06 53.06 53.06 53.04 53.04 53.04

36.94 49.03 36.94 48.18 36.94 48.18 36.96 47.69 36.96 47.96 36.96 47.96

Calculation W = 5.0 N,

9 99

Substitute into : 9( 99 , 9 )

W = 10.0 N,

9 99

Substitute into : 99 9 W = 15.0 N, , 9

9 99

Substitute into : 99 ( 9 W =20.0 N, , )

9 9

9 9

Substitute into :

W =25.0 N,

9 9

9 9

9 9

Substitute into :

W =30.0 N,

9 9

9 9

Substitute into : 9 9 ,

Table 3: This table shows the theoretical value and experimental value of both force members and their corresponding percentage of error vary with the applied load Load (N) Force AC, FAC (N) Force BC, FBC (N)

Theoretical Experimental Percentage Theoretical Experimental Percentage value value of error (%) value value of error (%) 3.02 5.89 8.85 11.75 15.28 20.53 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.2 15.1 15.3 14.9 18.2 26.9

5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

8.99 17.97 26.95 36.07 44.63 51.94

0.90 1.80 2.70 3.70 4.60 5.70

89.9 89.9 89.9 89.7 89.7 89.0

Graph of Force AC against Applied Load

70 60 50 Force AC (N) 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 Applied Load(N) 20 25 30 Experimental Theoretical

Diagram 3: Graph of Force AC against Applied Load

Graph of Force BC against Applied Load

40 35 30 Force BC (N) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 Applied Load(N) 20 25 30 Experimental Theoretical

Diagram 3: Graph of Force AC against Applied Load

Discussion Throughout the experiment, we have obtained all the data required for the calculation of force in every force members. We have used the method of joint (equation of equilibrium) in order to calculate the magnitude of every force members. Based on the two graphs plotted, we could see clearly that the amount of forces in both members increases proportionally as the applied load increases. The applied load is considered as an external force that is attached to the members AC and BC at point C. In such arrangement, the force experienced by both force members shows an increment in magnitude but act in an opposite direction. In other words, the force member AC has undergone compression whereas force member BC has undergone tension. The clue is that we assumed force member AC is pushing against the pin at point C. Meanwhile, the force member BC is pulling the pin on point C. Thus, whenever a certain amount of load is applied at point C, the arrangement remains static. The value of percentage error is beyond the acceptable range (<10%). In theoretical manner, we suggested that all loads are applied at the joints. The weight of the force members is often neglected as the weight is usually small as compared to the forces supported by the members. The members are joined together by smooth pins. This unrealistic assumption should be the main reason for a large deviation of experimental values from its theoretical value. We would like to share our suggestion about precautions and steps to be taken in order to achieve a better and accurate result. Firstly, we have to deal with the testing equipment. The dial gauge should be calibrated precisely before we start the experiment. A malfunction dial gauge can terminate the whole experiment. Initial length of every force members must be taken before a certain amount of load is applied on it. An indication should mark on the spot where we had taken the measurement for length of both force members. Without a remark, we might measure the length which is not supposed to be the actual length. This will cause a further increment or decrement on the reading.

Conclusion The main objective is achieved in this experiment. We could now prove that the undeniable fact that the applied load would affect the force whether it is tension or compression exists in forces members. To put it differently, we suggested magnitude of force in force members increases as the load applied on it increases. Hence, the calculation made is very crucial from every perspective.

References 1.RC Hibbler, 2004, Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, US. 2. Beer and Johnson, 2013,Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics,10th Edition, McGraw Hill, US.