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CHAPTER 1
FURTHER TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
1.1 Hyperbolic Functions
1.1.1 Definition of Hyperbolic Functions
1.1.2 Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions
1.1.3 Hyperbolic Identities
1.2 Inverse Functions
1.2.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1.2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Identities
1.2.3 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1.2.4 Log Form of the Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
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1.1.1 Definition of Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Sine, pronounced shine.
sinh x =
2
x x
e e

Hyperbolic Cosine, pronounced cosh.

cosh x =
2
x x
e e

+
Hyperbolic Tangent, pronounced tanh.
tanh x =
x
x
cosh
sinh
=
1
1
2
2
+

x
x
x x
x x
e
e
e e
e e
Hyperbolic Secant, pronounced shek.
sech x =
x cosh
1
x x
e e

+
=
2
Hyperbolic Cosecant, pronounced coshek.
cosech x =
x sinh
1
x x
e e

=
2
Hyperbolic Cotangent, pronounced coth.
coth x =
x
x
sinh
cosh
x x
x x
e e
e e

+
=
3
1.2 Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions
Since the hyperbolic functions depend on the values of
x
e and
x
e

, its graphs is a combination of the

exponential graphs.
(i) Graph of sinh x
From the graph, we see
(i) sinh 0 = 0.
(ii) The domain is all real numbers
(iii) The curve is symmetrical about the origin, i.e.
sinh (x) = sinh x
(iv) It is an increasing one-to-one function.
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(ii) Graph of cosh x
We see from the graph of y = cosh x that:
(i) cosh 0 = 1
(ii) The domain is all real numbers.
(iii) The value of cosh x is never less than 1.
(iv) The curve is symmetrical about the y-axis, i.e.
cosh (x) = cosh x
(v) For any given value of cosh x, there are two values
of x.
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(ii) Graph of tanh x
We see
(i) tanh 0 = 0
(ii) tanh x always lies between y = 1 and y = 1.
(iii) tanh (x) = tanh x
(iv) It has horizontal asymptotes 1 = y .
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1.1.3 Hyperbolic Identities
For every identity obeyed by trigonometric functions, there
is a corresponding identity obeyed by hyperbolic functions.
1. 1 sinh cosh
2 2
= x x
2. x h x
2 2
sec tanh 1 =
3. x ech x
2 2
cos 1 coth =
4. y x y x y x sinh cosh cosh sinh ) sinh( =
5. y x y x y x sinh sinh cosh cosh ) cosh( =
6.
y x
y x
y x
tanh tanh 1
tanh tanh
) tanh(

=
7. x x x cosh sinh 2 2 sinh =
8. x x x
2 2
sinh cosh 2 cosh + =
1 sinh 2
1 cosh 2
2
2
+ =
=
x
x
9.
x
x
x
2
tanh 1
tanh 2
2 tanh
+
=
7
Some of the hyperbolic identities follow exactly the trig.
identities; others have a difference in sign.
Trig. Identities Hyperbolic Identities

cosh
1
sech =

sinh
1
cosech =

tanh
1
coth =
1 sinh cosh
2 2


2 2
sech tanh 1

2 2
cosech 1 coth
A A A cosh sinh 2 2 sinh
1 cosh 2
sinh 2 1
sinh cosh 2 cosh
2
2
2 2

+
+
A
A
A A A
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Examples 1.1
1. By using definition of hyperbolic functions,
a) Evaluate sinh(-4) to four decimal places.
b)Show that
2. a) By using identities of hyperbolic functions, show that
b)Solve the following for x, giving your answer in 4dcp.
3. Solve for x if given 2cosh x sinh x = 2.
4. a) By using definition of hyperbolic functions, proof that
b)Solve cosh x = 4 sinh x. Use 4 dcp.
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1.2 Inverse Functions
Definition 1.2 (Inverse Functions)
If Y X f : is a one-to-one function with the domain X
and the range Y, then there exists an inverse function,
X Y f

:
1
where the domain is Y and the range is X such that
) ( ) (
1
y f x x f y

= =
Thus, x x f f =

)) ( (
1
for all values of x in the domain f.
Note:
The graph of inverse function is reflections about the line
y = x.
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1.2.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric functions are periodic hence they are not
one-to one. However, if we restrict the domain to a chosen
interval, then the restricted function is one-to-one and
invertible.
( i ) Inverse Sine Function
Look at the graph of x y sin = shown below
The function x x f sin ) ( = is not one to one. But if the
domain is restricted to

]

2
,
2

, then f(x) is one to one.
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Definition:
The inverse sine function is defined as
x y
1
sin

= x = sin y
where
2 2

s s y and 1 1 s s x .
The function x
1
sin

is sometimes written as arcsin x.

The graph of x y
1
sin

= is shown below
2

- 1 1
2

, )
, )
1
sin
arcsin
f x x
f x x

=
=
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ii) Inverse Cosine Function
Look at the graph of x y cos = shown below
The function x x f cos ) ( = is not one to one. But if the
domain is restricted to | , 0 , then f(x) is one to one.
Definition:
The inverse cosine function is defined as
x y
1
cos

= x = cos y
where s s y 0 and 1 1 s s x .
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The graph of x y
1
cos

= is shown below
2

- 1 1
2

, )
, )
1
cos
arccos
f x x
f x x

=
=
(iii) Inverse Tangent Function
Look at the graph of x y tan = shown below
The function x x f tan ) ( = is not one to one. But if the
domain is restricted to

]

2
,
2

, then f(x) is one to one.
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Definition:
The inverse tangent function is defined as
x y
1
tan

= x = tan y
where
2 2

s s y and s s x .
The graph of x y
1
tan

= is shown below
2

- 1 1
2

, )
, )
1
tan
arctan
f x x
f x x

=
=
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(iv) Inverse Cotangent Function
Domain:
Range:
(v) Inverse Secant Function
Domain:
Range:
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(vi) Inverse Cosecant Function
Domain:
Range:
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Table of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Functions Domain Range Quadrants
x y
1
sin

=
[1, 1]

]

2
,
2

I & IV
x y
1
cos

=
[1, 1] [0, ] I & II
x y
1
tan

=
( , )

.
|

\
|

2
,
2

I & IV
x y
1
csc

=
1 > x

]

\
|

.
|

2
, 0 0 ,
2

I & IV
x y
1
sec

=
1 > x

]

\
|

.
|

,
2 2
, 0
I & II
x y
1
cot

= ( , ) (0, ) I & II
It is easier to remember the restrictions on the domain and
range if you do so in terms of quadrants.

x
x
sin
1
sin
1
=

whereas
x
x
sin
1
1
) (sin =

.
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1.2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Identities
The definition of the inverse functions yields several
formulas.
Inversion formulas
x x =

) (sin sin
1
for 1 1 s s x
y y =

) sin sin (
1
for
2 2

s s y
x x =

) (tan tan
1 for all x
y y =

) tan tan (
1
2 2

< < y
These formulas are valid only on the specified domain
Basic Relation
2
cos sin
1 1

= +

x x
for 1 0 s s x
2
cot tan
1 1

= +

x x
for 1 0 s s x
2
csc sec
1 1

= +

x x
for 1 0 s s x
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Negative Argument Formulas
x x
1 1
sin ) ( sin

= x x
1 1
sec ) ( sec

=
x x
1 1
tan ) ( tan

=
x x
1 1
csc ) ( csc

=
x x
1 1
cos ) ( cos

= x x
1 1
cot ) ( cot

=
Reciprocal Identities

.
|

\
|

=
x
x
1
sin csc
1 1
for 1 > x

.
|

\
|

=
x
x
1
cos sec
1 1
for 1 > x
x x
1 1
tan
2
cot

=

for all x
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Examples 1.2:
1.Evaluate the given functions.
(i)
) 5 . 0 (sin sin
1
(ii)
1
sin (sin 2)

(iii)
) 5 . 0 (sin sin
1
(iv)
) 2 (sin sin
1
2. Evaluate the given functions.
(i) arcsec(2) (ii)
) 2 ( csc
1
(iii)

.
|

\
|

3
1
1
cot
3. For 1 1 s s x , show that
(i)
x x
1
(
1
sin ) sin

=
(ii)
2
1
1 ) (sin cos x x =

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1.2.3 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
The three basic inverse hyperbolic functions are x
1
sinh

,
x
1
cosh

, and x
1
tanh

.
Definition (Inverse Hyperbolic Function)
y x x y sinh sinh
1
= =

for all x and y 9 e
y x x y cosh cosh
1
= =

for 1 > x and 0 > y
y x x y tanh tanh
1
= =

for 1 1 s s x , 9 e y
Graphs of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
(i)
x y
1
sinh

=
Domain: Range:
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(ii)
x y
1
cosh

=
Domain: Range:
(iii)
x y
1
tanh

=
Domain: Range:
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1.2.4 Log Form of the Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
It may be shown that
(a) , ) 1 ln cosh
2 1
+ =

x x x
(b) , ) 1 ln sinh
2 1
+ + =

x x x
(c)

.
|

\
|

+
=

x
x
x
1
1
ln
2
1
tanh
1
(d)

.
|

\
|

+
=

1
1
ln
2
1
coth
1
x
x
x
(e)

.
|

\
|
+
=

x
x
x h
2
1
1 1
ln sec
(f)

.
|

\
|
+
+ =

x
x
x
x ech
2
1
1 1
ln cos
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Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine (Proof)
If we let then
Hence,
On rearrangement,
Hence, (using formula )
Since
Taking natural logarithms,
)
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Proof for
(multiply with )
Since
Taking natural logarithms,
In the same way, we can find the expression for in
logarithmic form.
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Examples 1.3: Evaluate
1)
1
sinh (0.5)

2)
1
cosh (0.5)

3)
1
tanh ( 0.6)