1

PROJECT REPORT ON

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC BASED GENERATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR MAINTENANCE

PROJECT SUBMITTED AT: APGENCO
(DEPARTMENT OF SOLAR)

PROJECT DONE BY
K.VENUGOPAL (09011P0208) K.N.V.S. SHALINI(09011P0211) K.PRANEETH (09011P0212) FROM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(AUTONOMOUS) HYDERABAD-500085 ANDHRA PRADESH.

STUDY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC BASED GENERATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR MAINTENANCE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We owe our profound acknowledgement to all those people who made this project successful. We present the names of those people to whom we are very much grateful. We would like to express our most sincere thanks to all those people who are involved in our project work. Any omissions are regretted. We express our deep sense of gratitude to APGENCO, Khairatabad , Hyderabad for permitting us to work in their organization. We express our special gratitude and thanks to

SRI.M.SATYANARAYANA REDDY, ADE/HPC,O/o.CE/HPC, solar, APGENCO, Khairatabad, Hyderabad for his kind co-operation with out whom the project training would not have been completed. We take the opportunity to thank our Head of Department SUSHAMA MADAM Dr

for her timely advice and guidance while pursuing this K.H. PHANI SREE

project as well as throughout the B. Tech course. Our sincere thanks to our beloved assistant professor, Mtech and internal guide MADAM for her guidance and contribution in developing the project.

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

1.

INTRODUCTION-PROJECT PROFILE 6-8

2.

SOLAR POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES 9-15

3.

PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR POWER PLANT 16-21

4.

OPERATION OF SOLAR POWER PLANT 22-23

5.

DETAILED ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS 24-32

6.

INTEGRATION OF PV POWER WITH GRID 33-38

5 7.

APPLICATIONS 39-45

8.

CONCLUSION 46-47

ABSTRACT
Now a days, because of the technological innovations electricity is used extensively. To meet the demand electricity is generated in different ways like using non-renewable energy sources. Non-renewable sources of energy can be used up or depleted; they include the fossil fuels and nuclear energy sources. They also include coal ,diesel, petrol etc. As these sources are depleting day by day we have to go for another options like renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy . The power generation strategy will focus utilization of non-conventional energy sources to its fullest availability while aiming for optimum capacity utilization of existing plants, technology Upgradation for low cost generation, controlling input costs, optimization of fuel mix for long term availability of fuel for new additions , etc. This project mainly deals with the case study of solar power plant located at at Gadwal, Mahabubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Ltd (AP Genco) commissioned a 1-MW photovoltaic-cell-based solar power plant at Priyadharsini Jurala HydroElectric Project. Thus AP Genco maiden next step in solar power generation. This project including its emphasizes about the entire solar power the plant is

components, their description , how

solar energy

converted into electricity and the available electricity how it is connected to the grid , no. of generated units ,efficiency etc.

INTRODUCTION-PROJECT PROFILE

1.INTRODUCTION

India has abundance of sunshine and the trend of depletion of fossil fuels is compelling energy planners to the feasibility of using renewable source of energy like solar, wind etc. under various government schemes and initiatives, to encourage implementation of renewable projects with utility, various renewable power plants including large scale photovoltaic based generation systems are being set up. along solar

PROJECT PROFILE
APGENCO is in the field of power generation of thermal, hydal and wind at various places in Andhra Pradesh and is in a position to set up MW scale SPV power plant. This write-up describes a typical 250KWp SPV power plant, which can be installed to generate and export power to the utility. MWp scale power plants are made of modular systems of 250KWp systems. This power project was allocated to AP Genco under phase-1 of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) by the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), a public limited company under the control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. The project, executed with an outlay of Rs 12.8 crore, has been designed to provide annual energy output of 1.4 million units (MU). The power will be fed in to the 11-kV system of Central Power Distribution Company Ltd (CPDCL) at Gadwal, Mahabubnagar District. According to the guidelines of JNNSM, Rs 17.91 a unit will be paid for the power generated from this plant (Rs 5.50 a unit by CPDCL and Rs 12.41 by IREDA).

9 This plant operates based on the concept of seasonal tilt. According to the season, the angle of the solar panel is changed to get maximum solar insolation incident on the solar panel.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PLANT:

Capacity of the plant is 1MWp.

Source of power generation is solar energy.

It is located in Jurala village, Mahaboobnagar ,Andhra Pradesh.

With this, AP GENCO has entered the solar power generation space.

It has been designed to generate 1.4 million units of power,a year and was allocated to APGENCO under phase-1 of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission.

It will provide an annual energy production of 1.4 MU. Power will be fed into the 11 KV system of CPDCL at Gadwal, Mahbubnagar district.

This plant operates based on the concept of seasonal tilt.

The generated power is enlightening the entire gadwall village.

It is operating with best output as per the estimated output.

10 Out of all solar power plants in India , it is achieving good efficiency and estimated output of power generation.

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SOLAR POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

2. SOLAR POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

Solar power generation technologies can be broadly classified into two broad categories: Solar Photovoltaic technologies Solar thermal power plants

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) technologies :Photovoltaic converters are semiconductor devices that convert part of the incident solar radiation directly into electrical energy. The most common PV cells are made from single crystal silicon but there are many variations in

12 cell material, design and methods of manufacture. Solar PV cells are available as crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon cells such as Cadmium Telluride(Cd-Te), Copper Indium diselenide, and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), dyesensitised solar cells DSSC and other newer technologies such as silicon nano particle ink, carbon nanotube CNT and quantum dots.

Crystalline silicon (c-Si):

These modules represent 85-90% of the global annual market today. C-Si modules are subdivided in two main categories: i) Single crystalline (sc-Si) and ii) Multi-crystalline (mc-Si) Thin films currently account for 10% to 15% of global PV module sales. They are subdivided into three main families: i) amorphous (a-Si) and micromorph silicon (aSi/c-Si) ii) Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe) iii) Copper-Indium-Diselenide (CIS) and (CIGS). Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide

Emerging technologies encompass advanced thin films and organic cells. The latter are about to enter the market via niche applications. Concentrator technologies (CPV) use an optical concentrator system which focuses solar radiation onto a small high-efficiency cell. CPV technology is currently being tested in pilot applications. The above technologies are mainly used on roof tops of commercial and residential buildings, and as large scale grid connected power plants. For optimum output, larger installations use tracking devices which change the

13 orientation of the panels to correspond with the trajectory of the sun to focus sunlight directly onto the panels.

Solar thermal power plants :Solar thermal power plants produce electricity by converting the solar radiation into high temperature heat using mirrors and reflectors. The collectors are referred to as the solar-field. This energy is used to heat a working fluid and produce steam. Steam is then used to rotate a turbine or power an engine to drive a generator and produce electricity . All CSP plants are based on four basic essential systems which are collector, receiver (absorber), transport/storage and power conversion. The four main technologies that are commercially available today are: Parabolic Trough Solar towers Parabolic Dishes Linear Fresnel Reflectors

Parabolic trough :Parabolic trough shaped mirrors collect and reflect the solar energy onto receiver tubes positioned along the focal line of parabolic mirrors. The troughs are usually designed to track the Sun along one axis, predominantly

14 northsouth. Heat transfer fluids, such as synthetic thermal oil suitable for temperatures up to 400 C, circulating through the tubes are used to generate steam through heat exchangers and steam generators and drive turbine to generate electricity through a steam cycle. This is a well established and proven CSP technology.

Parabolic trough (Fig 01)

Solar Towers :-

15 A circular array of heliostats concentrates sunlight on to a central receiver mounted at the top of a tower. The heliostats tack the sun on two axes. The central receiver can achieve very high concentrations of solar irradiation thus resulting in extremely high temperature for the operating fluid. A heat-transfer medium in this central receiver absorbs the highly concentrated radiation reflected by the heliostats and converts it into thermal energy, which is used to generate superheated steam for the turbine through the Rankine cycle. Brayton cycle systems are also under testing because of the higher efficiencies. Spain has several solar tower systems operating or under construction, up to 20 MW capacity. Solar towers (fig 02)

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Parabolic Dish :The parabolic shaped dish tracks the sun, through a two axis movement, onto a thermal receiver mounted at the focal point. The concentrated beam radiation is absorbed into a receiver to heat a fluid or gas to approximately 750C. This fluid or gas is then used to generate electricity in a small piston or Stirling engine or a micro turbine. Dish technology produces relatively small amount of electricity compared to other CSP technologies typically in the range of 10 to 25 kW which results in high capital costs. Parabolic dish (fig 03)

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Linear Fresnel Reflectors :Use reflectors made of several slices of mirrors with small curvature approximating a parabola. Mirrors are mounted on trackers and configured to reflect sunlight onto elevated linear reflectors. Water flows through the receivers and is converted into steam and the intermediate heat transfer fluid is not required. These systems have lower investment costs and also lower optical performance as compared to parabolic trough collectors. This technology is still in the developmental stage. Linear Fresnel Reflectors (fig 04)

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PERFORMANCE DETAILS OF SOLAR POWER PLANT

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3. PERFORMANCE DETAILS OF SOLAR POWER PLANT

The performance of solar power plants is best defined by the Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF), which is the ratio of the actual electricity output from the plant, to the maximum possible output during the year. The estimated output from the solar power plant depends on the design parameters and can be calculated, using standard softwares. But since there are several variables which contribute to the final output from a plant, the CUF varies over a wide range. These could be on account of poor selection /quality of panels, derating of modules at higher temperatures, other design parameters like ohmic loss, atmospheric factors such as prolonged cloud cover and mist.

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Graph showing the variation of solar radiation in a day It is essential therefore to list the various factors that contribute to plant output variation. The performance of the power plant however depends on several parameters including the site location, solar insolation levels, climatic conditions specially temperature, technical losses in cabling, module mismatch , soiling losses, MPPT losses, transformer losses and the inverter losses. There could also be losses due to grid unavailability and the module degradation through aging. Some of these are specified by the manufacturer, such as the dependence of power output on temperature, known as temperature coefficient. The following factors are considered key performance indicators: A) Radiation at the site B) Losses in PV systems

21 C) Temperature and climatic conditions D) Design parameters of the plant E) Inverter efficiency F) Module Degradation due to aging

B) Losses in PV Solar system

The estimated system losses are all the losses in the system, which cause the power actually delivered to the electricity grid to be lower than the power produced by the PV modules. There are several causes for this loss, such as losses in cables, power inverters, dirt (sometimes snow) on the modules, ambient temperature, varying insolation levels and so on. While designing a PV system, we have to take into consideration all possible losses.

Reflection losses :PV module power ratings are determined at standard test conditions, which require perpendicular incident light. Under field conditions larger incidence angles occur, resulting in higher reflection losses than accounted for in the nominal power rating. Calculations show that for modules faced towards the equator, and with a tilt angle equal to the latitude, yearly reflection losses relative to STC are about 1%.

Soiling :Soiling of solar panels can occur as a result of dust and dirt accumulation. In most cases, the material is washed off the panel surface by rainfall; however dirt like bird droppings may stay even after heavy rains. The most critical part of a module is the lower edge. Especially with rather

22 low inclinations, soiling at the edge of the frame occurs. By often repeated water collection in the shallow puddle between frame and glass and consecutive evaporation dirt accumulates. Once it causes shading of the cells, this dirt reduces the available power from a module. The losses are generally 1%, however the power is restored if the modules are cleaned.

Mismatch effects :Mismatch losses are caused by the interconnection of solar modules in series and parallel. The modules which do not have identical properties or which experience different conditions from one another. Mismatch losses are a serious problem in PV modules and arrays because the output of the entire PV array under worst case conditions is determined by the solar module with the lowest output. Therefore the selection of modules becomes quite important in overall performance of the plant.

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Losses :Power output of a Solar PV module changes with change in direction of sun, changes in solar insolation level and with varying temperature.The PV (power vs. voltage) curve of the module there is a single maxima of power. That is there exists a peak power corresponding to a particular voltage and current. Since the module efficiency is low it is desirable to operate the module at the peak power point so that the maximum power can be delivered to the load under varying temperature and insolation conditions. Hence maximization of power improves the utilization of the solar PV module. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV module and transferring that power to the load. A dc/dc converter(step up/step down) serves the purpose of transferring maximum power from the solar PV module to the load. Maximum power point tracking is used to ensure that the panel output is

23 always achieved at the maximum power point. Using MPPT significantly increases the output from the solar power plant.

E) INVERTER EFFICIENCY
A solar PV inverter is a type of electrical inverter that is made to change the direct current (DC) electricity from a photovoltaic array into alternating current (AC) for use with home appliances or to be fed into the utility grid. These inverters may be stand alone inverters, which are used in isolated systems, or grid tie inverters which are used to connect the power plant to the grid. The efficiency of an inverter has to do with how well it converts the DC voltage into AC. The currently available grid connected inverters have efficiencies of 96 to 98.5%, and hence choosing the correct inverter is crucial to the design process. There are less efficient inverters below 95% also available. Inverters are also much less efficient when used at the low end of their maximum power. Most inverters are most efficient in the 30% to 90% power range.

CONCEPT OF TILT ANGLE

To get the most from solar panels, you need to point them in the direction that captures the most sun. But there are a number of variables in guring out the best direction. This page is designed to help you nd the best placement for your solar panels in your situation. This advice applies to any type of panel that gets energy from the sun; photovoltaic, solar hot water, etc. We assume that the panel is xed, or has a tilt that can be adjusted seasonally. (Panels that track the movement of the sun throughout the day can receive 10% (in winter) to 40% (in summer) more energy than xed panels. This page doesn't discuss tracking panels.) Solar panels should always face true south. (If you are in the southern hemisphere, they should face north.) The question is, At what angle from horizontal should the panels be tilted? Books and articles on solar energy often give the advice

24 that the tilt should be equal to your latitude, plus 15 degrees in winter or minus 15 degrees in summer. It turns out that you can do better than this about 4% better.

TILT ANGLE SCHEDULE Project: 1 MW APGENCO, Jurala Site Latitude: Tilting range: 16.19 Deg -15Lat to +15 Lat

Monthly Tilt Angle Plan for Structures Month Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Angle 31 31 18 1 1 1 1 1 10 GHI(kwh/m2) 163.7 168.7 205.3 203.8 211.3 161.3 136.9 146.6 159.8 Tilt I (kwh/m2) 210.8 197 215.8 203.8 210.7 160.6 136.5 146.4 162.1

25 Oct Nov Dec 162.9 158.4 157 2035.7 Irradiance fall Increment % 25 31 31 178.5 196.8 208.4 2227.5 8.61

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OPERATION OF SOLAR POWER PLANT

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4. OPERATION OF SOLAR POWER PLANT

1MWp capacity Solar PV Plant shall be divided into 4 arrays of equal capacity to be connected to, 250 kW Capacity inverters. The AC Power output from Inverter at 415 V level shall be stepped up to 11 kV by a step-up Transformer and then fed to the 11KV Grid feeder of APCPDCL. The respective digital outputs are to be taken to a Supervisory Controller located in the control room. LT &HT switch gears such as 11 KV SF6 CBs, CTs , PTs are required for HT isolation & protection. Energy metering at interfacing point. Each array system shall have an independent Data Acquisition System (DAS) which would produce the real time Data as well as event logs indicating all the supervisory faults also. An integrated SCADA system is to be incorporated to have data logs of entire Plant. Inverters are to be connected in parallel to the common Utility Bus. Depending on the magnitude of the Solar power generated which depends on Solar radiation, Inverters are switched ON sequentially in Auto Mode. If the solar power generation ceases, the system shall gets into Stand by Mode where only monitoring logic will be active. The system is not to be switched ON until the Solar Array generates sufficient power, which is a set point control. The Maximum Power Point Tracking controller continuously searches for the Max.Power point thus operates at the proper MPP voltage to ensure maximum energy utilization on real time basis. The Inverters shall have all the necessary Synchronization equipment installed as necessary.

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DETAILED ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS

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5. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR POWER PLANT

SPV Modules: Mono / Multi Crystalline Power Conditioning Units (Inverters) Step up Power Transformer: 415V/11kV, 1250kVA Auxiliary transformer DC Control Supply: 24V Switchgear; LT & HT. Module Mounting Structures: Fixed with Seasonal manual Tilt. Junction boxes. Cables and accessories. Earthing and Lightning protection. AC and DC Distribution Boards containing LT Switchgear & metering. Control and protective Relaying Equipment. Equipment for continuous measurement of Solar Radiation, ambient temperature, Humidity, DC power, AC power and other all electrical parameters. 11KV Switchgear i.e., 630Amp Vaccum Circuit Breaker, CTs , Air Break Isolator, LAs and PTs including Double Pole Structure. 150AH or suitable Higher size DC Battery Bank with suitable voltage rating, Battery Charger, DC Distribution Board & UPS System with suitable backup battery for SCADA/HMI.

30 SCADA system and the equipment required for online control & performance monitoring of the plant and remote monitoring. Module cleaning system. Fire fighting systems . Winding Temperature Indicator shall consist of: Temperature sensing element, Image coil, Bushing or turret mounted CT.

A) Solar photo voltaic modules :The solar PV system shall be designed with either mono/ poly crystalline silicon modules or using thin film photovoltaic cells or any other superior technology having higher efficiency. Three key elements in a solar cell form the basis of their manufacturing technology. The first is the semiconductor, which absorbs light and converts it into electron-hole pairs. The second is the semiconductor junction, which separates the photogenerated carriers (electrons and holes), and the third is the contacts on the front and back of the cell that allow the current to flow to the external circuit. The two main categories of technology are defined by the choice of the semiconductor: either crystalline silicon in a wafer form or thin films of other materials. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from light, which can be used to power equipment or to a recharge battery. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can deliver, cells are electrically together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A photo voltaic module is a packaged interconnected assembly of photo voltaic cells, which converts sunlight into electrical power. The cells are hermitically sealed between glass and back sheet (PVF-Poly vinyl fluoride) to protect them from harsh environments. For this project crystalline solar PV module of 235Wp is considered. The solar PV modules are supplied IEC 61215 complaint. Each solar PV

31 module will have 60 solar cells connected in series. Each solar PV module was tested using sun-simulator to find out solar PV modules output parameters at standard test conditions(STC) of irradiance of 1000 w/m2, AM1.5 and cell temperature of 25c. The interconnected solar cells in the module shall be laminated in vacuum to withstand adverse environmental conditions. Module technology having high cell efficiency, reduced size, high reliability, etc with high transmissivity toughened front glass, MC4 connectors, etc shall be used.

The solar PV module technical specifications at STC are as follows: Technical specifications for A typical solar pv module (at standard test conditions) 235 Wp + or - 5% 30.68 V 7.75 A 37.09 V 8.2 A 1000 V DC Poly -crystalline silicon For grid connected system MC4 connector plug (male and female) IEC 61215 156 mm* 156mm

electrical parameters Output power-pmax(watts) Voltage pmax Current at pmax Open circuit voltage Short circuit current Maximum system voltage(volts) Type of solar pv cell Suitability Solar pv module output Certification Cell Size

Photovoltaic solar system use the light available from the sun to generate electricity and feed this into the main electricity grid or load as the case maybe. The PV panels convert the light reaching them into DC power. The amount of power they produce is roughly proportional to the intensity

32 and the angle of the light reaching them. They are therefore positioned to take maximum advantage of available sunlight within siting constraints. Maximum power is obtained when the panels are able to 'track' the sun's movements during the day and the various seasons. However, these tracking mechanisms tend to add a fair bit to the cost of the system, so a most of installations either have fixed panels or compromise by incorporating some limited manual adjustments, which take into account the different 'elevations' of the sun at various times of the year. The best elevations vary with the latitude of the load location. The power generating capacity of a photovoltaic system is denoted in Kilowatt peak (measured at standard test conditions of solar radiation of 1000 W per m2). A common rule of thumb is that average power is equal to 20% of peak power, so that each peak kilowatt of solar array output power corresponds to energy production of 4.8 kWh per day (24 hours x 1 kW x 20% = 4.8 kWh) Solar photovoltaic modules can be developed in various combinations depending upon the requirements of the voltage and power output to be taken from the solar plant. No. of cells and modules may vary depending upon the manufacturer prudent practice.

B) Solar PV module mounting system:The solar PV module mounting structure (seasonal tilt) is designed for mounting 21 numbers of solar PV modules in series. The frames and leg assemblies of the solar pv module mounting structures is of mild steel hot dip galvanized of suitable sections of angle, channel, tubes or any other sections confirming to IS:2062 to meet the design criteria. All hardware considered for fastening solar PV modules with this structure are of very good quality of stainless steel (ss304). The solar PV module mounting structure is designed in such a way that it will occupy minimum space without sacrificing the output from SPV panels at the same time it will withstand severe wind speed.

C) Array monitor box (AM) :-

33 In the array monitor boxes, individual strings are bundled and safety routed to the inverter through the dc combiner box. It is a combination of an exact, well-organized string system and a safety concept adapted to the pv technology. The array combined boxes will have suitable cable entry points fitted with cable glands of appropriate sizes for both incoming and outgoing cables. Active disconnection allows string voltages to be measured separately.These array monitor boxs are outdoor suitable polycarbonate boxes, making it ideal for long-term use in PV systems.

D) DC combiner box (DCCB):The outputs from many array monitors are terminated in DCCB for connecting them in parallel. This paralled output is connected to inverter with disconnection device. In the DCCB it is 200A fuses are provided for positive side as well as negative side for each out coming of array monitor box.

E) Inverter:The DC power produced is fed to inverter for conversion into AC. The output of the inverter must synchronize automatically its AC output to the exact AC voltage and frequency of the grid. Inverter Efficiency of 94% is considered in the PV system. Three phase IGBT based 250kw inverter (pv inverter)- inverter is designed to operate as a power conditioning unit capable of exporting all the available solar power on its DC input to a utility grid supply. A fast and an efficient MPPT(maximum power point tracking system-built in the inverter) extract the maximum available power from the solar array and export it to the grid. It is also possible to operate the system in a fixed voltage (Vdc) mode by selecting adjustment of set points. The system automatically wakes up in the morning and export power provided there is sufficient solar energy and the grid voltages and frequency are in range. The system can be present to continue operating even with only one phase of the incoming grid supply in range. If the last remaining

34 phase voltage was to move out of the preset range, the inverter will immediately be disconnected from the grid. The inverter reconnects after the pre-determined time when at least one phase of the grid supply is black in the range. The ability to operate in a single-phase sensing mode can be adjusted with set point. When the exported power is below a low preset value or the solar insulation is below a preset value or for a pre-determined amount of time, the inverter is disconnected from the grid and is operated in sleep mode. In this mode the inverter power stage components are switched off there by keeping the stand by losses to a bare minimum.

F) LV (low voltage) panel :LV panel is the interface between inverters and transformer with adequate protection system. Four numbers of 250kvA LV (low voltage) panels are used in this 1MWPsolar power plant. Each LV panel is connected between corresponding inverters output and 630KVA transformers. The power generated from each inverter is combined in the LV panel and is fed to the transformer. Power from all the inverters is indicated in respective display meters. These indoor type LV panels are housed in the control room. The connections from inverters to the LV panel and to transformers are using copper cable.

G) HT panel (high tension) or HV panel (high voltage) :HT panel supplied for this power plant is of indoor type and it is located in the control room. The HT panel supplied is rated for 11kv, 3phase, 3wire,50HZ,1MVA. The HT panel is an interface between the transformers and grid providing the statutory protections required for the system. The HT panel has two inputs (incomer) and two outputs (feeders) of which one is used as main feeder and the other one as auxiliary feeder.

H) HT yard:-

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In the HT yard the HT panel output is connected to the grid through

the DP structure and HT metering cubicle. From the HT metering cubicle through the double pole structure it is connected to the grid. Both double pole structures are provided with lightning arresters.

I) Cables:These copper cables are insulated with a special grade PVC compound formulated and manufactured in-house. The skin coloration offers high insulation resistance and long life. The sizes of the cables between array interconnections are selected to keep the voltage drop and losses to the minimum. The bright-annealed 99.97% pure bare copper conductors that offer low conductor resistance, they result in lower heating thereby increase in life and savings in power consumption. Cables are suitable for high temperature resistance and excellent weather proofing characteristics which provides a long service life to the cables used in large scale projects. The connectors/plugs of copper material with high current capacity and easy mode of assembly are used.

J) Monitoring and analysis system (SCADA):The installed supervisory control and Data acquisition (SCADA) system in the 1MWP system is to maintain and provide all technical information like, daily solar radiation availability, hours of sunshine, duration of plant operation and the quantum of energy fed into the grid etc. This will help in estimation of generation in KWH per MWP PV array capacity installed at the site. It also gives alerts in case of error and stores all data for specified period of time. This system is installed in the control room and can be monitored remotely.

K) Protection and control:Inverter shall be provided with islanding protection to isolate it from the grid in case of no supply, under voltage and over voltage conditions so

36 that in no case there is any chance of accident. In addition to above, PV systems shall be provided with adequate rating fuses, fuses on inverter input side (DC) as well as output side (AC) side for overload and short circuit protection and disconnecting switches to isolate the DC and AC system for maintenances are needed. Fuses of adequate rating shall also be provided in each solar array module to protect them against short circuit.

L) Lightning protection system:A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation of the system from the damaging effect of lightning. The lightning arrester has a high voltage terminal and the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted to ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels down the power system to ground and protect the insulation. The technology is used in the system is to emit a steamer early in the steamer-formation phase of lightning strike, there by becoming the preferred lightning attachment point. The used lightning arrester covers 107 meters all around the system, such 2 systems are used in this power plant.

M) Solar PV module cleaning system:To improve the power output from the plant, the solar pv modules should be clean. Therefore ,they just need to be cleaned off with water to get off dust, debris or bird drop etc. the solar pv modules to surface is glass and is hard, designed to withstand hall storm and wind speed. In this project, one bore wells have been dug for the water source and an over head water tank has been built of capacity of 500 liters for control room. From the bore water is supplied to the entire solar PV module area using PVC pipes. Outlets have been provided at different locations to facilitate cleaning of solar PV modules-manually for the entire field.

N) Heat exhausting system:-

37 The hot air exhausting system is used for efficient removal of heat generated during the working of the inverters in the control room. This system will draw the hot air from each individual inverter and exhausted out of the building. The total capacity of the system is 12000 CMH and is with 2 no.s of industrial heavy-duty axial flow fans. These fans draw out hot air from each inverter through duct-drops to main duct. The axial flow fans fixed at the other end of the main duct lets the hot air drawn from the inverters to the atmosphere on the discharge side. This system is used for maintaining of the ambient temperature of the control room with in the range of the inverters.

O)DC earthing system:In the entire solar array field, each solar PV mounting system is interconnected using GI flat and finally connected to a DC earthing grid system. This is with 26 numbers of earth pits and each of these earth pits are interconnected using GI strips to form a DC earthing grid system. This system provides a very good earthing mechanism for solar PV module mounting structures for the safety of the entire solar PV system in the field.

P) Safety and security system:For security purpose of this 1 WMPsystem the plant is under the watch of security personnel on 24*7 basis. In addition to this the electrical safety has been built in each part of the supplied system. First aid kits and fire fighting equipments are fixed at appropriate location for the safe operation of the system.

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Integration of PV power with grid

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6.Integration of PV power with grid

The output power from SPV would be fed to the inverter which converts DC Produced voltage, solar PV system by SPV array to AC and feeds it into the main shall be out of synchronization and shall be electricity grid after synchronization. In case of grid failure, or low or high disconnected from the grid. Once the DG set comes into service PV system shall again be synchronized with DC supply and load requirement would be met to the extent of availability of power. Inverter shall have the software and controls capable of operating the complete system for safe and efficient operation and includes the Islanding protection, Over voltage/ under voltage protection, Ground fault /short circuit protection system, communication equipment such as modems, web box etc, DC reverse polarity protection, Grid monitoring of all the phases & polesensitive residual current monitoring unit, protection against voltage fluctuations in the grid & protection against internal faults in the power conditioner, operational errors and switching transients etc.

Equipments present in plant site Main building:1. Control room:The control room is built as per the requirement of the project to house major indoor electrical installations/parts. In this project, the control room is housed with 4 numbers DCCBs, 4numbersof inverters, 4 numbers of LV panels and supervisory control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA), HT panel, battery charger and ACDB etc.

2 .SCADA room:The main building is also included with full-fledged SCADA room. This air conditioned room is equipped with computer (PC), printer, dot matrix, fax machine. The SCADA hall is with a seating capacity of 4 numbers.

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3. Store room and battery room:In the building, there is a separate chamber for placing of battery of 150Ah and store room to keep and maintained spare parts provided for maintenance of the plant.

4. Power transformer:It is used for stepping up the output voltage 300V of the inverter to 11KV. On the other side it is connected to grid . Its rating is 0.63MVA, 300V300V/11KV. For 1MW plant operating at say 0.8 pf lag , the required KVA is 1250 KVA. So, we use 2 transformers of each rated 630 KVA which are double winding type.

5. Auxiliary transformer:This auxiliary transformer is used for lighting and other power requirement of the plant. In this project, we have used many lights, fans yard lighting and power consumption for internal products.

PLANT OVER VIEW SPECIFICATIONS

Capacity of solar PV plant: - 1MWp Grid connected

EQUIPMENT
SPV Module

TYPE AND RATING

Mono / Multi Crystalline, Nominal power - Pmax(watt)235Wp Voltage at max power 29.48v Current at max power 8.00A Open circuit voltage 37.44v Short circuit current 8.52A Tolerance - +or 5% Isc(amps) Voc(volts) Imp(amps) Vmp(volts)

41 Power measured at standard test conditions Power conditioning units (inverters) 1000w/m2,AM 1.5, 25 degrees cell 250KW-4 ,frequency-50 Hz, Efficiency ->98% Input to the inverter - 530DC parallel board rating 880v (DC) Input voltage- 0-950v(DC) Max current ( each i/p)- 160A Protection degree- IP20 HT panel rating Voltage- 12kv Current -1250A Frequency- 50Hz Isc (Breaking)- 26.3KA step up power transformer DC control supply Switch gear Short circuit current- 26.3KA 415V/11kV, 1250Kva 24V LT & HT, 11KV Switchgear 630Amp

i.e.,

Vaccum Circuit Breaker,

CTs , Air Break Isolator ,LAs and PTs Module mounting structures including Double Pole Structure Fixed with Seasonal manual Tilt. Surface azimuth angle of PV Module180 Tilt angle-26 Battery storage Material-M.S hot dip galvanised 150AH or suitable Higher size DC Battery Bank with suitable voltage rating, Battery Charger, DC Distribution Board & UPS System with suitable backup battery for SCADA/HMI.

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POWER GENERATION CALCULATION:SPV Module specifications: Nominal power - Pmax (watt) 235Wp Voltage at max power - Vmp (volts) 29.48v Current at max power - Imp (amps) 8.00A Open circuit voltage - Voc (volts) 37.44v Short circuit current - Isc (amps) 8.52A Tolerance - +or 5%. From the above specifications, Voltage generated by each cell= 30/60= 0.5V (since 1 module consists of 60 cells) Current produced by each cell= 8A (since all cells are connected in series in a module) Power generated by each cell= 0.5*8A= 4W (from the ratings) Power generated by each module=60*4W=240W(since 1 module consists of 60 cells) Since tolerance= + or -5% So, power generated by each module=235W Number of modules required for generation of 1MW= (10^6/235) =4284. Power produced by each string=21*235W (each string consists of 21 modules in series)

43 Power produced by all the strings=204*21*235=1MW.(since there are 204 strings)

COPPER REQUIRED FOR DESIGN:1mm2 size of cable corresponds to 2A. So, for 8A of current we are using 4mm2 cable. Magnitude of current determines the amount of copper required.

STRINGS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION:Strings are used for the improvement of voltage. Strings connected in parallel are called array are used for improvement of current.

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STRING CONNECTION PLAN SSM No.

SSM 1 SSM 2 SSM 3 SSM 4
STRIN G NO

STRUCTURE NUMBER 1-18 19-36 37-51 52-55,66-76 56-65,77-82,85-86 87-100,112-113 101-111,114,139144 115-132 155-156,133138,166-172 146-154,157-165 173-174,192-204 145,175-191

18 18 15 15 18 18 18 18 15 18 15 18

250K W

250K W

SSM 5 SSM 6 SSM 7

250K W
SSM 8 SSM 9

SSM 10

250K W

SSM 11 SSM12

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APP

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APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

APP APAAP

7. APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

1. SOLAR WATER HEATER:
INTRODUCTION:

47 Hot water is required for many purposes and the sun can be used effectively, efficiently and economically to provide this heat. The warming effect of solar radiation is obvious and it is well known that a container of cold water, left exposed to the sun will be raised in temperature. Solar water heating systems are designed to make convenient use of this phenomenon. Solar water heaters generally employ a solar collector and a storage tank. The solar water heating collector is by far the most designs of widespread solar and water energy conversion device and there heating systems. Construction and are several millions in use around the world. There are many simple collectors manufacture is easily achievable in most developing countries.

PRINCIPLE:
When the radiant energy strikes part is the surface of an part object, a may be proportion (depending upon the angle of incidence and the nature of surface ) is reflected, absorbed and transmitted through the object. With a few important exceptions, such as photovoltaic cells, the energy of the absorbed radiation is degraded rapidly to heat. The balance between the absorbed input energy and the heat loss to the environment determines the temperature attained. The heat loss increases with temperature and limits the ultimate temperature attained by a collector system. Maximum temparatures and maximum absorbent, useful power outputs are therefore obtained when a highly

well-insulated body is exposed to a high intensity of solar radiation.

HOW A SOLAR WATER HEATER WORKS:

48 Most solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage tank. Solar storage tanks have an additional outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. In two-tank systems, the solar water heater preheats water before it enters the conventional water heater. In one-tank systems, the back-up heater is combined with the solar storage in one tank. Three types of solar collectors are used for residential applications:

Flat-plate collector Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated, weatherproofed boxes that contain a dark absorber plate under one or more glass or plastic (polymer) covers. Unglazed flat-plate collectorstypically used for solar pool heatinghave a dark absorber plate, made of metal or polymer, without a cover or enclosure.

Integral collector-storage systems Also known as ICS or batch systems, they feature one or more black tanks or tubes in an insulated, glazed box. Cold water first passes through the solar collector, which preheats the water. The water then continues on to the conventional backup water heater, providing a reliable source of hot water. They should be installed only in mild-freeze climates because the outdoor pipes could freeze in severe, cold weather.

Evacuated-tube solar collectors They feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. Each tube contains a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin's coating absorbs solar energy but inhibits radiative heat loss. These collectors are used more frequently for U.S. commercial applications.

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There are two types of active solar water heating systems:

Direct circulation systems Pumps circulate household water through the collectors and into the home. They work well in climates where it rarely freezes.

Indirect circulation systems Pumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid through the collectors and a heat exchanger. This heats the water that then flows into the home. They are popular in climates prone to freezing temperatures. Now a days, because of the awareness of people regarding solar energy extensively. applications, solar water heater is being used

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2. SOLAR AIR HEATER:

INTRODUCTION:
Solar air heat is a type of energy collector in which the energy from the sun, solar insolation captured by an absorbing medium and used to heat air. Solar air heating is a renewable energy heating technology used to heat or condition air for buildings or process heat applications. It is typically the most cost-effective out of all the solar technologies, especially in commercial and industrial applications, and it addresses the largest usage of building energy in heating climates, which is space heating and industrial process heating. Solar air collectors can be commonly divided into two categories.

Unglazed Air Collectors or Transpired Solar Collector (used primarily to heat ambient air in applications). commercial, industrial, agriculture and process

Glazed Solar Collectors ( Recirculating types that are usually used for space heating).

PRINCIPLE:
A simple air collector consists of an absorber material, sometimes having a selective surface, to capture radiation from the sun and transfers this thermal energy to air via conduction heat transfer. This heated air is then ducted to the building space or to the process area where the heated needs. air is used for space heating or process heating

AIR HEAT APPLICATIONS:

51 A variety of applications can utilize solar air heat technologies to reduce the carbon footprint from use of conventional heat sources, such as fossilfuels, to create a sustainable means to produce thermal energy. Applications such as spaceheating, greenhouse season extension, preheating ventilation makeup air, or processheat can be addressed by solar air heat devices. In the field of solar co-generation solar thermal technologies are paired with photovoltaics (PV) to increase the efficiency of the system by cooling the PV panels to improve their electrical performance while simultaneously warming air for space heating.

SPACE HEATING APPLICATIONS:

Space heating for residential and commercial applications can be done through the use of solar air heating panels. This configuration operates by drawing air from the building envelope or from the outdoor environment and passing it through the collector where the air warms via conduction from

52 the absorber and is then supplied to the living or working space by either passive means or with the assistance of a fan. Ventilation, fresh air or makeup air is required in most commercial, industrial and institutional requirements. By drawing air through a properly operation. Many buildings to meet code

designed unglazed transpired air collector or an air heater the solar heated fresh air can reduce the heating load during daytime applications are now being installed where the transpired collector preheats the fresh air entering a heat recovery ventilator to reduce the defrost time of HRV's.

PROCESS HEAT APPLICATIONS:

Solar air heat can also be used in process applications such as drying laundry, crops (i.e. tea, corn, coffee) and other drying applications. Air heated through a solar collector and then passed over a medium to be dried can provide an efficient means by which to reduce the moisture content of the material.

SOLAR HEATING EFFICIENCY:

Solar air collector heat loss to outside air is lowest when the temperature of the air entering the solar panel is equal to ( or less than ) ambient temperature. This occurs with transpired collectors designed to the pre-heat outside air for ventilating a building. Space heating collectors are designed to reheat inside building air so the air entering collector is warmer than outside air resulting in some heat loss the glazing. Generally a transpired collector is not through

economically justified for small residences.

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CONCLUSION

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8.CONCLUSION
It is a well-known fact that the rapidly growing businesses and population are putting a lot of pressure on Indias power resources. Unfortunately, India is woefully lacking in all types of power resources, except one solar power. We take a look at what solar power generation entails for India and how it will change the energy scenario in India. Solar power entails producing energy from the sun instead of oil and electricity. Solar power can be an important source of power for India. These are the reasons why India should focus more on solar power:

India gets plenty of sunlight due to its proximity to the equator. It receives an annual average of 4-7KWh per day for every square meter, meaning the country receives a lot more sunlight than what it can use in a year, making it an abundant source of power.

India is a poor source for conventional fuel sources. It is dependent on the Gulf countries for its oil supplies. With the oil prices skyrocketing and the reluctance of the Indian government to hike the prices of LPG and kerosene, Indian oil companies are suffering major losses. Even electric supply in the country is unable to meet the burgeoning demands of the growing population and businesses.

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India does not have resources to pay the huge bills of the oil producers . The performance (Capacity utilization factor ) CUF depends on several

factors including the solar radiation, temperature, air velocity apart from the module type and quality, angle of tilt(or tracking), design parameters to avoid cable losses an efficiencies of inverters and transformers. There are some inherent losses which can be reduced through proper designing but not completely avoided. Thin film modules will perform better than the crystalline modules in high temperature zones.