Muscular System

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Types of Muscle
Skeletal striated & voluntary Smooth involuntary Cardiac - heart

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Muscles and Muscle Fibers

Muscles are composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles called FASCICLES Individual muscles are separated by FASCIA, which also forms tendons and aponeuroses

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ENERGY
Fibers contain multiple mitochondria for energy Most fibers have multiple nuclei

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SARCOLEMMA
Sarcolemma = muscle fiber membrane Sarcoplasm = inner material surrounding fibers (like cytoplasm) Myofibrils = individual muscle fibers --> made of myofilaments

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Myofibril
Contains protein filaments ACTIN (thin) and MYOSIN (thick) These filaments overlap to form dark and light bands on the muscle fiber A band = dArk thick (myosin) I band = lIght thIn (actin) In the middle of each I band are Z lines. A sarcomere is on Z line to the other
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Skeletal Muscle Contraction A. Muscle contraction involves several components that result in the shortening of sarcomeres, and the pulling of the muscle against its attachments. Role of Myosin and Actin 1. Myosin consists of two twisted strands with globular cross-bridges projected outward along the strands. 2. Actin is a globular protein with myosin binding sites; tropomyosin and troponin are two proteins associated with the surface of the actin filaments. 8 - 11
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B.

3. According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, the myosin crossbridge attaches to the binding site on the actin filament and bends, pulling on the actin filament; it then releases and attaches to the next binding site on the actin, pulling again. 4. Energy from the conversion of ATP to ADP is provided to the cross-bridges from the enzyme ATPase, causing them to be in a cocked position.

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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY (MODEL)

The theory of how muscle contracts is the sliding filament theory. The contraction of a muscle occurs as the thin filament slide past the thick filaments. The sliding filament theory involves five different molecules plus calcium ions.
The five molecules are: Myosin Actin tropomyosin troponin ATP

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Energy Source
Provided by ATP from cellular respiration (mitochondria) Creatine phosphate increases regeneration of ATP Much of the energy forms heat, which keeps our bodies warm

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Threshold Stimulus
Minimal strength required to cause a contraction Motor neuron releases enough acetylcholine to reach threshold

All-or-None Response
Fibers do not contract partially, they either do or don't

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Motor Unit
The muscle fiber + the motor neuron

Recruitment
more and more fibers contract as the intensity of the stimulus increases

Muscle Tone
Sustained contraction of individual fibers,
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Hypertrophy - muscles enlarge (working out or certain disorders) Atrophy - muscles become small and weak due to disuse

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Muscle Fatigue - muscle loses ability to contract

after prolonged exercise or strain contraction

Muscle Cramp - a sustained involuntary Oxygen Debt

- oxygen is used to create ATP,

during exercise you may not have enough oxygen --> this causes Lactic Acid to accumulate in the muscles

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Advanced Only

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Interaction of Skeletal Muscles 1.Of a group of muscles, the one doing the majority of the work is the prime mover. 2. Helper muscles are called synergists; opposing muscles are called antagonists.

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Introduction: A. All movements require muscle which are organs using chemical energy to contract. B. The three types of muscle in the body are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

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Structure of a Skeletal Muscle A. Each muscle is an organ, comprised of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissues, nervous tissue, and blood. B. Connective Tissue Coverings 1. Layers of dense connective tissue, called fascia, surround and separate each muscle. 2. This connective tissue extends beyond the ends of the muscle and gives rise to tendons that are fused to the periosteum of bones.

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3.Sometimes muscles are connected to

each other by broad sheets of connective tissue called aponeuroses. 4. The layer of connective tissue around each whole muscle is the epimysium; the perimysium surrounds individual bundles (fascicles) within each muscle; and each muscle cell (fiber) is covered by a connective tissue layer called endomysium.

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CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Skeletal Muscle Actions Origin and Insertion 1. The immovable end of a muscle is the origin, while the movable end is the insertion; contraction pulls the insertion toward the origin. 2. Some muscles have more than one insertion or origin.

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