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Proving the Equivalency of All Syllogisms Using Object Logic Armahedi Mahzar 2011
Foreword
Logic is the science of thinking as it is discovered by Aristotle. In his treatise of syllogism he used alphabets to represent concept in his verbal logic. George Boole created an algebra of logic by representing logical operations with mathematical symbols besides letters as variables. These symbolizations is still linear literal. Charles Sanders Peirce rewrote boolean algebra in a planar pictorial symbols by using pictures as the symbols of logic, but he still used alphabets as the symbols of variables. The pictorial symbolization is also used by George Spencer-Brown having a half of a box, which he called cross, to replace the ovals of Peirce Louis Kauffman replaced the Brownian cross with a complete box in his pictorial Box Algebra of logic. In the following slides we will make the Box Algebra more pictorial, by replacing letters with colored objects to get an Object Logic. Finally, we will use the Object Logic to prove the astounding fact of Syllogistic Unity.
Part One:
Logic Algebra of Objects
In this part the Boolean algebra is made pictorial by Replacing letters with colored objects Replacing mathematical symbols with boxes configuration
LOGICAL NOTATION
Kauffman Box algebra is a rewriting of the Spencer-Brown Laws of Form Algebra But it can also be interpreted as rewriting of the Existential Graph Algebra of Peirce The following presentation follows Peircean interpretation with colored marbles as variables
LAW OF CONJUNCTION
From this Box Arithmetic we can build a logic algebra discovered by George Boole. Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russel derived the whole Boolean Algebra on five axioms. George Spencer-Brown reduced the axiom into just two axiom in his Laws of Form Primary Algebra. Louis Kaufman reduced the axioms to just one in his Box Algebra.
Rules of Inference
Rule of Substitution any variable can be replaced by a function of other variables Rule of Replacement a function of variables can be replaced by another equivalent function of the same variables Using these rules we can derive all Boolean tautologies, some of them is in the following page.
IF p THEN q = TRUE NOT p OR q = TRUE p AND NOT q = FALSE NOT (p AND NOT q)= TRUE
Part Two :
Syllogism
In this part we will reformulate syllogism in a boolean formula which is drawn as picture of enclosing boxes containing colored objects that represents concepts.
Syllogism as an Implication
IF p AND q THEN r represented by
Facts of Syllogism
Every Valid Syllogism is a Tautology Leibnitz proved that there are only 24 Valid Syllogisms We will use the NAND interpreted box algebra of Kauffman to prove
The syllogistic unity: all valid syllogisms is equivalent to each other
Using symmetric properties and Boolean Identity , we have only to prove just the Barbara syllogism validity.
BARBARA syllogism
Syllogism Barbara = [[b[c]][a[b]]a[c]]
deiteration
absorption negation
contradiction
Part 3 :
Syllogistic Unity
In this part we will prove the unity of valid syllogisms by using its permutational symmetry, the algebraic substitution and the equivalency of different algebraic expressions
Camestres: Arg Egb Camenes : Arg Ebg Celarent : Egb Arg Cesare : Ebg Arg Datisi Darii Disamis Diramis Ferio Ferison Festino Fresison : Arg Ibr : Arg Irb : Ibr Arg : Irb Arg : Egb Irb : Ebg Irb : Egb Ibr : Ebg Ibr
Ebr Ebr Erb Erb Ibg Ibg Igb Igb Org Org Org Org
Barbara = Celarent
by substituting with
Celarent = Barbari
by replacing with
Celarent = Celaront
by replacing with
24 valid syllogisms
all of the 24 syllogism is a member of a single equivalent class: the union of the four classes. This fact can be called as the Syllogistic Unity
Afterword
The fact of syllogistic unity is anticipated by Christine LaddFranklin who had shown that all valid syllogisms can be derived from her particular antilogism formula:
In fact the formula is just one of the 24 valid antilogisms which are equivalent to each other, from each of them we can also derive all valid syllogism.
References
Aristotle :
Non-Mathematical Verbal Logic
http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/prior.1.i.html
George Boole:
Algebraic Symbolic Logic (Algebra of Logic)
http://www.freeinfosociety.com/media/pdf/4708.pdf
George Spencer-Brown:
Algebraic Graphical Logic (Laws of Form)
http://www.4shared.com/document/bBAP7ovO/G-spencer-Brown-Lawsof-Form-1.html
Louis Kauffman:
Algebraic Pictorial Logic (Box Algebra)
http://www.math.uic.edu/~kauffman/Arithmetic.htm