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' I : I)rafted by Represehtatives of th& PUSAif';;: 'l'liN AGA IiA'A YA'I' or IjU'I'liltA, ancl the Aqtr; I j\4ALAYr\ COLINCIL Oli JOIN'l' AC'f lON betu,een. sI N { a _r r t l r c r r r o n t h .o ' r r r lA u g u s t , 1 9 4 7 ;u u l a 1 i 1 > r o v c c l ' l l v of Delegatesfronr thc .L)UTEIiA anil trvb Corrferences rlre ALI,-MALAYA COUNCII, OF IOINT ACTION orr J uly .4--.7,ancl on Angust 10,":1947 together with a t:ull exposition, arnclalr analysis.of the Government's (l)orlstitutional Proposals.
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Kuala Lurnpur Ta Chong;PressCo. Noyembcr 1947,

. .should be extended to those wh, " Political rights regard Malaya as theirr real home and the object o their loyalty." (Mt. Arthur CreechJones,Secretar of State for the Colonies).

First printed Novemb.er 19{7,

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CONTENTS
Ita g't' I'IIit' ((J<-rrrstitubionalund l-111{,1'111l111lliorr Politit,al l)t'velollrrcrtts

to l'i,1'tr6,'tt'1,cr frorrrScptcrrr'lrcr'1!-l4l-r 1947) Itr\ItT arrtl ll)xlrositlor) .., 1l-Cbrrsl,itutionrtl I)r'ol.rostls tl'er'ritor.1'(rvitlr erspositiort ; Oitizeuslrip (n'itlr t'x;rositiorr) l l i g l r t s a n < ll ) u t i c s t ' f ( l i t i z c r r s( r r i t h c x p o s i I i o n ) Alierrs (i.rr't-'rnrrrurt(5';blr oxlxrsitiorr) li'etlt,r'rrl (,,) l"tulclrrl J,c;4islutivc Asserrrblr' ( l r I l , ' t ' r k , r l l l , ) - l c c r t t i r -( cl r r r r r < . i l
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PAfrT I

INTRODUCTION.
ROM D E Y E L O P M E N TF S CONSTITUTIO}IA A L ND POLITICAT 1947. 1 9 4 5T O S E P T E M B E R SEPTEMEER

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l'hc Ut'rrltitutional Proposals and their exposition, s'hic)r follorv in llart l[wo, have been drawn up by the Pusat 'I'enagu lla'ayat and the All-Ilalaya (.jouncil of Joint Action. It is neceesary at the outeeb to review the political developrnents in Malaya duriug the $eriod eince the liberatiou of the oriurrtry frorn the-Japanese, It wae clear, lvlren the wor lvas over, that the pre-war systeu-r of ddruiuietration had to be drastically refomred, and. that, the <lumbersoruethreefoJd sbructure of Settleruents, Federated Malay States and Unfederated llalal Slutes should be replaced by u uuilied Bysteur of adurilistratiou under a stroug, central goveruluent It rvqs qlso clear, irr view of the fact that Sir Har<.ild Macllichael, the Special Reprcseutative of IIis Majesby's Governlrent to Malaya, arrived in tlre courrtry witlrin o ferv 'lveeks of the libelatioL of the conntry frolu tlrt Japanese li'asciste in August and Sepbeurberof 1945, tltrrt IIis Majesty's (Jovelnrrrent had prepared a ctiinprehensive constitutional scheurefor the frttnli', 'I'his congtit,utional scheure was outlilred by tlio Secletary of State for thc $elelies in Parliarnent on Ocfober 10, 1945, and rvas later erubodied iu ths White Paper " Malsynu lluion and Singapore " (Cornmand ti724) preserrtet to Pallianrent in January, 1946. Sir l{orold }lacMichael caure 1e Mslaya to take rvhat His Majesty's (Jovernmenb colrsider'ed rvas the fi,rst, step uececsary to itnpleurent tl-re policy of uniff ing Malayu (eicluding Singapore) uuder a strong central govet'urnet -naruely, to obtain tho forural agreerrrent of Their Ilighncsses the trIalaJ llulers to thc transler "of full polver arrd jurisdiction, in each of the llalay Stateu, Co llis |fajesty. The Strajts Settleurcn[s (liepeal) ilct 1946, follorved by thc ]Ialayan the steps uecessary to briug the new Uniou Order in Council 1940, courplet<.rd couetitutional schenre iuto efiect. Hie Majesty's Govemrnent {ailed, however, to consult the lleople of the country on the proposed reforms, ond the cortstitutional difliculties that have ensucd rr} to i,hcrprcsenb druy are the lesult ef tliis failure. 'I'he retlisttior of tlre iurplicatious'rrf the }lrrcllich.rel Agrcerrtcttt' irttt tlrr: Ilaluyan Uni<.rl Ortler in Council, 1940, led to ruounting oppositiou ol llre palt of t,he Mal,rys, rvhose privileged classesinevitably took grave exceptior to what t,hey considefedwastln atteurpt by IIis Majestv's Goverrrrnent to takt advtntag'e clf the unsett'led cit:ctrtnstiuces of that, tirue iu order to dt'privi '.t'heir HighneBses thc .Malay ll,ulcrs of their sovereign prerogatives. u'as led b.v repreuerrtatives of t,he Malal aristocracy, u'hos The opposif.iolr privileg'ed position rr'as iurruediatel.y threatencd b.y the Macllichael Agre.,rneut' fhe progressive lfala.y lioliticul parties partit'ipated iu the carnprr.iqa 61 ,.rlrposition, ruainly or.rthe ground that the }lalal'on Uniou scherqo had bee qllderuocratically imposed, provid.ed for an undeDlocratic constitution, atrtl b5^ - scparating Siugaporc fronr -tbe rnainland, disurcrubered Malaya. ihe }Ia-lays itso baa fhe support, both in Malaya a4d iq !b; Usitec

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I i i r r g < k r r r r , , r {{ ' o l r n e rr r r e n r b e r g of thc'Molayau Civil Serricc wh,r ruulisedtlirt l.lris t'lrrrrru-ilorr clf the uolitictl -iufl'uelce of tlrtr ldrritlv uristocrr<'i' rloultl r i t . l i l i v t r t r , . L r u p e r i i r l( i , r i e r n u c n t o f t h c . i r u r o s t : l s o r n l { i l i ( r s i r r l r c r1 , . ' t u t r , r r r g ' I l r i : t , ' s . , r t t t i . r l lti ' , , i o r r i l , l : . t : t t t t so f M r l l a y o . . -r\s rr lcsult of llrc widcsprcrd protesbof the llalu.l's, tho l]rritt,tl l\lrla.1's -\irtiural Qrglllisirtrolr \r'ris lorurod of Johore lJnhnr irr -$1a1', 1940, 1ts chr.rf ;tlcl;1 tlr lny irr tlre llally Nationalisf l'trty arrtl l;he.r\rrgkotan ltclurrttu lusaf, , .ir.lrich wclt, t,he otrlv trvtr. politicul lrurt,iesorguuistrrl on u }fula;u.rvide |g,rlir, ru)lr)tig ilrr: a*s<.rcirttiorrs ufbliatcd to tlte U,M.N.O. :j llot'lr t'lrcse olg:luisutiorls s()orr,w'ithdrerv,holvever, flour t,ho U.lvl.N.0., Lr:consr) t'f jtr un'tcluoc:ratic structure (the }Iala.y Nutionalist ])rrrt,1., fqr though tlrg ruost utturerically powerlul oI ihe ofliliuted ot'lliurrrjlrio,rs , t'..laruplr;, lra<fra votrug st,rt'ugth no greater thurr that of l,he suroll loeal rrsi;oclil(,rous rvi.tlr.a fraction of thc ruetuberslrill.of the M.rrlay Nationulisb Porty;, becarrsc ,'t l,ltc dictu[orial uret,hotlsof the uristocrati.oleaders of the U.M:N.t).; arrrl, irup,rltantil., because they feit that ,the policy of the tl .rr{.N.0., iri rrrore I<,rruulutrrd in this uttdernr>crutic nnd dictatorial uronlrer, rvas contrar';' 1,o tbe Hr t r r r u i r r t c r c s t so f t l t c M u l a y p e o p l e . 'I'lre result of tlris rviilrcrr'airalwos that ttre :di tl.M.n.O. becaure, ilutl st,ill "lr tt:rrtains, solelv tire r-,rgauisntiol 9f t[e ]Ialay erisliocr&o]'. 'llris l'ithdrtn'al, horvever,'seeured to grvo bhe U.ll.N.0. added favorrr ii, ru tlt,; o)rcrsof tlre ,vlaiayau ljuiorr (Jover'ntuetrt eiuce, soon rftet'rr'irrcls. irr i lr, , l r r i r t l l l ( i , i t \ r ' i r su r u ( ) u r r c c r i t l r u t l W o r k i u g C u r r u r r i t t e e htd lrccrr sct rrP, I ',,], 'l'trcr ttrlyt'estttttittit'r.rs tlte I\Irtlu"r,urt r;f t'rtruptrsctl of Irttotr t]overrtrrrsnt, of Iligfu;fii rr{,frsics t,ho 11t" irtrtl oI drarr ltttit,t's, LT,.Il.l{.0. to i[nll] tutigluI up rres'(-'g1sr llii .l'rulrosirlslor ltlrtlal'a, J' Irr oflror rr'ertls, thc trIalayrlrl ILriou.(Jor:clnlncul, hutl accclrl,ctl tLr of thc l-lalalt lrcrrlrlor.ult,lrgugft lti\l.N.O. ir.slclrt'csetttabivr: tfiis rros rrrllri{cst'l} rll i r r t h p v i c l ' o f r r r r t L u o r v i t , l x l r i u n ' ao l f l,hc trIalry Natronulist, Purt_1'r1d the tJ1 ,\rrg'Iiatriu l)eurutla Iusaf {rotrr the U.I{.N.O, Tor {ive tttotttlts, thig Working Coruruittee worked irr secret behind i1 hetv.'r' i:.lil tirltain trf silence. lh'entrrally its proposels'r!'erepublished orr l)s1'. 24, Il)41. I iit I lir horvever', discrtesicns und exchonges of opiuion hurl lrr t,lre 111gu1lwlile, l .t'n trrlcirrg plrtce between the representatives of vsrious poirticril parlties, tradr-. rrniorrs,1-outh organisations, and wolnen's agsociirtions, The Mtltv Nationalist !$; ?t; .l';rrtr'. rvhich frout t,he ver.y beginning had advocrted a united and tlerrrocrltic, [${ 'fJalar-ir irr opposition tc. the Malayan Union echertre,took t,he iuitiul,ive i1 llr discrrssiotts a , , n dt r v o d a J , s b o f o l r : t l t e l ' r o p o s r r l sn ' e r c | u b l i s l r c d , t l r u A l l - ' fn { L r e s e t r l a l r r r ' : r( . l r u r u , i lo f , I o i u t A c t i o t r \ v a B ; f u r n l e d , . T y i t h. $ { r . ' l ' u r r L l I c r 1 4 l r u r : k i r r ' I ' u ' o ( ' l r ; r i l r r r u r r . its r n o u t l r ul i l t e r ' ,l , h e l t u e i l t T e u a g ' u l l a t u y r r t , or "tlUiftr;lt,\" l n.* ,;stalrlished aftc'r' a pcrio(l of unprrecedented lrqlit,icnlactivitJ on tlrc part r,1 tlrc )Ial.ry rrrasscs. tli The All-Malaya Couucil , of Joint Action, which was iuaugurated orr I).,,ecrrilrrrr22, 794(i, iu Kuala Luurpur, is a federation of political pirties, trad,. wr trtiions, rvomr:n's associations and youth.organisations, conrprising rnernberl.s o[ all raccs dnd cln:;seson the basis.of sixiprincip]ee: ,ll l. A tr'rrit.cdllalava, juelusive of Sinqarrore. :'. A f ull.v-elec0cd'ceutral .lcgislature Ioo th" u'hoio of }Ialal'a.

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,'ur,,r',1 }fulrrva rrs Ilrcit'rcal ltt,trtt' l . i l t r , r l 1 x , 1 i l i r . ur,ilg , h t s f o l r r l l atrtl ne t,lrcobjcct of tlrcir )o1-alf-t'' llfa]lr..v $ n l 1 1 l s t ( f i l s $ u l u et l r e p o s i t , i o no f f t r l l y s o v e l e i g n i t r t t l 4.'I'Io c o u s t i t u t i o u u lr u l t ' r ' s , u t ' c e l r t i r t ot h t r a r l t i c e . t r o t o f l l r i t i s l r " i l d v i s t : r s " l r r r t o f t h c p r : o l l l o t l r t r r r r g h r l c ' t t r o c l t t i ci r r s t i t , u t i o r l s . i l . l f : r t t c r s o f i l r e | l l l s l i r r r l c l i g i o l l a l r I I l , r l a . r ' ( ' r r s l ( ) r rt , o l r c t t t t t l i r l t l r t r solr-.coutloJ of th,r l{ulats. (i. Iipct.itl tttention to lrt' lruitl to thc atl'r'ant'etuttnt of t'lie trIalals. 'I'lro f t ' r I ' l u r s e r l l r t , t ' e ' g ' r r tt'rtIl a l i r t l r l o l i t i r ' r r lr i ; 4 l r t s all tlrilrl prirrrliplr'-t.r1utp r r ut l r t ' i r l t , u l h , r r i r c , r t ' d u t t h e o l r j c < ' tr , f l l r e i i l o 1 ' l r l t r - - i s t h c | r i r t t ' i l l l e c n t r l t c i l t t t ' , I of Stul'o for bhc (.lolorties(II1. A. (lt't:trclr.Iottc8, b.y tho tlrerr l.lntler'-Secrt:tart' ,Stltc for tlt' N<rlorries).'llhe A.M.0',I.A. ('otriiidored this t,irrr tlre lJecl'et'llt' r.rf <tf tr{ala.ye thc ittr1, llow corrst,itution ptopltr itt for of carrlirral irrrport,rrtttre lrrirrcilllc tl'he nrain orgn,nisrttiorrs irr tlte r\lLMaloya Ootttrcil of Joint Action lrre to tlre A.M.C.J.A., tltt: thc }Ialuluu l)euroclntic {Irriorr, l'hich is Secret'ar.t' tr{alayon-Indinn Congress, thc l{rlt,r-ari Ne\r' I)etuoclatic' Youtir League. tlio tlre Malavatr Peollle':r Anti-Japanese l2 lYornen's Fedelatione in I[a,Li.1-s, Hx-service Colrrlltles' r\ssociiltitirt, arrr.| the il(X),000-strorrg Pr,n-I[a,]avar, 'l'rarlc Unions. Tlre tottl llrctubcrship of the associatio;ls Iietletrltion of 4(X),(X)0. r , f t i l i n t c t lt o t l r o A . M . C . J . A . i s a p p r o x i t r t a t e l r thc bccrr ltrd b.1'o,t'" of lhc rrtosl dishcs A.IU.C.J.A, Sirrco itrr inc,e1'tiotr, 'I'uu (irr;4uishetl public figurcs tr{uhrvr ltns lrroduced-tr'Ir. Chcrrg' Lock, Lj.l}.1'1. Ilcfur.e.<lrrlirrp a r r t l l f t e l i f s i u n u g u l a t . i o n ,L L r rr \ . - N l . L l . . L . l \l.r r r s h a d t h r , guirlauce, assistunceatxl support of tho pteruicr }Iaiaylx rrcfit,of t,lrt, i111r'it:o, rvhich ie ulso thet lalgcst untl the rrrost 1l'ogressive o{ !bepartr', irc,lit,icul 'lire sir ]ittioralist, l)rtt't"1.. llrllrr)' politicul plltir:s--l,lru tr[rr]u,r. lrritrciplt:: oi l l r c A . l I . L ' . , L l \ . r l r : r r r t l r i t r v t t r t p i n f r r l l c o n s t r l { t t ' i ( ) l r l i t l r l , l r u l e u d e r uo f t l r . ' -Ntula.y N atiourrlist'I)u.rty. c , l I l ) { 7 , 6 1 , "[ l r r l a l ' N u t i < i r r r r l i s -tl ) a l l , y ,a s s i s f t ' r l ,r v o r r r o t r t l t s I ) r r r i r r g t l r r rf i r ' s t t lrr- the etroug'r:stof tlrc ,Mnlt1' youth olglnisttiorrs, tlrc Angkatiln f)eruutlit illegrl by t,lreatrtocrat,ic nn<I rrrrjrtstdecree of thc Gor-et'rtor Irrsnf (norv declar:ed <,{ t.he }lula.t',rrr {Tnion) clrricd orrt 1tr}{alur,u-wrcte carnlru,igrrlrgainst tlrrr (iorrsl,itutioutl lVorking Corrrrrritter'(r'orrsistirrg' of the reprcsctrtatives of tlre '['lrrit' Ilighnc'sscs., thc Ma'|a.r'Ilulers arrd of lIuln.1,n11 IIniou Goverirrrrcrrt,uf t h e U r r i t t t l M t l t r . l ' sN t t , i o l r t l L ) r ' g l r r i s r r t i o t t ) . '-flrclt-,trlers o f t l r c l l u l u . y N r r f i o n u l i s tl;) a l t l ' l ' r r d t h t ' : \ r r ; ; ' l i a t i t uP e t u u d a llrrotrghoul l.hetouuh.y criplainirrg to the }Ia.lay lroulrlc sly thr:-*,' Insill. trrrvt:lh,rd ('trrrstitutit,rralltroposulF \\'el'ri undt uructatic aud ugairrst lheir' ft ut' itrtt't'erttr.. R tgA ,9 4 7 , o i t l r e i f h e f l ' r r i t o f t h i , : c u t t r P l i g r rl ' a s t l t t r b i r t h , o n l r ' e b r : u a r ' 1 ' 2 ? 1 rt ( l t t ' o 1 , , . ' * o r o f l t t l i t t r i l l l r r ' r r , r ' . r t c c , n s i s t i n g F l o n t ) " l ' I J ' I ' E I L A , " -ltrrsrrt'.1.'enagu 1 the llllay l{atiorralist Purty, thc,.lrgkata.u l)omrrtlii lusaf, the}easatrts' Uniol, I tlie Angkat,an lVanit,a Sedala (Anukened lVomel's lJniou) arrd $f other srualler rissociations. Thc totr.rl nrerubcrship of thq I)UTEIIA is rnore than 150,000. 11'lsl'ouncrl ou l,ho basie of tcn priuciplcs, thc first sis bcing The PIITllili[ i d c r r t i c u lu ' i t h t h o s c o f t b o A . M . C . J . I . , ' n ' h i l t ' t , h e r c r n a i n i r r gf o u r w e r e : 0 h a t .Ualay sLbuld bc tla oflicial larrgulge of tbe countrY; that Forcign Afiairs oud
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/')

+
I)eferrce of the courtl')' should bc the joint rospc,nsibility of the govcluurerrt of ]IalaJ'a arrd IIis -Nlajcsty's Goverunreut; tirat the telrrr "Mela;'u" shouirl be, tlro title of any citizeuship or uabiorral status in lt{ala1,a; artd that tlrr.l rrutiorral flag of the oouutry shoulcl iucorPorato the Malay uatioual colouls. rl'ogtrther'.thc l'UTHllA rurd tlie A.ILC.J.A. hrvc a tottl nreurbership, throug'lr tfitir oftiliutoclolg'auisrrtions, of u[rproxinrntely (i00,000. Together.thoy irtcludo 6ll the Malu;,u-r'i4e politicu,l br-rdies rvith tLo eliceptiou of tjre ru.isttro'utic urrd United }lalays National Orgunisutiou, aud of tlie "ullgsryabive Ljouuuuriist l?arty of Mulayu rvhioll, though lt is not, uud has uot been a ureurber citlrer the of l)tlTllItA or ,\.-M.0.J.A,, has dec'luretl its suppolt, of their 'l'his rueaus that all the nrost politically corrsci<.rus eleprouts of tho irrinciplcs. I,t)ople of thc countly givc their supporl, to tl-roso orgauisations on t,he oonsritutionalissuo. Siucc lLe forrnatiou of tire I'UTUltA uud bhe A.I[.C.J.A. t,lrcseorgirtrisations havc slrcrtsoled rrrass deurottstrrltions of prcltest l,girirrst thc Oorurt'itutiouu,l h'oposals of the TVorking Corrunittee, aud iu suppor.t of the principles of tlre I'IJTBIiA a,ntl the A.I[.O.J.A., throug'hout the length arrd breadth of the country. ljuch denorrstrotions have been held at Siugapore, Kuola Lunrpur, |etraug', I{1lr.lgr:4, Ipoir, 'I'uipirrg, Johore l3ohru, Kota l}a}rru and Krrout,an, urrtl in i1 l6rge nurtrllerlol sruailer torvng all over the corntly. Ever:y ureetin!{ in the r,rajor torvns n'ts atl,eilded by sevelal thousands of all races and cltrsses. 'I'lrese rrrass lreetings have been urrique in that they deuronstrlted, lor the firsb tirue iu Malaya, uuited political action on the part of all races and ciasses of the people. They have olso beu nuique by reas<.ru of their size trtr(l lnllrber, slttrlyi11pl vt't'.1. cleally the colid sulrport givorr to tlrr: lltlTUI|A und l,lie A.M.C.J.A. by the peoplc. Both organisations anD()uucod thut l,l-reycould not uccepb t,ho ltropouulu tlrawn up bfthc \\'orkiug Corurnibtee, in vieru uf tire urrdcirrocruticruauu.,r' irr rvl.ich thersc l)rop<-rsalshad beeu drirwtr uP irr seclot consultatiou wibh rueurbersof the }Inlay Lrristocracy;aud iu view of.thr: failrrrc of the \Vorkilg Oouuuittee Proposals to eurbody thnse provisious rrlrich aro cgscutiol to ou; etable constitution for llalaya. Iu Prrt Two , of this book, we have aDalyBed the Corrstitutioual l)r'oposuls of the \Yorhing Coruurittee. It is suffioielrt, to suv here thot the.r' rvill per;lettratc llalavo as o real colg1y rvith all lcg'islal,iveolr(l executivc poti,er . iu l,Le hands of llis lfajest,l"s Governureut through the Seoretrry of .Stotr: for tbe Colonies and l,htr IliSh Coruruissioner; und that they propose arr eru1rt.y ar.rd d.angerous typc of ciiizcnship, which rvould prevent the stable developin Mtlaya. rneut of uational unitv und dcnroc.r'acy tl'her Sec,r'etary oI Stafe for the (iolonies, His lCxcrcllcrrc.y tho (ioveruor'(-ieneral,. aud llis llxcollcricy thc Goveruor of the trItluyarr linion, gtv,,r lrequenl, assurallces t,ha[ lo-fiual decision would bc takcu ou tlre Proposal* rrutil nll sections of thc'Ieo1,le hotl .beeu frrlll of the lVolkiug Oourruit'tce. coueull,ed. ,\ltho'trgh tlrese pletlges $'el'e loosely pLluse{, it is derar thnt tlrc onl,r l,l'oper inlerplelaliou of tbese pledges is that, only t,he yepreecntutives of t,hos.e who regald ll4llrj'a us l,h6ir real ltome and as the object of their ' This inteypretatiou rvas also accepted by .tl-re l,ryalt'y rvoujrl be cc-,"Diulted.. '' I\rorking Couunittee; .-

5
llefersnce to l)age 10 paragrapb 27 of their.lleport sLorvs lhat,tLe lVorktlrcre rvill 61's 1't11t:hetl couclusi-crns us C;nirnittuo a"c"p1",l itr'oC'ib"t^ute final ('tltose lr'lr<r r'lr<r only' n l y . ' . ' . . , " " ' ."tltose .those l of f "tltose .and reuresentativeg" e p r e s e n t a t i v e g "o i"'nJ"."t"tiorrt consuletionB tuiti r and o

S"r,l*M;f;t"-or .lrorue ,tileir L-'--i;;;;" upioio", the clear ilrplication of i,hese-pledges rvts that tlrr': tJttiorr tlic }Ilrlal'trtt }Illlal'trtt tlttit'rrr rt'itli thc }e- coDsultu,t,ious cousultLrtiorrs rvitli r,olcultr.tiol* rtf"t.ra ,Lf"""ril to t6 t,oultl l,oultl LeLotnuJtotiorrr Governureut. ' '. tl[e uretlrod shoserr to irrrlllelrcnt t[cse plc{gcs \f ils tg set, lrl) it, _ gsagriltgtive Oourruittee headed lry r,, Qoy.jrorrroit otlicirrl (the ])it'cctot' ,-,f had. not l,hc shadou' rf tta""ution, Mrl. H. ll,. Checserrrari,; lt'hose -rtr-erubers ;iil'A t"l."..irf t)t,rr" tult, regarcled}falaya as theit'r'cal lt,ttrt'.,tl as
the obiect -'llhe of their luvultv. lirrritcrl its frrltcti'rtts tegus of rcferer,b.'gt t[.' Corrsttlt,ltiveL]orutuitt'ce interestetl individuals, c,rnrfor the views of "in a to that of a collectirrg' agelrcJ' thc L'onstitutioual Oonstitutior ^Ploposals rv}rich htrvo trItrlava on tlte in i{,,lava rluniiies oud groups"in [ceu publisheri-as i result of consultalion betwee-nth_eGovertrnretrt,and ]tri,lal' (See page 7 palngrnpL 2 of thc Ilcport of the (]onsrtlbtt'ivtr t,'at*r'u"i,oii""r.'; ()ornurittee), t ' tlher- rvas, itr foct, to be no "consnlt'ation or disclgsiorr" u'ith t'[rt' ('int,erested" palties (rvho tirt'ir' Italayan Uniol'(]overrrrnent-the .pre.serrted itt tr,, not, sttrl r'etltrired u'ere rvho arrd vien's"to the Corrsultltive [grnruittee tlogt c&ses clid not. regtrtd l[alaya o$ theil reul botne altd as tho objecl r'i their lor.ult.y) }eing tiuiited to thJ preseutatiou of cliticisrn or supltort fot' tlr,: l'ropoaais 6f tlte iVorkirrg Copuuitte,; -,rs thcy stoodl ' ' I n t l t i s r v a , r ' ,, , 9 o ; r p u t t u l i t y f o r t l i r e c t e o r l t a c t _ _ f otrl t ( ' . 1 ) r r l ' l ) o s (t's, f r l r s (:u8Bion rvibh tlie.represirrtntives'of fhc Malayrlrr LJlIion Govcrltrueutl r'r'ilr :nfor,l",l to'"the relriesentgtives of those and oul.y tlrusc.rvlro regald l{altytr os their real holne-and arl the objecb of their lol'ult;'." rvho regttt'd trIalirl'rr rrrutter frolr "represcntrrbivegof tbose aud only .t,lrr.rse, rrs bheir rcal horrie otrd as thc object'c,f thcir lotalt,y."' of i,lro preseuttr{,iou of ultt'a'ntrbivo. Il'o' lt'here rvos tlrcrcforo no pcrssilility -lrorvevet',(the olrjectir-rlr rvlriclr rveiglrt"l lrosuls. A rlo1e itrrlrortarrt olriet.tion, irri'ralilv witlr the iru'tDttA iurd tlre All-Malayu Council of Joint Action irr Colrtuiltue), u'lts.tlre ilocidinglrrot,to ;rresenttJroirvicu-s to tlre Consrrltati.ve ,litr-t of tlre vicrvs of ir'livi'lrrul* tho pl'qscrrtLrtic'n etrgrttrrtged tlrut t'lrtrtrtr:tlrotlndtDterl itrtcrt'sts s.nd grorrps wlro feltreserrtcd lrlirulrrily sectitlrrtl itlt(l coulltl(lllrrl tltl,r,s,"eveiy i1{ividrral and groull thaI preserrtcd viervs to tlre Ct,trsttita(iv,r ".uo, ."*pon.gible dithei' to hilirself uluttg, o-r' to . sotrtc itsstlcilttiotr tlollrnittee 'I'lro Cousrrli,trbivc (jorrtrrribtct' part,icular scction or crotnultlllib,y. torrresentins a ,r trrovided '' iuptptntiorr whigh, irr the ubeeuce of respousibility to the peolllo irs p r r r t i < ' r t lnr c l a i r n s o f l r t h e t o p l e s s i r r e s i , s t i b l e , t h a n h e otherwise irlolc, eorrl{'not , 9 o g q i r x ! t l r t l t l u i r r r so f o t ' h e r t : o t l t t l t t t l t i t i e s : t t t r l q c . r r l r ) r u l l i t yc l r ' s o g t i o t t l li r t t , e l ' c s t " s(-.otions: I'he proccdurq of the Consultativc Conrnitlcr,:, thercfoto,'dtrliben,tr:l.r' fostered infer-co-uuuunal aud inter-sectional hostilitv und jealousl,. wlto srrbnlilte,l . lf 1he narues.andrriel's of the yarious indivi.luals-arrd .gr:oups seen that thc alrorc rvill it be exaluined, are tho Q6mrniltt6o viewJto Crrnsultatril's pua\rsis of the efiect of the Consu'ltalite-0.ommitte'e procbdure is correct'

ilr"iri"al

on<l ts. the object of

l(,Ialty;i:

T : P,\nT TT .. '(jt.rrrsrrltutiveCourrlrittee .because: (i) they realised thc durrgels lefcrred r'lrove, (ii) tLel' fr:lt that the pletlges of "full &nd free ccrirsnltation" Irr ri] .CONSTITUTIONAL PROPOSALS AND trot bccrr ftrlfilled l"ry by this Ptocedure, arrd IrUTEll,A r)r'ocedure.(iii) since.'theA.M.0.J.A. arrtl PIITEIi \r('r_e (-'olrrponetland suplorted lry all the politic*l parties, the Pon-Mnlayurr EXPOSITION. l"ctlt'tltiolt of 'l'r'rr,<lc ffniorrrs and other groups rvhicli adhercd to tlrc priucipir.r lirirl tlorvrr b.1'51t" Urrtlcr-Seg:t-rtar:.y of Siule for tlrc Colorries,t1e tllITItrIlA arrd r\.lLU.J.A. wel'c tlrerefole the orrll' pr()per representt.tives of tlrose rvht, TERRITORY. lr:glrtlctl lWalnya as their real houre trncl as thb object of theil loyalty, and all -tlre nrrrjor provisioni of tlrc lrtoPos'uls 1iv,1-lrcr:ause tlrer le.iectcd_ ;f thri 'lhere \\:olking Corunittee which, they felt, although pryirrg lip-sei,vice to tho: r ; i ' " a l tT i c c l c r a t i o nt,o b e c a l l e r l sltallbe cstalrlislret principles {'trn'-laruetttal thaf, a lr'edcration shorrld be forrned orr the basis o{, '['anah 't M el ay tt, I,itt'lrrelshiP betn'ecrr.His }lajestv and Their Higlnresgcs t'he Malr.1' ltulr.;1s the Fe<ldr ationof M al :r y r r ,ol 'Per s ek tttuatt as sor-t'r'eignconstittrtional lrronarchs, and that <:itizenslrrlt si;crrld lre esi,,ndcld i:onsisting of the ni ne M al ay States of l r er al <, Sel angor , onlt'. to th.tse rvho reg'ardetl M-alavn as their holue and as the ob.ject of their io.1'nltv, did not put these cardinal principles into practice in theii. Proposals. Negr i Ser nbilan, Petl tang, J ohor e, Kec l ah, I( el antar r . I' onr vie*', the activities of the Consult'at'ive Cbrrrmittee were &n llr engganu and Per l i s anc l of Si ngapor e, Penang an( l t'lahorate farc.', ttteant to delude tlre people into belicving tlr.rb the prontise trf "full and free eorrsultatione" \r'ith-the''tepreoentat,ives-of thoso nritl otrl.y N{alacca. tlrose rr'lro-r_eg.1r{ Moluyo as their rcal horrre-rrrd the ohject of tlroir lovulty 'Ihe na.tne'rr l.'s6lsrtttion of l\fnlala, or Pclscktttttnn 'I'nnnh tl{elavrt " trrllilkrd. lrurl lrt,r'tf sriggested by the \{otking Corrrtnitteehas been ntlopted by rrs. p__rlr.ilt ;lrl . t l r i s t , i u r c , r l e r r i o n - r t , r ' r t i o in n rs r s u l r l r o r t o [ ( , l r el r r i r r r , i p l c s 6f t,lrc _ _ . jI''ll.J r1 i tl' 'J lVe aillrere in priuciple to tlro policy advocatecl by tlre Workir.rg Oorrrrt ct A . I I Jr,lillllA A:t rr t rttIl t l t o, rr r tt ll f.U.J.A. u re ejje ec cttiir rr rg g tl iro L l P )ropog ut r lrs , ls *f u t' 6 t t1 te t" Workirrg' thr-rtn Fedelation shorrlclhe fornred on the basis of ir parl,nership llet(lottttrtiftcer.-,slron'ctl rrrit,tee, ---.. clourlJ' tlrirt the of tr{rrlu1'x, 61l1roserJ ! 'l,l,v tir \r' 1s r ]v llcoplo -r-c.r.v ! ,--l-." the I{ulay llrrlers, rls sovcrei!{ll lJ.ajesiv ancl Their Highnesses 'Working rreen }fis infl_rreulisl"-uutl.plivileged.!.r'r'oups, grr,vetheirl rvholcheartcd',r,1,pr',r*iril to tlrrl the 'lrclrrbserrttt,tives (see of Comttrit,tee,paragrnphs Report monarchs c(,nstitutional sturrtl takeu L.1' f,111',s" orgnlrisatious tr) be tlre c,f t[<.,sc rv[,-. ' 1 4 , .22 and 27). rcgirlcl trraltvti us thcir rreulh,orrrc arrtl as thc objcii of their lovultr.." 'I'he Proposals of tlrc Workirrg Cortrtnit'tec, howevcr, 11<rnot, itt ottt' ln April of this .year,thcse t'n-oor.gonisatisirs . lppoiutcr'lrl ?onirnilfce ro rtt'aw up their Oonstitutionull)r'oltostls. 'I'heseProposalsrvcr.o'uobdrurvrr opiniorr, srrcceedin putt'ing tlris policy into pt'nr:tice: r.r;r,irr any secret oonolilvss, _but ale the result of co-nstlnt rellerclce t6 tlr (i) Tlre sovcreignt.v o f t h c M a l a y l t r r l e r s i s s h o r n ' o f r r l l r e n l i t y l r . 1 't l r . r.aliorts aesociationsaffiliated to the trvo nlganisrtions,'and have received i1 r.crluireilerrt thnt they ruust n('(,el)tthc "advice" of ITis Majest.y's (]ovct'ntttt'ttt' tilerir fintl state, tlre nnarrirnous i'-ccepta,nce a 'rrr]d t l r c B r i t i s h A d v i s e r n ,i r r t h c e x e r c i s eo f of all these assoc;ations in tlre t l r i o u g I t h c I I i g l r C b r n r r r i s s i o r r < l,l'o full (lonfererrces of delegzrtesof the PTITERA ond tlre A.Itf.c.J.A. culred their lntire legislative and exeerrtivo autholitt', with the cxception of urrttcls r r r rJ r r l ) . 4 t o 7 i r r < : l u s i v e , . a n o c r r s t o r n . ( S e e S c t ' t i o r r4 , M , , d e l S t l l t c A g l t r c " d n A u g u s t 1 0 , 1 9 4 7 ." of Muslirn rt'lig'iorr arrd I'[nlnv 'Ii'e.dclation I'Iis Majest)"s ()overunrent hts now, b.y the publi<.atiorrof its Wfiite rrrents, nntl Sectiorr 8, Drnfb Ag'reernent'). ('sovereig.n" ns npplied to n etn,bc cntitled SurtttttarJ'.of hqs tlrc'clear tuetning' thlt " Constitutiorinl Ploposals adopted by rvord , The 'thot ]lr1|qr, _Revis-ed'in thc IIis IIa.itstl-'s-(loverlrrlct!',"-irulicntod tlrat tJre conterrtsof exerciseof its iurisrliction to the inferfcrerrc,.' Whit'e Irapt'.r.r that stat,e is not srrbject ''n1 sont,rol oli nn.y alierr. govcrlnrrrtrnt. An,y requilenrettt that a lrrler sltoulti rirt' t'lrr: firrul dcr,ision of IIis Ma:ie,qt.t.'s. Govcrnnrerrt. , J.'lris tlcoisiotr, Lo\r'('r'(-,1', uol. tho decisi,-rrr firlul is t cltallt'lr' tlritr of the lreoplc r,f lfalrryu, " r r r r d e r t t k r , t o r r b c c l r b tlre advice" of an rrlien g'rivr,rnlrrett . _iB r r l r r . ,f u 1 l l ' r e a l i s e , t h r t i , h i e 1 \ ' l r i t e P a p e r i n o o r p t i l a t e so l l t l r e i ' c . , r . h i l g C o r r r - riisErrisefot tlre fnct that suclr "advioc" ntuottttts tn frtll sontrol, trtrl is tlrt,r'rrtrtittees,' P1sposal$, excepi, a ferv rninor provisious. 'I'he rrp,Jenlur:rut,itr fore incontpat,iblel'iih sovereigntv. cleoisiorr <.rfHis }laiestv's deoisiorr }lajesty's Governrnent pl,syajl o'er. Governrnent must not be allou-ed allou.ed to rrrevail 61,91 W]rether sut:lt "atlvitrtl" is given freqrrentll' or not,'n-hetlrcl it is itt'ctrlrte'l tltq rvtll tltt' rvill ol the people-of.Ifo_laya,_u'ho of tlto pcople oI Irlolaya, u'ho will continue l,o to opposethig Constitutiorr Constitul,iorr . r r i l l i n g l l ' o r n o t , i s b e s i d et h e p o i u t , ' n ' ] r i c h i s t l r r t t h e r u l c r r t t u s t ,n r , r ' c l l tt h a t firurly and unceasingly until a Constitution which meelJ with their approval annroval '" 11lyioe," rvlrethcr he likes it or not. is provided' for Malaya. ' ' nreaning of tlre rrord "nrlvicc" r'itlries rvith it tlte n<'cessaly The olrlinarl. 't,he Only the people"of Malayo have tho right of final decision, a,nd no couirlplicat,irlu tlrnt &dvice givert trrnv be reiecterl,^nt tlre rliscletion of thtr etii,ution imposed by auiocruiip methods will be accepted-!y them. ,lx,,rl:tiu arlvised. An "undetlilkitrg t,o accept ndvice" is thereforc & {i:)11trndictir-rn in terms,
Tlre Ptlill4l[r\ and A.]I.0.J.-A.. decidednot to snbrrril, thernselves to the

ECTION 1:-

. ft would he nhnost irnpossibleto stntc norc clent'lv thnt |[xln1'n is, ttnrlit' 'flr,' " r r n d o r t n k i n g t o t e e e p t n d y i e e " r i h i c l t w a s e o n t n i n e di n t h e f o r m is ploposed Constitution,'to be rulecl trrlur lVhitelrall as l (.lolotrr'. t l ' r ' n t l ( ' s..t.tth trr,ntios t l ) ( . r l rI.figlrr.resscs w l t l t 1.lrr.rir l - t t g l t l r e s s cthe ts h e llrlar. - [ ] r . l a vIlrrlers, l l r r l e r s , nud i s norv n o r v IcDeatcd i n tl n u r t is tl ] c p e a t c r l in i s d r a p c t o f o $ ' t r t ot't, a e f i o c t o f t h e W o r k i n g O o m n r i t t e e ' sP r ' o p o s n l s .\[ortel S{'ate A-greententsof the trI'orking Comrnitteo, is a legnl fiction denigne ()r'(rr dorninlttiorr thc colrminl plctences naketlness lUelessnnd trausllarent -sre, _of t<t conceal as frrl as p()ssil)lotlro fact tlret Rribish nrlc irr }Iala.vn, rvhcther j lrirr'ever, no longer allle to nchievtl tht''ir llrrrprjst' of rvhich the,Oolorrv of Singapore, or in tho Settiernent,s of Penang nnd'Malacca, or i ling this fact fronr thc people of Malavn. tlrc }lrrllv Stntes, is absoltrl,e nnd unfetteretl. f)opuuissioner <:un irirpose. ;a', (ii) On the other lrorrd, the I{igh *t'ishes, . rur} the rrnfotterod po, ttnder Sectiou l0l-r, if lll' gisloti6n His Majesty's Governrrrent ^ __'flrc f)turposnlsof tlre \\tolking' Oornrrrittcel)r'escl've ol IIis lft.iest1"51 Govet'lrrrcrrt irr ],fnlrrya, lnflct tl.r,r.clonk rf tlre sft'le le fdonsiders t h a t i t i s " e x p e d i e l t i r r t l r e i n t e r c s t so f . . . . . . . . . . . . g o o d l 1 t t t ' c t t t t n t ' t t t . ' ' Irs lllo\r lrat'c tlccoiverl prrst genclations, brrt. whiclr ore notv rro lon['e {i_crtiorrs words "good gover'nDlent" itl'e obviousl.y all-ctrtblncing. nhle to <'oncenlfronr the peoPle of trfalaylr the urrkcd fact t,lrnt,Mnlnyn is, frou lri.'., lVith these t,rvo pou'els-.of veto on the one ltrnd, antl of irripositir,u orr l)t:r'lis to Singallore, rr British colonr'. Chi obher-ib will be- seernthnt the lletleral f,egis.lntive Assonihlv rrill bi' ielative onlv in rrallle, u:rd rvill, in fact,, lre as powerless as the "Advisor.t (ii) 'Ihis fuilurc to place tlre realitv of noverciRntl in the hanrls of th il" which now exists. irnpossiblc it mtde the llrrle,rs for to \Yorking Coprrrrittee plnce ther 1\Ial-ny irr the position of constitutional :tronarchs. 'l'hc

(b)

tN THE MALAY sTATE8,

i, Section 4 of the State Agree111ent, reatl in conjunction with Sectiou 9l, a sovereiqn rrtler u'lro i and 106 (2) of the li'ederation Agreement, places exactly tlre. sarrle.po\Yel's arrtlrority to tlrc clectecl relrr:esentatives of his people.. Tlris, for instance AiLvise,t'sjn is cltrat']r,. ve-to and iirrposition of iegislgtion_irr -the. hands.of ihe Briti* tlre rrrcnning c.f t,lre terrn "colrstitrrt,ional tnonnrclr" as i t i s n tlrc in Fe<Ierat'ion' Ifolay Stotrie os ol'o lreld by the High Colnrrtissioner trr' I{isr }fajestv. Tlre lequiretuents, therofore, ttrat Their llighnesses slrould rrndertake io . 1 ' (c) lN THE SETTLEMENTS. "aceepb orlvice" plecludes thern {rorrr being either soveleign or cohst,itutionol, .,since the stftrits settlernbnts (Repeal) Act 1946 dirl not irr ony wur' since, <)nco t,lre sovereign l)o\\'ers. Jrave lleen transfen'etl lly srtch an ttnder'- , triking to ri.rr nlien pon'cr', thcy cnnnot be delegatecl to the elect,ed repro. ol{cr the status of l)enrlg and I\{ahcca as Cros'n Colonies, tltere is, of crrursc. ni-'(uestion but thut fuli legislative and execrrtive authority retnains irr tiirr serrtrrtivcs of tlrc pcoplr:. bands of His Majesty's Governrnent tlrrough t'hc Higlt Colnluissioner antl 'I'lra,t, ftrll leigislativoand executivc Porver is vented, rurder the lVorking tbe Itesident Cornrnisnioners. (,'<,ntlrritteels Proposals. in His Maieetr"s Governnrent tlrrorrgh the IIigh ..'..- Thai full legislative'arid executive arrthoritv is to be vested in the lliglr .ad.l tho lJr.itish Advisers, is rnade very clenr bv (lcrrurrrissioner a refererrcc !o L'lornnrissioner is llso expressly stnted in paragraplt 20, page 8 of .the lleporf the Draft li'cclerationAgreenrent (Sections 8, 17, bb, l1T, b8, gl, 10b ontl l()0), pf the Wor[i1g Cotnrrribtee.-r6... ilternal affai1g oI .aut]rbritv ' in t_he. nnd to the Motlel Sl,tte Ag'reenents (Section 4). the tr'ederationl rvhetlrer leg'islative, executive, or adnrinistrative, 'n'ill l,'-' clelegatedto the High Comniissioner by tho ioirrt act,ion of His llajcstv arrtl l'he c{fect of t,lreseprovisiona is as follorvs: Yely fiighnesseg." (a) rN TftE FEDERATTON, Thii is merely o tactful woy of sa;'ing that Their Ifighnesscs dclegrr.tc, to tle Rlitish Govenrrntnt, arrcl tlre effect, therefore, is to niak,' authority Frrll cxecutlve'authority _rl, ni e._our!e, ent]1el-yin the hands of the T{igh aiterotion iu the Malayan Union policy of perpetuating the colonial stattrs reel no corrrrrissiorrer .rrder scction 17 of the Draft Federotion Agreer*ent. of Malaya. If rrll leffislative authoritv also rests in his hands: ( i). I{c ciln. vet'c ,,,rr1' legislation panserl b.r' the lrorlerl.l Legislativrr in, 1,5uposition of ttuly Boyereign nld trulv constitutional tttonarclts. 'Iho {ull impleuentation of the Fetlernl policy rvould also rtecessitatt' ,,\sscrrrbl'r-. lrv rvithholrlirrg liis assent undei Section'57. Section bT ( 3 ) e h o w s r ' " (iii) ('leul'll tttotrtrr:lr, of bonstittrtiotta.l that it 1vlrsintcrrded tlrnt tlris power to rvithholtl assent slrorrld be tlre assuruptir.'n of the the position position of \rer)' constitrrtiotta.l 1llotrttrclt, lly I[aiestv of assurupti<.'n llv liis Itajesty -people nl suclr terlitories forrnerlv 9f t|e a real veto power. it, to defi1er! relatiol in havi we As, &s cle to be brought into That Malayo is to be, in practice, a Crown Colony, is confirrned by the included in the Coionv of the Stroits SettienGnts the Federat'ion. tords of this sub-Seotion: "'When r.Bill is presented to the High Com.: , The fact tlrat the Si,raits Settlenrents(Repeal) Act 1946 did uot afiect l r r i s s i o n e rf o r h i s a s s e n t , h e s h a l l . .subject to............&[5r insti.jctions position of Penong and Malacce aB aolonies,eosily escapedattention in lhe., titklressedto hilr. ..througlr a Secretary of State, declare tlrat lre assents Proposals,sispe l,lre whole-of }filaya wa,s to.be Courruitt"ee's t.ho iVorking or lefuses to pssent thereto...........,"
rttottal'<ih is

l0
'

1r

l r r o r r g ' h t ,i,n f a e t , , i f n o t i n l c g n l i s l , i ct h e o r ' 1 ' ,u n r l c r t h o d i r : e e t n r l n r i n i s t r n lTlti, tendenev comnlet'slv orcl'loolrn, in ottr sien', tlto long and elost' ' l ' l r i s h i s t r r l ' i r ' arl r n i i r ' of TIis .t\lr.iest'.y's L{ovet'nlne,trt as n colonv tlhc rlcfirril,ionof coust,itutiorralrronaft,h given ntrove $'oul(l lot. lrow l s t o r j e a l n s r o c i a t i o no f S i n g a j ' o l e r v i t l r t l r e r r r a i n l n t t r l . . iic.forged o sense of unit'r'.t'1,i,,h. before tl)c u'nt', over-t'o(le,nnd toclav still tvt'r', itrelrrrlc JIis ,r\[:r.jestv irr relation to t,lro pcoplu of n colonv, sirree l[i and legalistic differentes of statrts. This ier.rides, t,lre nrelell' 16'si111i1rrrl llrr icstv's .jurisrlictiorr over suclr peoplc is delcgnted, not to tho clocl;crl rr rrnitv t'elche,[ rr tic\\'le1'tl .,1 <tlnstliotrsttess dru'ing thc three-and-a-half 'l,rirserrt'ntivcs of '"of of such people, llrrt l;o tlro clcctcrl lcprcsenttt,ivcs ()f tlto I otrt,ttltrltiotr. ,fn;ranese Frrscist (xr(rlllllttion. is"of ,fnpanese rf' Cllent Rritain and Northerrr frclond nssernbledin llnr'linnrcnt. pr:escrrt-streugth ofl tiris serrse of rrnitv-cnn }e shr,rt'tt, for_csanrple. The 'I'lro full ilrplcnrentntion, t,lterefolc, of t,lrc policy of r.r'ontilrgr Fedelrrt,io of t 1 n,nd l,ll(t r tlrc ,rrc I politi<.nl I'a.n-tr{nlnvan ' t l r l - l r t i r r r t . ) ' t l i Ifetlerntiorr the ,lle I thnt l]lrt I l{tla,1'r \IiIIa,)'{I i the Ilre l foci &ct t )(}lltl('nt l |nrtior )nft'los o l , r i s c r l, r n t l r c p n r t ' n e r s l r i l r , f I I i s t \ [ r . i c s t r ,n . n d l f l r c i r I I i g l r n e s s e sn s F 1 y 1 ' 1 ' 1 . 6 . i 1 4 jde llasis rv]rich incltrdes org'nniserl otr }[xlrrvn-rv irre 11 IInions, Trode q , o n s t i t r r t , i o t rr r tr l o n l r r , l r sr v o u l d i n v o l v c l ' h e f o l l r l n ' i r r gf o u r e s s o r t . i n l s : ':j' pore. (i) 'l'hc vcstirrg in Thcir lligtrncsscs of nll tlrc r.ights, prcrogttircs Ii lhar l:een sugg'egted tlrot it is for the "denrocratic" legislatures of to thc R,rrler of a sovercign stntc. Ix'\\'('l's rrlrploprinte on, tlle the rnclusron inclusion ot of Nurg{rpore. IIIIST to ir${ree the ll'ederattou $inga,pore. This, ngree on I,'ederatiorrto ngapore ancl and t,lle i.i,rngapore 'Ihe (ii) dclegation by Tlteir Iliglrnrrssesof frrll leginlntivc and cxceut'i ih bur vien', is a suggestion rnrrkr only to delay the set'tlement of this qtestion, to tlre clccted I'epresentri.tivee of their people. l,r)\vcr"s Binae no acr:ount wliatever rvas tlkcn of the-wishes of the people, either iu (iii) 'lhe delegation by I{is Mtjesty of full legislntive and execrl thc, inclusiop 6f f)enrlng and tr'fa]accninto tlre lrederation, o1 in the exclusiou Ii()\r'crs over *ush territories forperlv includecl iu the Colorry nf the St,rrit irf .''Sirrgapore; uroreover, tlre proposed legislatures referred to al'e noU Settlonrents as are to be inclucled in the Fecleratiorr. to tlre elected idemocratic. sentatives of the ;'t'"r'"3'rlh reparation of Singa,pox' fronr the nrainlanil has, fher.efore, -leil to h',lggp nnd grorring resentnrcnt'an)ong the people of }falnvn at thi'{_arbitrar.v o { the vnriou.s Stateg nnrl Settlements, of srrch poivers os woul(l be necessar rrud'autocratic nction on thc pnrt of IIis Majestl,-'s Governntent. The, over'I o ernsul.ea strolg centrol governrnent, to the Ferleral (]overnnrent. rr;lreluring rveiglrt of opinion, both in Singupor:e and ou the ruainlartrl, haii We have inborpornted these four eesentiais in our Proposals. been, antl still is dernandinp'the irrclrrsionof Sirrgapore. Yer.y strong constitrrtional bonds n'ill be^ estolrlishcd by tlre nssociati The denrnnd has gntheretl nrldcd forr,c front the experience of the pnst of Ifis lfa.iesty in a. Fedelntiorr of this type. Snch an nnsociation of t,h ('lle-and-a-half veais, since thc les{olation of civil governrncnt, cluring' whiclr sovereigrrty of the Ilritish Olorrn rvith that of Tlreir Highnosses tlre Milla; tirno it hns lleeu convincinglv denronstraterlthat the neparation of $ingapore Ilulels l'orrld ruean that thc sover'eigntlr 66 the Fedelat'ion of Malaya in nnd re,srtltsin great adnrinistrative from,the regt, of IUnlnl'1 is trncrcotronric, r'orporatetl t,he sovereig'nt'y n1 the Britigh Qrorvn, nncl q'orrld tftun estnblish difficulties ancl anomnlies. r'loier lesocia,tion of the Federation with the Rtitish Crorvn than exi.stq ir t Thi. nrbitrarv rlecisiorr,nrnning counter: to the whole historical developtlrc case of the l)orrrinionr, rrhose novdreigntf is nrore looselv nssooiatcdwi rrrent of Malava, and to tl're lrresent vital need of the pgople for a constitutional tirnt of tlrc J}.itish Crotvn. focus in the fornr of l geuuine citizenship based on allegia,nce, cannot buf, lcatl to the irnpression that iurperial interests continue to over-ricle the intereste an(l \-elfol'e of tho lrtropleof lfnlavn.

, CITIZENSHIP.
tirnt it is not its policy to includo Singapore in the Federotion at thc preireu justifv this policy. tirnc, brrt given no eubstantial reoson to justifv btrt lrts given eubstantial re&son policy. tTis ITis lI,rjesty's lI,riesty's_.-Governnrent Governnrent ha,g clearlv .etated, staterl, hou'ever, hox'bver, thnt it is i to inclnrle Singapore in tlle }-ederation Federotion at solne frrture tinre. N I lrolic.1' 1rolic.1' ldcqurtte esplanation,.horvever, hns been'given of the eircurngt,ances l'hic rrrilittrte againsf imrnedinte inclusion. There appears to he'a tendencv on,the part of His Majest)"e G gome rtovel ir,clusion of to treat l,roat tlle the lrrcluslon the Federation oe Sonle ntolll lrrctrl to rrt irl tlle of SrnffApore Singa uovel nn! "U'ecteretlon t[8
rrnforeeeen pr.oposal, never previously considered .or suggestetl, arrd wlrir:h

SECTIOIII 2:of Malat'a.

This citizenshipshall be a nationality, to be termecl

".Melayu," and shall carrv with it the cluty of al l egi anc e to the Feclerationof Malaya. -NOTE:-The term "Melavu" shall have no religious implications whatever.

h,

, It is neeessal'\r,at the otttsc,t, tlrnt cettain tertns slrould be carefullv snd corefuleonsiderotion boforean)'X leriotl or intervol for deepdelibeyglio* arrnlysed and defined further nctionie tsken, : , . .','Citizenghip" is the status of those wlto orye porm&nent gllegidnee to I
t

tlrorrgh adrrritted to hnve Bonle possible advontages, is {t step that requires

12
B stnte lry ro.s,o.rof birtlr, nntrrrnlisotion, or (in tl,e cnse of worrren) nrorring.r 'citizerrahill "N ntiorrulif.)" iB, in its llolitir:al eclrsc, rr)'l(,n).rrroll$with 'I'lrc essentiul .ttflbl,t* of both eitizenshif aird uationolitv is the tluty o allegi:rn<:e to the state.

l8

ar being of two classes:-(i) Citizens, and (ii) those who, though not citizenr owo permenont allegiance to the United States. . ^.This exarnple -ser'veg-to sh_orv that, nlthough it is possille .for &lr

particular statq to distinguish arbitrarilv-between*citizenshii and naiionali by using these two rvordsto distinguishbetweenfull natiorralsarrd.nation c,f au inferior status, yet, erren when this is done, the cornruou basis

ii tl

r1
rl
il
il

il []

J)ermanendallegbass remains. Thnt citize-nship gnq nstionslity aro generally accepted as bein syuon\rmous, and that botb these terrns connote permanent allegiance; 'William sholr'n in the coirrse of the trial of Joyce. The Attorriey-Geiie 'i,citizens, S i I T . r f l . ' S l . o " ' a r . n q o f ^ ^ * . ' l ^ i; L;.,.-^-:-JJ;^^,,;^J'i.^:ai-^. Sir Hartley Sharvcross,for example, in his opening ^ address, uded suljects" inter-cha-nggably, 'British i,.ttd "British _ and lt was cleorly &ccoptc,

ii.tilg,'d,ij#

trial that the very basig of

us6ienrllity waiiallesiinr

li

'fhe riglrtx 'Ihe riglrt.r tlho i]nclividrrot owed by the citizen in roturu f<lr the prrrtdctiou ie thti ststr' whiclr nll ofher tho ituirll' part 3f tlrrtles of citizeir corre"poncling", on ' olfords. The nncielt definition of allegionce, Rlir<,kritone, 'eubject tol-instarice, by i:ilizerts(th{rt is to sar', of the state), and vico vers&. u'highntill holdsgoorl, is "the tie .or ligameut'which bindc lire to tho ,l{t*l.lQrrl+on feel lo5'alt1, Ellcn a lne citizen derrroorotic glve-nn(l-D&['e basis give-nnrl-take a (teutoor{rDlc baslB c1n ctln th9 cl[rz !'li.,vllrv cln strch Eing - in'r'eturtt for thnt Drotectiorirvlrich the Kinc afiorrls the euhiect.'l .' state; only tltrrs etrn c,itizenshipbe associ:rtgdwlth loyalty. ilthe Such "prrltection" lirust today be n4dely iuter[reterl to cover the geinerai :i1'It waar'we suggeot,for there ,"^io.,, tfiat Mr. A. CreechJoires,of thab -of ndministlotive function of. pnornoting the ,welfare the people, as well as ti.-1ii{ipndgrtsecretorv question with the .question of State for the Colonies, riieiUnder-Seeretory Colonies.iu rleriling -with nrilitary and police protection. is opinion, of:citizenshipfof tfala5lg,.laid.downthe principl-e 'devotion yhi"!, in-our "Loyaltv'l ie, in it6'constitritiorral serrse,the eentiment of to iitat irnportbnce,'thai'"political firost''^c6ntral righte....-'....should ani ,af'jttie $ Btste on thepa-rt qf those who-eive,!h9i11u'illing alleginnce,,to that etatg,l .[e,,e5!e1{9{to those who'make Malaya t\eir real homp and the object of their 'of and u'lro regard the territory that stat6'se theii'real-home. i
Iiolalt.v ornnot be odequately defineil without reference to olleqiauce. The ordinary risage of words confi11l1s tbat a man connot be suid:to.be, "loyal" to s4 nlien corrntr;.r fi oo-untrv trl'u4riblr hb dois not belong, 1o:which

i1;a1qc]rV;-drltios ',il" lll eollnl tnetlsuro. ,r'r.: *ilegir,"""'l,I'ii-il;i ti;i"'J"fiifill"i'ffi#'u.,i't,',','dl'1,'li1?li'"J'll,ll''l';u g1o not sepnrntb distinct. ,luti"t. llrorcovor. sepnr6t'c ond <listinct. rnd nti,i dutiee, ti,nt",ruut.grc ;l;;'r.hiqtiie nnrl i',','"-Tliglite rrutiouufit'y,

tlrc Orou'rt:l,ho ollogirrnco of such lroraons lvould. orr ucrrrririnq citizenehiu. I trttneforr(trl to FIin }Io,iostv ond 'llh-eir Highuonaeithe }fnlrtv ilulors joiPtlv.

"Allegiatrce" is tlte generol .drrty which etnbraces oll ths dutics whicir tbe citizen owee to the stnte: it include3, for exnmple, the duty to obide by fhe constitution, to obev the law's, to'defend the bountrv, etc. -,rf .divid^eil.allegionce i9, in our opinion, a contradiction in terrps, arrd acquisition of citizenship under our Proposals therefore means the renunciatiorr of all other allegiances. ft is to be notod, howevor, thot thin renunr:irtion viill lob ureotr, irr, the (|rrgeof British subjeotn, a trarrgfer of $lleBinnoe florn

in the hnntln of the peoplo, Iriive liy pla-cing-thenr|niiistrotion of goveiinren1, thrpugh thoir elected rtpresentatives. Itl .l this question of tire n-ecessity the part of citizens for co-operatlo.n.on

hfiis"deutimerit of lovalty resulls fronr the recognition lry the citizen the stote affords hirn prote6tion .and prtlrnotes his rvelfare'- - ft is qenerall5' epted to{av. |owe:ier.'t[at the stlte-cannot protect its citizens effcctivelr'=efiectively prornote their. s'elfarc,, withoub their .co-opul"!i?1, o11,,"t11i is co-otreration can.,ot be elicitecl wilhout' the recognition-of serfoin_political r/rt: to tlu ths peolle collBenE oI gncl, in obtoining tllg tlle coise.nt of tno in porttstllur, po_rticrrlor., $'ith.out \'ltllout oht8lnrng qegple f,o r'lghts, itrt1,'a0a,

as we shall ehorv loter Ituir,'doti"r ("nn6"rig6ts),and it is signiffssnt,_ duties become ou.r,?1oP98u,lf '.1l3lr^these e3:planation.of ,T. ,section'3.of llf.'imnortant when one of the friends is in trouble. hbse diitiu" between frienils Bre tbe basipof mutual trust, end are thc is connoted by thg word "loyolty" !.q{p.?sof tl* tluty of allegiance v'hicJ:r sens-e. /n .rtF constrtutlonal.

That, lovaltv s6nn1)tes drrties is seen in thc ordino,ry courBe of hlrmnn w urre mutual acklowledgrnent duauu connotes tho llluuu'rr pnships." Derrlelr frielrds UOIIIIUUvd lIIeIluB, OnSnfDE. f-royaltS'betrveen lOVa,lE\r

ii the qoveinrnent, rs to be efiectiveiy atlministered ie treated ii greater tletail of the provisioirs of Section 24. in, ogrlxplanation 'mr.^ --^r:r:^^l ; '1 al rt l , 'Thb.'political --'-l-r---t.:-l- !-i.^r. ^ -^^^-*:-^-l :r + L^ ^^ ^*x--ti^^-rl the co-op0ration anrl .r'lti"l, musL L he riglrts recognised if coneent of citizens is to bc' obtninerl, luugt. howover, bc oornuloitguratewitlr thb''dtrtiee'wlrich tho sttto deruatrls of its r:itizens. Ilislris u'ithout dutics 'Ihers rnrrsbbo rlrttit'n sloverv. 'Ihers llo rights nrrtl rlrttit'n inlonnrchv: drrtios without without lights,ir liohts ir sloverv. riqlrtg nrrtl urrrsb

(.lorrtrnittee. ;;'ivel to it bv t,lre Proposnls of t'lre Working This rvo havc done: (i) bf incorporatirrg the rlenrnnd for allegiance into thc rlefinition <;itiz.enship(flqction 2) ; ( i i ) . l ; 1 ' p r o v i t l i n g f o l n ' p e t i r r l o f t i r n e rlrtrirrg rvltinlr potential eitizen , nll the irrrplicntiorrs of. c'itizonslrip rvorrld lraver full oppoltrrnitv to txrrrHi<lqr

l4 'volid n'hich s'e feel was'nrit tlo it, in orrr'ltropnrnls, expression tirc real nn,I
.' . Loyalty

1$t
those civic duties whioh; together, coruprise the generol duty cannol,, thelefole, l-re separated frour allegiance. Without,
lggra4cc eqiaucc tllere there cannot cannot be cannot De .l0t'{lt.\"-tlrele l<lvaltr"-there can l<lvalt.r"-there can oll,J' orrly be, be. l)e, at at best. Dest, a vaguc vasuc anrl an.l orrl;' for instalce, the couutry instalce, oi ifob.useetl sentiurent of attachrrreut rrreut,to the because, for couutr.l' bssause, of

:lclirnate, or because the ind.i ividual concelned .hrls becorrre rrealthy there,

:riii

ff

ru

that, it confers 1 full riational stottte anil therefore exclrrdes tlte letentiorr bf an.y <lther natiotrolity; ( b ) that this nationol stntus is tq be.tenned "Mel&vu"' ( c ) that it connotes full allegionde, and therefore the renunciation all other allegiancee; (,1 ) that thie allegiance connotes duties, in particulnr the duty to def the countiy irr the e.r'entof attnck by.any other country (Sectio 19 to 21 inclusive) ;' (iii) |;y defining t'he political rights.which n,re eomplementnry to the lo.valtv ean hnve no nreqning rlrrti.es con,noteclby.allegiance ard withotrtrrhiih (Scctiong {i to l8 inclrrsive) problem rvhich faces the frorners of !l In our opinion, t,lre frrrrdanrent,nl eon,gt;itution w:hiclr rvill forrn n solid bnnis for tlr.e sorrntl.and gtable progres:, ,?lt"'!['sftirrg.u^ornlttitfoc prgfcssed to be g'uided b.y the cortral plin<:ipl,: of Malaya. tou'alds cleruocratic self-goverlrruent in the intcrcets of the in- .. that. "political rights..-.......sirould . c e s t c n d e d t o t , l r o s er v h o r e g r r r r l ^ lr trIalri5.a sense rnising of the dornicilerl populntion,'is t,hq of nluturil digenorrs antl their ns, renl uud t,he horrie ob.it:c:t, os of thcir lo.yoltr'." dependence and rrnit'r, {rtnontr the peoplo of Mtlayo to thc levcl of n nttionnl 'lVorkiug' Ooirruittco's lleport sl,utes: lovahir'. i:l , }]g_.qg.uph 81 ou .l)agc. 2lj <ri tJre consciouBnessbased consciougness based orr lovaltr'. variotra' rnpes, In view <lf the fnct that Malava'B pop-ulation congistg of variotra i.llersonslvho shoul(l be irrcludetl as <.itizerrs, the (jolrrrritttrcrrvished tu"hav" .ttis populrrtion. rrrrd thab that a large large pnrportion populrrtion hnve, hnve, nt preeent, olien qlea-rly ^,-.*l-1...f---^ :r rl.-- , :t ' 'r'itizenship' . trt r: i llropqrtion of -tl.rie it before t,lte trtcatritrg uf rurrl jt,s irrrplit,iltions. Jl, u-ss -neithcr ollegiances, s'e reg'aid'ii as n r:ondition brpcedent to snch a developnient of bxplain,cd that it 'urrs not i1 rrationtlit.y, cirrrld- it dcvr.llop into rr, ,all that of those ti: who are nationnl.,censqiollsrrass allegiance,be de4randed troliotrality. - It rrorrld not ullt,ct rr irrrl,air'irr rrl.). rc:ilrr.1rl $.lratovcl tjrt, sbal.us becorne citizens. 'lhis oll llritiuh urb,iccl,sitt--tlu: Sc[tlcrrrent,s, br tlre striius rif urrbjet'ts of tlrr: l.Lrrlcrr is rtell ollegiance the nnd ensentitrl for thot derntrrrd ffret rrrlrgt hr:r " iu. lho Mulu.y fJtutr:s. iaker"r to bind tlre people togethel into o national uuitv. lVe visunlise that llis Maiesty's Goverprnent rvill have no di{ficulty in ".:.:..,..-r.....or the status of uliensorling, perrnurrelrt.alleg,iance to co-untries ',t,<.eptingthis view, sirrce the requirerucnt of the allegiancb.of citizerrs rvrlt] putside Molayu.j',, the embodied in originnl constitutional scheile for }Inlayar. as enuncinted b.f tras ryiltlil,y'rrblc Otn'Cronlel'trtl'e to-rrndetstilrxl"thcr.ertrBon f6r tlrcr Workilg tire Secretalv of State for the Colonies in $prngraph'lO of e lVlrite Papcp (-lonrtnittee's ftilur.t' to atld tlrese rrords (u'hir,h rve dr> not think it rvill bil 'Poli<,v on Future .Constit,ution," preeented lo rlis;ruterl cntitled: " Statenrent <lf al'e :t eorrect interlllt'tation of tlie lVolkilrE Corrlrrriitec's r)r.oyjsir)rrs i t r J a n u a r v 1 9 4 6 , a s { o l l o r v s : ' i T h o e e .o c ( l u i r i r r g . . . . . . . . . c i t i z e n s l r i p J)rrrlirlrnetr bn.citizenshjp , t n ts s o su uucr h r.rU n r r irlr p) )t i lr(ll< r rl.irt(iro nn\ .v . '0rl y o h ^ v lr e u( tr - frl li d r v-e n n A a ( ld ce v ve el r .y v c t llfie e c c.:llcc i lu l ,l t .r ln nl l)) t] t .].. . r'1 t h a n b 1 ' l l i r t h r v i l l r e q u i r e d t o a f f i r r u lrelrrise be allegiance........." t r t i l e , u . n d d r r t r g r r l o u xr . l r r r r i r c t c ro f l l r i s r r r , r c k e r . \ o ' f citizenihirr. Orrlv if .sualr o demand for alleginnce is made can the sentirnent of loytlll. ( ) l l r i e t , r ' c (t1 ,. l r r u t , . t l r r '".e - x I r l a . r r : r t , i o r ro " .f e i t i z t , r r s h i p i 1 c 1 : c p t e t lf r . ,Jr! ,i11 ll' . lrr: properlv developed. Troyalt.y rnust have an ohject,.ond the onlv proper l l,r r . l \ l r r:k irr$.(lrrrrrnil.tt'r , i r r . , l i r . , r .o is i p p r ' r c i t i o lu o t l r e d r , f i r r i l i , , , , l u u ' i r * r i ,[ i " " , ; . is _a statp rvlrich extende its protectipn ^to ite cit'izens hy unfe' lV irbiec-t of lo.ynlt.1'' r l V llrcreai t c r e a STre l t t r t ' r rlr'filcrl ' l r ' f i l c r l c i {iz,'rrslrilr__as T r e lru.r'r' iz,'lrslrin l l e i n g . irr i r r its a s _being, i t s gc,nerall.y c n c n e r i r l llaccrrPterl v r , , , r r r r t , o* ,,l, - o . st,nse, ,r'i{ g'uarding penee and .otder, anel by promoting their welfare.. ' t i : ) ' n o n y r u o u sr l i t l r n a l ' i o r r u l . i t v , l l r r : . \ V o r k l n g - C o r n r n i t t e c a c c u p t , " d t i a l , i t , nas As we hnve shr,rvn,'this ptotection eah only be griven, and thie,welf&lr), o, nationalitr',and tlrat il'uould e,r,EAoi'"t"piitg-"."'"iinnrilty. ,not ' can'onlv: be efrecbivelv'promoted, by eliqiting t[e co-ope(ation'and consent ""t who offered this "c-tplanatiorl:r . Tho_se werc .to the iVorking Commiti.ee ,rf tlre citizenn hv t,hc oeknbwledgnrent of.'politicalirights-. Sucfr on ncknpn:-; v.c,'1.y l'el!-avare'thnt tlie'basis r'f thq defiraiiion.bt irotionrlll.t,lJ.Uirli.fr'ir". ledgrnent'..of rights nlust.+e nicornpanied hy qn aCkno-qletlglqnt,,6n. the part as in.-thelaw of otber countries;is-nllcgiauce..

trftrnel\' : (a)

oI regord 1or tl.c gc'uc:'ul'rvelfure arrd rurity of tlre people. ?liiq rvith an rvith olien tlltrgiarrt.e, of attuchrneut n'orrlrl bc arssociuted arssociuted the arr ulien ulltrqiatrt'e. the Btenceand conscionsnoss of which would proclutle the cleveloprneirtof loyaltir Mala.ya. ,'Ithe Malay delegates ut {,lrr: Conut,itutioual Propostrls Ctiufert'rroc of fU.f,ERA t l r r : A.M.O.J.A. . r \ . M . ( . j . J . . r \orr . r r .Irtl.y I T E R A and a n d tLe o t o 7,1947 d r c r v lttuntiorr J r t l v 4 to t o thc t l r e ter'.r rt'r'r' 7 . 1 9 4 7 drorv i r t t u r r t i o nto al fear &nrong l,hc Mulays thrt, as a rcsult of lJritieh irupcriul lxrlicy, l,lrt'l .bv alitus irr tircir thcir ouit oujtt courrtry ihht! be subruerged subrueraed in t,r.rutttrv aliens rvho u'ho orred ,ired rr^9 rrir alltg.iarrod allep.i:irr,lt 'couutly, th'ei: arrd,' I'elt no sense of loyalty, duty ol obligtrtion tou'urds its rdigenous a.nd donriciled people. lii': ''Ihey therefbre enrphasised tlru,t citizerrship nrust bc etluoted witL rationalitv ationalit"l' arrd conrrote full nllegiattce. wa a view with *'hich tlic allesialrce. lthis was ference unonimously ngreed.

n'r;iileE;;i,'"i,io.ii"g i"'ir,iiJ,iiJ"r,"iir.i,?ri"""';T1'il:;,.i,;il;il;:;

N^ &\ ri.\

Tlris;ve siiggesi,'-i,^,."b uo

16
(-loruuritbee t,herrreuuiug of citizeuslriu. l)araaraph 89 of ]bc.'worlrirrg'cc,rurni[tec's lr,eport, o*

1l
.lvhoeeprivileged NalronBl Ays tys NAETOnBI Orfanisation, the ruaint,cnance Urganlsatron, ruaint,cuanceof u'hose nrivileocrl nrivileqcd .,{.gfays{ation-al UrganrsAt'ron. on the peipctuation'ot ir,,i,uti,rt ibn dope-nded Ithe'iBetlerutionshoulci shoulcl iI{.the,iBetlertrtion corneirrto l,aiio o,, .rr "*lill. f,hic fasis, l'^ into lr"iig corne tJris with citizerrshilr allegiarlce, and therdfore from loyalty, aud as luofi r4g.a-lous " citizenelripr" coutirued to exist, the- l,'eierstion rvoulil q{ arist.cracy aud a'd its political or.grrrisation,'Lhc or.g*rrisatio','Lhc }tralay aristocracy ltralay

,,'ario1lalir3.', rhc 'rcaui'g. of .rLuf ir c<ruld, il:ll":,;::,9.,1":]l:::.,"{ .,r'e rvord. adnrinistraiion I antl, op the other haucl, lradrlon-s lraditions of _colonial a'tl, .op haud, of o[ f''o", ili"-,,,ii,t,".r'ir,",""..ir,"'liJliiliilia,;'iij',i,'"Trfllliiil .acl'rinistraiionl 'ut of tLe -colonial . ves

ll::.:,,1f::l ?p:"1,t

dcfinitiorr of citizr:nelrip. as not u nationality. I;'.,r;; ,,".,i; Iocution, the reut reul rucurrirrg 'rea'ing of nvr,riirr'-wir 'f l.[ith-'rvur'tfrrt-"il#i"fli,, irr"f"iiir*ffi ..,i.' *rt rr^r. r,. ,,.,i0' t. ,.,,rr, c,. l?ir:,1*:-rne allegiunce.

allegurncei or,-in fact, i,rol to "uuri"t"-"ff"gir"".. Paragraph ,3g 'l thc,.lleporc thc llelrcrli ,."u",rl, Tlr" r.eul ,.o, reas<.r. fo' ilre rvorrii' llgl*tlrl, -8!)oI (.lornrrrittee ""u"uru-?lr"

i;i:.qHfiill',,il,i,,i,lljiii: ;; ,9r{1,itFJ;:'i'jf :1;.1,,,,j::: :* lg:,*:ll rl,* aia:",f ,i".i. ti.i, _,'_"lir_l"riiill,,Ji;iip,";""r',,. :ll:g*::::
ild,ll,il
of citizerrship. which is. expr.essty clivolced fror P,,L..:"1:-":tll)g'..,L-_fu]r_r

ir,"i"iii,""1r,i$-il"# a uario'alruy, ii,] 1l1i,1i'""ii,r" ;-^:ifitHlt,t':,l**""*:,*["'j:ilr*i{r;:?!]i,^:'#'""i}'i,f allegionce. would be oul, of piu(-;.,' ""Tffr*glt.:l':-1,.:*:" divr.rrcedJronr :?tI:,,ot tf
Bbof the l1,".r19"t orur*4'togeit,er, it, 5ecoures ,,u.,1tir*.1otl1l:.9J,"t,d

I).g,e pb, uL

ili,"r"' .,",: "*i j:1,:l',_i;:, iruposei *,:ii:t::: ,,1::,_y;:Ll,,t, "pr"iifi,",".ja".it " u ti u r.;" c;]l a' ilJi r' i, ii[y." :1 il r l ld,',1:'{::", iJ# li :: lly*l l: : :J' :; tleir " exnlnnatlon.,, " #;'Jtr,";., "1:' tt ru* ;*o-ilT !l,u W"rt,"s"Cluruitte-e "M.i;;;;;;- *fr il il ;;l,lt rov u rtv, nationa llil:' 1'5"?il:"t1 :' fuiure l:.qi T*-'; the whole ot Uaiay! ae a st&blu, ,r,a ri#lii ""j ;1l\Tl;1",1:9 dernocracy,
Parugruph 8,1 of tlre lle.port also etates tfuat flreir t.ypc 'citizeushilrt ,rciti ' _ . . . .'.. . . ......... . . ..o .. .rrr|d -forof .. .. '. o.to t lrd rq b e rt ttrrulificat i o nfor f o r electorul e l c r , f , n r r riglrts, , r, li.,L+.."'t,., ] , ,,^-1, tln nrernbershi

rgo;1|cI.l;lve ctrirp"il;,.1;..ttf;;r;"";,;# .bc"n, $:1..^ll:l: secre,t,arv of state'n, pri'cifie,-[u'"-*t",ia

ttrot. lt wuB. rrut_

9,o',:1,":1.""":*j"lj:lt*"I,'f,"+t,,1_G;;',",;tl]#i.e.ju"i',i"itTJ,rrtr.conrer p'iyi1s*w and.irnql.ric olrtigati""s........,:.; but ll clun-e-nt and allegianceto countriesbuteideMal*_va. rtt present to lay dov' precisely wrrat .tlese privir;t;; ana.tireir inaia*.uni., ;;d-;brisatior gations i rvelfarc' of the iudi.geno_us and douriciledpopulatiou. A citizenship be." .rrg-uto.)ua\c ruake'it'p,9s*i61" lt' llpsgrble tor the (ionsul ,-119uld for the o foreiEn Consul of d stl.to to sii f6"biqo state This. athuissiou..b}' sib in iu tlrc tlrc 1fr#r thc.\Yorhirrg Ljr-ruuuittee further. cgrifir'rs tlat th lerot JJeglFlat,ure os u-'.'r:itizenr" is nothing but a t-rugic farr,c. tlpc of "citizenship" dvolved bf : tf,ei,r,1.;;; u"t ;";.l"tfryrfiyr-,oi,ro,ol"iij pucr'j'1'clErsenB"- ot-uhlnccc [:j Sucb,".'"ibizeus"--o{ C[incsc race, ru.", tor 1[
li,rri"tr*i ,l;i;{"iil:itizc's.

TIe. stnrggle for u ^genuiue citizenship, dernan<liug allegiance and )u1?rlug rclertug loyalty, aud for- derrroclatic self-governDreiit,,-are-tilerefgre self-governDreiit,,-are -tiierefore ^irrirr'lhoy 11!te1;i . are tu'o sides of the sarue coin. 'The whole frrture well-,beiug 'f Maluya rvould, in <lul opiniou, be ver,rendang"t"9,, to,tay.the le6st, by the irrtroduclion of il*.'typ" of lYlly p. proposed b_y the Working Corulrittee. "ifiru.r'l;, There will be uo allegignce, because allegiarrce is expressly divorced 'p citizenship; there will 6e no ioy.rlty and no"nationaLrr"iii, because there -ther po.all-egtuncel ellreg,lonce politiial rights rvill be 6" no political rights and no civic l there u'illduties, becausr: cividduties. becausr; :|.tf] be no,loyalty;.there will be-racial a,nd class strife, be_ .dishernrony e there will be no netional unit.y; there rvill be no natiorrrrl uuity, [ccouse r.ig no deruocracv. thc W-or.king I.,"Moreover, ,"Morcover. thc, fiorkinn Llorurrrittce's f^olo. ooruluitfee's cif,iz.errslri,, citizenehip *^,,ld wourd ,lplil,,,..r.,t,, tleribcrutcl.y foster in,"citizens" of 'on-Mulay- rac_e the-retention of ilreir ieelirrg* ;:l"ptt1s."
' .' -: . ----J ---J ' --' r--v

of the under

in

wlich

the

b,y.charrce, however, that thc Wor.kiri ,,...'^..5,: :,lgq:"I (lornruittee acce1,led-this negative a"n!,1ti"1 '"rli.r,,'rr;;'ffil sllorvn, reveals "l.tiiir.iirrriii, thrt they did-notintenrl citizerrship .their to ,r,,,,nlini,ff"1a"i,il"_ 'rfe.v ,, real *rrt dirr i ii,r tt volid lo.r'ult.y to a rvould.incvitu[ly ,"euit. ",,rirUiiiiiu,,llnlu; . rle.y re&redure_developmeut of euch a loyalty-.becorrse, ae tlro Und"r

rrati'r*rls. rf thie [r1esc uo.t,r<r-n", it ryg1e "'i"tJi""[r,.-i"ait""iiiri'1,,;.t. Bueh.crtrzens to do everything.

,tlTl:t:

llederation

was

lrrgtance, lvould, irrctia"s, would] iu.tlie i" tlr" evenl, eve1l, 'f of a iirvolved ngainst Ctri"u,-t u lrrterued ai

in their power to sabotage Malaya'e u.ar

dirt 'ot $o'i,jrc this arre[.iu"'"q'r,"iil;'1il";' ('ur r uuvrJ {:ot'rcctl;r),.thnt u't'tv u if_allegia'ce
) arref3'jolrce n,'s 1r'0s di,rrnd;d deDr'nded

l,;. by , ilre tf* constitutiol,

i#

(irr our .visrv

fsqte rev"eal tlre da'gerol,.r qnd fitile_nature of ilris -''' citize'ship,"

'r,;v;;J,-*ia-"!L ;il,'fft,"$i,jl.ll;fll;ll'rl """"p"r,i.toJi,'-ir,*"iftJ;'i';"iff'l 'luey

envlsugeq such a structut:e becaure the urerubers of thb .lylloukit

t" ti,"3,,1{9f i aliin trl,vity .r.ita"";".: wuu.ucurr' a-lreu aleglanceg, P.:_T"ll.l' ;lflp}.Il{ lreu;k lnceg, & a genuine allegiance to }Iala.r'a }Iala,r.a on'worki^g rvhich etoblc *'ith it i. legitiruatc t"". ;;b"ri";^'r-fr,"iu;"irr'riuilu!r -W'orkirr' -lr;ir;il;, ,claiu ll,g p1gp.u,tr could be could be based. based. Thbse These few.wordd few,wordri of the of the Oorr,Such su cxteutiou corrrof ,politicnl ligh{,u1"o,i1A, lgiTl*l -loynltl havc.bct,nirr rtitteewoul9.*J.y*y*-le thele-to bar the poth to to the the development, development, iovnltr of of srr.ucrulJ;i1.,r,_i{j ii"*"gia, in $:lricrr ul lfslaya-"Citizeirghip.:......,i! ::T:111*..lIt,Ilrl: *j!!,;,tiq not a natiJnrtity, rtionality.'..:.'.....Keeping ""ill"; ";;'i;';;;i""'iii",, this in mind.,......]...attusi&""" only to His Ma,iesbi.,s Goverurnenl. . *;urd #;;"ri
.the1:::lJ""il*lti:^oi:*:',:^'l*I"'-1b-:':.."1ilre'wrorki :,thib' mockery. of- citipenship shoultl ,not be int;rhrc-edi;;;;; "lh:'";tXHf "o*'fll."l*:i'"1*tr"*ilq";qtv; . . Ii !.""tl"lil:#":i,",,:'l T;F;;;i"i"-;h" of ihg,{,.al2q,gr lwc, t[erefore consider it to be- a matter o$

jndicared

l:I" llll.r*,-,:?u,ld ppo.tu.that ".citizen.," encourogedin this woy to ;,h;i;'"ff"ni".,,. uXfriep. otrtsideMalayo, ,rrtside ""tui" t^ r"u.iii"?" t",, ;cpuntries Malavo. cou'lcl could belre gradrrally rrrrdrrellw".ercuodo,l - p".ruaa"a-1" ",i"i;r,,?--c^,,

"tt":,:

it as a fraud on thE.indigenour *"ol do--iril"a'f""pr";-iiffi;di"

!e moreflerrir-neqral to'ihe f.rt,r*uJf lfi"iryr;il;';;

.gnirol ef 'Molilya:.. .They consisted6n'i[" i

MaloyauUnioq.gov6rpmin! ur"rt.L"tf;U"m were

Gdyerumenr:s pl;ds;l;-;,dy;;;" frt"ruyu towards ,,8^!y-v1l "overnbeut- sblf'griieriiqients:bula pe ibsautery gi'ec.iua-dr uy Trit

most rital importanc.e ,-oo16 6u o

{8
<-rfallegiauce. Loyoltl' rvould be still-bolrr, oud 1l'l tleliberate rejecti<.,n lol'alt;', there could be no political rights. It id absolutely essential and irupeirativc that citizenship should co. allegianr:e. The Working C<lururittee tlietrrselves have adrnitted tJrnt their citizerrshi coukl, never develJp iuto a nationality. bherefore Out of their orvr't rxlutlrs, thereforr tlieir citizen.nip ir'"oo.l";;".1,-;;;"" lhere can be no re&Bon for the creatiou c,f c,I a cluzeuslrp than ttl&t that rt should be ilte citizeushirr oilrer citizeuship it snould other tlr&n the ex.preB8lon ex.DreBgion expreBgion of. arrd calcula of, ot, calculaterl

i0':

to retain'his citizenship,ancl effect that he desir'es for Flonre Affairs, ,,such declaration to tlte,N{inister .( $hbll ceaseto be a citizen, ili{'Atta provided that any person under the agt: of t7 "rsiand six months at the clate of the conrntencenrcnt Hb operation of this Constitution shall automatically l;o fostel the devcloprueut of, natiorral s)rrcciouslless uud unity. bquire citizenshipon such date. SU,CTION3:(2) Aty person born outside.l\{alaya - whose ii,:wiil' The following shall obtain citizenshipby operatiol her,was, at, the tinre of his birth, a citizen, and: of larv, i.e. automatically: :i; l;. (a) whose father rvas born in Malaya, or (1) A11 persons born in Malaya. Provided tha ; i i 1 . . ; ( b ) w h o s e f a t h e r h a c l l ; e c o m e a c i t i z e n b y this sub-sectionshall not colne into operation until si naturalisation,or ', nlonths from the date of the corhrnencerpent of the opera- ' ,1 ( .) who w as r egi s ter ec l as a c i ti z en at the tion of this Constitution, during which period any person officeof the Min i s ter for H om e Affai r s r v i thi n one y ear oi born in Malaya rnay, having attained, or on attaining t<r is,birth by delivery to such office of a declaration signed persons setthe age of 18, make a sworn declarationbefore,a magis- ry,.the father anclattesteclby two res_ponsible place trate that: and. date.of i3g .out the place an<l.clateof birth,. (a) he does not desire to accept citizenship, inairiage, the narle ancl sex of the child, artd declaring :lnd he shall not ,thereafter acquire such citizenship t'hat the father rvisltes his child to l.re registered as a lry virtue of the comntrencement of the operation of thi citizen. ', , r ' s a c i ti z en. strb-section,or that . ( 3) A.n y w onl an w l tos e l r us banc l i (1) tbat- all pcrson$ tenus in iu gt'rrriral Sub--Scction proyicled huve (b) he tloesdesireto acceptsucll citizenshilr, Wo arttl 'l'his follorvs t[e getterllly acr:olrbed i.,-ir1 irr Maluyri sfiall becoritb r:itizorrs. Ire slrall thereupon beconrea citizen, rtrr.actice of lratiorrllitt' lrrl's. 'providecl' And that any person born. in Malal'21f : Srrch nationality laws lritvt', ltorvevcr, fll'o\r'tl rrp in ot,hel counlries.over this Oonstitution iutrodtrces for the first tiure prttvisiort period, 'lvlier.e-as r{'lroSe father was not.at the .tirne"oflais'birth a citizen, ir krng statrrs for tr{nl;r.;n h:rscd on nllagiance. nat,i6lrrl t[c-crcrltiorr rrf n tor r n a . y ,u , i t l i i r r ' i r i r e y e d r o f a t t a i n i n g ' t o , t h e a g e o f 1 8 , 'li . l.rr vierv of ther slleciul r,ilt'rrlrrstatrie!of Ilalll5.t, atrd in ordot tltat thtr l v c f U i i r e r r tf , r r a l l t ' g i a n t ' es l r a l l n o t b c r t p c t r lnalie a sworn <leclaration before a mag:istiatethat he cloes I t , u i t i r t r u t ec l n i r r ro f t h e t r ' e c i t , r ' r(ri o rve lrrrve provided tirat: ull \vho acquire citizenship autornttic-:rll.y torqrrestir-,n, rrot clesire to retain citizenshipand shall.thereupon ceasc uldlr tlris C<;nstitli,iori,slrould lrlvc tlre\rppor:tunity to refuse this cit'izenship, if tlrtiy srl rlcsire. to lre a citizell, tl -''lihit",u" . li,rr:" proui,icd for b,t'sirsljcutlirrgllrt' opclutiou of this srrlt'scotiori ,j:[;a1ly: pc.l'sott'uvlroac(luil'es Aird provitled thart,' l o i : ', n .p c r i < l do f s i x - t t t o t t t h s . cilizen-phip by. virtue of the operalion of.this sub:sectiori," 'This periorl q'ould qrorllle an .opportqnjfJ, 'll,ri' rc'flecticrnand tonsiderritioi .and rvho shall not.-havebeen in Malava fortlre wlrole of . o f a l l t h e l m p l i c a t i o n s . g [ -c i ( i z c n s l r i p ,n ar r r e l yi r- , (a,) o, status, ayd thoreforo oxcludes {l'c ib that .cqnfers, full . .national ' , . .tloes r i ' r ' r e t e r i t i o n b f ? n y o l h e r n r i t i o l d i b y ' ':; t lle' abowlnpllled peribd oI'sjix mofrtlis; no t,' rvith i n 'l'-' tcrrned h'is is to dix months aTter return,'make'a'stitutOry declaration be (b) that this national status "Melayu";

f,

F,\ \..1

,6
( , ' ) that ii corrnotes full allegionce, aud thelefore thc rcnurrciruti<.xr
ull o0her 4llegiances;

( d ) thnt tlris allegiance ootrnotes drrties, in parti.oular the duty to def

the c<.runtrvin the event of attack by-orr1. other couut{y. We f,:el that u'e should_ urake sllecial refereuce to oru pr.ollosol t,lr tl'he Mal, the: rrational status of citizens should be terned " Melavu." tlelegates ut our first Oonference eurphaeieed that the terin " Muluyon " tLesignut,c the nabional statrrs rvas corupletely unucceptablo to tJre Malr lfhey felt that the telrrr "Malayurt'r had always been used in contradietiuc tl the worrl "I\Irrlu;'" to detrotc tlre non-indigenous iuhabitarrts of the country of l8 at' ilre tiutr:,I tlr'' b,,t,,,rt,l"r'iltc,rrge aud that the Malays had therefore becorue eccuBtoDredto regurding'thonrselv r'"t2".':'tY;"i-":r:;;?;"*"*.' "rlzl ,'-8" i"rr,ii,itiu',,,:ltt^E-.., us excluded froru the category of " ![s]sys11s." The uee of the ter ,nstit*ti<-rr., ".:r9"y*]:i*,,j:l;,,,1"i: rlives ('|{uli}y11t1" of ilut lret'iotl' "u:t":;"ir'r' ui t6e cn<l ri,tu*.]'-',;;iilis';l'",,,ut' to designate t,he couunon national status would therefore invol tt ifi?:lJllfi:f'' beI,r''' i'r't'viso sct','d a""r"'itiuii tuitl" t'lte uecr$ruur tiroi abanclonnrent by the Malays, ae the indigenous people of the country t;;:;k-i;'g:i" by lllilk[l8 citizeusltrP ff 'f'citizerrshiP iruself irusclf ol.' "l of tlieir proper title, and the accoptance by theru of a title which, in ite acceptet birthdaY' bv iflilgU' of citizenship aonse, includdd urany whe did not regard Mala5r as their real houre and as trsrl uny turre:lT' jll,l,1,^]:::":.*i"*",11i,.*"?.",}i'"i;\t. ;at (d't' 5 {2) section c,bjecb of their loyaltl'. i;;^ilffi;t];;'"i'l;lit"ugu "'i'1" tll: '.1'" iitr u3, O.ur Confelerrcc realised uroreover tha[, just as the Malays ]rad beconrr tlr" ng="'f "C" is ,ru.lu, 3. .'lil" ".l^ :::l::1,1*'i:1":;, r"11 accustonred to the distinction between "llalays " aud " Molayans," Bo nlgo had ruan,v non-Malays rvh<i nevertheless regarded Malaya ns their leul houre, uny valid act' of tcceptarrce or re,lectron ' He (:au, bctyl1ll-l'i:r,l]tl',,:l'U,.1: nrscitiz'e'nstrifl arrd thtt therefore . such peolrle uriglrt find sorue clifficulty in occepting tha t,Eiio,l. g tho lrorvQver,-renorluce 'ttrkc 'rter t'hat, ',"v tirrre riesig'rratiou. Ilelayu. " " ilii,h".ffd:1"d"'J"':;;ip;;;i;;;;if "i;;t'o,,qt 5 (2)..{9)'.. untler S9'ction Our Confereuce felb that, siuoe l,he new nol,ional sl,utus would lequire ;ii"J"i'"ti"" ,ri-,iti.u'ng;u ,.r.a: -. rt ,... d,c* 1e ,r,,., lf it'" Uo'stitutio'' uaure, it rvae inevitable, &s between the Mal,rys anil the non-IIulays, thut one i"l?"'i:il;; iJ ,,,i','.r" n"]li" "t' ti,' ,lutdlut t:!lll"::I.:].1]ii': <-rr, h,rvitrg "tj';'6-;;;",ff thcse tu'o gtoups rvould have to aocept a deeiguation to rvlrich it n'ae uuucctret, t,:,iq9, tf," rr rerurn,before "ir^.iirf ed, ancl which it rnight therefore find a preliminary tlifficulty in accepting. of r";ie.,ti,rtri' t'itrrctrr.rrvc'irlaut'rtrattt: tat pr,ri,rdi ,loeg,,qt"rr;i"o ss rte "^a"J,r*[i"it jrrst that was Our rrrurnirnously it ancl proper Corrfelonce ag'reed onl;' t.''; rtr:",91',if,ilp; b;;i-;;i;' "'rre ,"y'-iii ,t",.-: ,-i ,qt11:::lit'..,'l::"i11:t','::l'li:,, returtt' 1is ufter "r thot thc nerv natiorral st'atue sirouid be designuted l-ry ihe histoiic nainc i,#:";',.;,,fi.ii;"I'il ;iiizcnshi' *'itltin 1; llenths of thc intligenous i.reo;rle, autl that, tho ncceptor.,ceof l,he rrew designation Ilii';'1.;:;'j-'"t*it';,,s;of returl)s,lro rvillol,'l:: 18$-wlen.llgr !,.i:).::tl: sLould ' t,lrerefore fall ou those of tlre non-iudigenous people who, regordirrg I )lala;'a rrs their real lroutc atrd as tLe object of their, lo;'rrlt1', uccepted citizen;i'-ti;tt.'ufber 5is lStlr birtlrtlaS',rtrrd i.lr,ir,,r','i'"",,,1;i.;",;; slrip, leuving irrtact to thc indigenouu people their historic'nonre. his citizenshiP. ntranirnously accepted tlre terlr "!fel&.yu" in prefcrencc oonlirrri Orrr Qr.rl11srenco to tho ter.rrr "Malay" iu view o? tlre iact that the historic notu" if the inrligcrrous people is "Melayut' und not "Malay" rvhich in ruer.elythe anglicrsed version of the tct'ttl "l\{slxyut', Those )r-ho, as u r"su-lt of Buch reflection- and consideratiou, corue to tLc conclrrsion thut they ore not prepaled to accept ihie citizenship urrri uew nationol status, are given aruple tiure dnd simple facilities to declare th4t, fJ,"t do not u'islr to accelrt it. 'l'hose l'ho, at the entl of t,he sis-rttotlth pelioti, havc ttot trtade trsc of tbe facilities to rejecl citizenship u'ill thereforc not be able'to colrrpluirrl']ru( tlre;' have had citizenship t,hrust rtpon them, anil tlre allegianco rvhich an.v lational ESgverumelt rnuBt re(luire of its cjtizens may then, with full juet'ice. to be guided by t[e-prirrciple,t'ha b,' demarided of tlem. .,^ The lVorkiug Courtuittee prgfessed ivho"regardMalaya rt" t: t'he l:i"itruti.f,ib';trboila"Jiiv oiu"aed.to those We.have also thought it proner thab those who wish to affirru their Repur g couruittee (11'orkin loj;411 tn"ir oI, r'', ti"_ii;"li loyal-ty to ,MaloVi,-bli D lositive .a'ct of .acceDtanD0, may do so in the same #i .ffi|i.:r"d ;' ' ' , sirnple maJxner. : )-' ' i . - - : ' ' . Psla,gr.sp!,:QOr;3ag'r-{U

;'i:; ;"ry" n'" iti,L,i'i;" ',}i""1;' ;il i' 3 E-"ii"T t{.Xl*n,, f; :'"" ];:,}":?' i "i?t,

t'c *se.,il"rl,?i r'" i- untl,l iu".rrii.r,.?. ;;,;[i ,iirri""ir,u,'"ir i.;:,"ib

22
they stiessed (i1 ou" .riu*, borrestly) that this principlo sfiould fie stlictlv interpreted. 'fhey felt that' this principle rer;uired qualificat'ious for citizeuship which woulcl sotisfy trvo conditions; narnely, that those rvho uequirecl citizennhilr should regurd l{olaya: (u) as tlieir real horne, antl (b) as tlre object of their l<-rytlty. 'I'hc ' rlualifications for' citizeuship *'hich tlre \l/orkirrg Comrtrittce tlrr:re-' ulx)tl plocecded t<l tlrurv ttp, do nol,, hort'eyer, iu our opiDion, sorvtl to t,est: : cithel' of these trvo couditions. Long' autl, contin11sl5 residerce is t[e ossgutill feuttr'e of tlei. r*r*li{iclrtions. Such reside'ncc dotrs not, i1 our opinion, providc un.\' propt,i tcst ;1111 !l1la.}'r is reg'aldcrl as the rctl lornc. Such residencois the result of an olrirriotr forrned b.y the individrrul thut, lcsidcucc irr Malrrya is, ip genersl, to his best advantago. This opirrion is,' in over.1' ordinaly 1t6,se, |ased alrrrost entirely on econolric coilsiderati.Jrrg. 'I'he essential feature, therefore, of this rnotive for long reeidence is thnt it is a self-regarding motive, pure a,nd simplq.gnd.connotes'no regard for, or interest, in, the welfare of t,he people ae a whole whCtever. It' is, moreover, o.motive which ceases'to have the efiect of prclvidirrg a l'cason for continued residence &s aoon ae the econornic attractions, bn balance. ('ea6c. Such reeitlencc is in no way inconeistent rvith a sentirrrollt of otttclrrncrrt t.o solno other s;untry rs the " I'eal holne,tt' und *'it,h tlro foclirrg therefore, tlrat llalaya is ruercly, at' bcst, & "socond lronre." . -'I'he vu,st urajority of_Uurope&ns,-for ilstance, ros.identin Malu;a, -bul,cvcrr for lS.ycirrs nrtd_ lettglcr, do,not rcgr,rrd Molaya as.their real horrre, olrl.v as tlreir' place.'of resitlence rluring their working )'eare, or. until [he.1' hutc tumassed a sullieiolit fortune to retire antl t'go Honre." 'I'he condition of long reeidonce does tro rnore tlrarr eusllrc tfuat tfie t'itizorrs itr.<lrtostion ltavc,.duriug-thot tirur:, on the rvhole prefcrrod to live iu ll{alavrr lutber tlrurr elservhele. Srtch a prefeleloe is, - hotvever, & very difrerent ruabter fi'ou regording -. t\f.alaya, as a " reirl lrorne." . The validity of ,.this objection to the long-residence qualificatiorr ae ri {cst of n'hcthcr. Mrrln.1.rr._is. ruade the "real hotne hns been .adlnitted, b.1, irnirlicatiorr, lrv Sil l,l,irvald (}ent, Goverrror of the Maln.yol Uniorr. In ahnwer Io tlre slrrtt,rnerrtof an Advieory Councilor, Mr. Ee Ydw Kirl, in tlro Malnvorr Ilniorr Advisory Courrcil'on the 26th Augiet Ig4T, that,he failecl to eee wlab strne tilrjt'r:tion therer cotrld be to persons deciding [o retire frorn Mala,lra, after spending tho. best ycors of their lives lere, to sfend tLo cvcrring, of tircir lives t'ls,'rvltt'r,',Sir I'ldward Gerr{,.replied"Neither cirr f nce r,rr.ysair" oh.iur;tiolrto lris tloing so, lrttt sttch a deoisiori tloes lot, eupiort l,ho view tlitt thoir ri,rl l,oi,rcs r y t , r ' ri'r r l I : i l a 1 ' : r" . \\re errbirelr (joncrrrrvi[h tiir,Erlrvard's vierv on this point,.but would noinu out thitl; the-long rcsideuce.quolifiraliohs of the Wbrkine iorttotitto" d6 not rt'rve to tcst this aspcct-of future ifftentiens, but only.thst of -ntgt.preference: To regaril a countrv ae a re&l liome impliea a longiderot'le leirtimert nf

28,,
attaehment. involving a reeognition of the cssent'ia,l'itlentity of interest of the itrdividutl lvith the reet of the llolitrlabion,a congeqnentreg'ord fol the u'elfarr: of the people os a rvlrole, whic.h is s1'n6ny,tl"unwith the sentirnent,of loyalty, os a u4role (that is, ncknou'ledgnrent of the dutics to-the people_ n conflequent, to the governrrrent) rrhiclL eornprisethe genrrrrl dutv of allegiarrce,and lastlv, This Irn " otrirnus pnnentli," o de,qireto lemoit-r pertnanently in the country. :'arliruug rnanelrdi" is not tlro nrere'intention t'o rernain in tlre cour.rtry until cconolrric circumstances perruit depart,ure to sonre othgr ps11n[ry in rvhich the individuol would actually prefer f,e live, but means.the i4tention to resid,; nntil deoth. Thi.q lntter intentiorr,rnnv be rlefeated, a,s,{or instauce, by illirealth necoseitatin5l a departrtre .to Srvitzerland, but thqt s'guid not afiect the .real inteption of the individual to reside, if ,possible,,in Malaya, antl is tc be dietinguished frour the t;'pe of'.intention riferreil'to bv Mr. Ee Yeu' tinr,'rrhich inrpligs residence in Malaya only until, i{ possible, arrangements can be made to depart lrour Malal'4. The country in rvhich o n)au worrld prefer to lny his fuprres,and which, ( lre is prepared to defentl, is his real horne. ' Lrong residenee han, lron ever, in itself, no implications as to f uturo irrtentionn. Subetantiallv, long teeidence proyes long rosidgr1ce and nothing else 'n'hich has alrv relevan<:eirr tlre llresent cont,ext. '; ' The edononric ottlactiorrs whieh hnve motivafed the long residence lno)cehse at any tilne, relntive to other countries, and the.reactions to guch t, of those who, tlthouglr resideqt for tnany years i4:bhi6 countr.y during 6.r,ssotiorr its ctonomic nttractivellgss, nnd althoirgh their fathers and'gmndfathef:l mn,v reosons, have not rnatle Mala)'a'their lrnve rgided hel'c frll tlte sanre e<:orronlie 'urade 'flrq renl ,lroure,,rvill soon be allpareqt, bv their speedrr departure, introduction of incertre-ta.,i curigrrrtion of Chinese frotn Dutch tenit6ly on the ;n those territories is on exnnrple of the reaction of |crsons rvlte, thorrgh the.t llrerrrselves, arrd eypn their fathels nrrd grandfathers, mny lrave reside<Iin an.-v givcn territoly fot -yqars, ure leulll only residing there for pur.ely economic Ieo8ollfl, and hove uo loynltv rvhntsoeverio those countries. The long residence qualification coultf be st'retclred {rorn Ll1 venrs to 5(f to test, s'hether'the countrv js nrarle veats rvithoub alterin.e.its -trot. ineffcet,iveneBg ihe real horne or The residence qualifications required bv tlrt: natrrralisatiorr lnws of soveleig'n stntes is ir1 quite a difierent category, sinco taking of an oath of it preeetlee the performr\nee of a positivd' nct-tlre r' ' nlleginnce. 'fhe nran rvlro lives in Malnvn for 60,)'enls, nntl feels throughout that. tinre tlrot he would live pleewhere; if onlv he corrld affotd it, aud rylroge last rvish it.is. on his death-bed. tha,t,his lenr&ins ehould lle iernove<l frorn lIalayrr. to.be'brrried elsewhere,con'lrnrrllv he gnid to mnke }falaya his " real home." 'lltor[ing Oonrrnitt0e's Proposals, be Yet nrrch persollff would, br''the rreeeptedrvith open Brllrg aF l)ersons who hrd Prove<lt,htt tr{olnya rvag tlreir' 'l reol horne and the objeet of their loynlty." In our opinion; .tlre ,\y61Lirrg Conrrrrittee.rvele incorrect in dividing the . Iinder'-Secretorv of Stntels prineiple into two sepnrote parts. 'It .. . wns not hy <,hance,'horvever,tlrnt tlrey did so, sincc t)rev werc foreett to ilo bo by tbeir."explonation" of tlte rneottiug of citiz,enqlrip.' ' ., '

24
_By divorcing citizennhip, in efiaet, fronr lo1,nlty, it is obvioun thnt there rrould_be no quostion of even nttonrpting. to tesi lovaltv. 'rvlr,r In order, ltowever, to lull tlre irrstifialrL: srrapiciorrs of t,lre I\[nln.1's, 1e.rv notnrallv would regnrd t'he cleation of a iritizenship divorced frorn'loynltv n'ith great slarn, the \4'orking Conrrnittee $'ere forcerl to go throrrgh- , tlre ryotions- of testing sorrtetlting, so that the peolrle of Malayo; and partii:ularly tle Mola-ys, nriglrt be hoodivinked into bilieving tbat tirev were sntisfying' the r-equirenrentd of tlre f.Tndcr-Secretnrvof Stote's principle. in this lvay. Tlre kcv _This principlercanrrot, horvever, be'dissectecl ('loyaltv"-ore yor$s in-the Prlnciple*"r'eal fiornet' and not gepor*te nnii rlistinct, but nie insepar.ablyborrnd togethel in' rneaning Ae we have shown unrler Section 2 of our Prog,snls, loyolty cannot be r,dequatelv defi4ed in its constitutional sense without .*f"rutt"u'to the fact' that the ob-iect of the lovalty ili the country rvhich is regarded. as t,he real home. fn other words, tJrere-is one. and 6nly 6r". teet of rvhether Malava is legnrded ns the real horrre, ond tlrnt is the tbst bf'whether Maleva is rei;rde4 uE the object of lor-,altv. Arrd there oan be orre, and onl.y one, test of l"ovaltv -the frqe_ and willing acceptance of an ollegiance connoting full national qtatus,. and^ con4oting the duty to defend the country agiinst .all other countiies, if neceisarv T-hai ie the acid'teet*to sn1,, in effect, to the potential citizcn of, for cxample, Clrineeernee: lo ao sof to hgtt, "Are vorr plepared, if calleil^u1ron in the defence of l![alava aqninst Clijrrn P That, -we, elairn, is ttrb test provided b1' our Proprrsale. .oitizenship" thnt. . ..Th".'Worfting Comnrittee. bv conco,cting a so-calierl is u'ithout l)leaning or srrbstance, precluded .theruselveg providing qualifrom ' ficatione with nnv nlesninq r.rrsubgtance. 'rhe necessitv t' fo'nulate the real test which is irnplicit in tlie underSec-retarv'spriuciple. in terrns of an allegionco, the essential featrrre of wlrich: is the dutv to dcfend the country in time of war,-rvar. is the result of the fact'that lol.altv has itg grentest significnnce in tipe of .' !'j: .fu,st os the tluties which arise ont of a relationship of loyalty betrveen frierrrls becotne especia,llv significant when one of those'friends"is in troubler. ro tlte-irrrplicttirtns bf allcginnce nnd lovalty becolue especiallSrrsignificant in' time of tvar. The -dutv- to fi-ght, nnd, if necess&ry, die in the clefence of tlre conntr.r, n-ill 6111y-be willinglv undertaken if the country is regnrded rts the real hijrnir. 'l . an(l as the obiect' of loyalty. rve feel, rleet the requirenrents of the Under-Secretanv's' . 9tt" .Pro,trorrrls-. nrinoirrle in tlre onlv'_Trroper-lno,uner by demnniling allegiance, and accepting into citizenship only thoee wlro have, expressly ot'irn ctJar imnticotio.l.-.ito*i tlreir willirrgnlsl-to- give this allegir.nce.- Only such persons Lorr be said, n.e leel, to regard Malnl'a as t'heir ienl horue and tls the.-obiect of their lovaltr-. since it is, irr our opinion, inevitable th'ot those who are, in this wav:'foced rvith tl,* free choice bet'ween one "alleqisnee cnd alother, betwee'n one 'n_ationalitp' and_nnother, will,ehoose that'allegioqcq nnd that nationality vhi-h dbrlves fropr tlre conntr.y. rvhich thcy regnrd ns tlreir renl lrbrne on$ as the r'bject of their loyalty,

26
Srrh-Seetion (2) follown closely thc principle of the Rritiah Nationalitr' nnd Stntus of Aliens Aci 1914. tl'his prilciple is boserl on the tlesirobility of excluding f.rrun thc lutordatio acquisition of citizenship, the seconrl arrd subsequent generntiols ltorrt outsitlrl tlrc countly have proclairnetl their In th-ip wry, only those born in Molaya, orlho Itrvnltv by o poritive-oct of naturnlieotion, can poss on citizenslrip to their o{i-spiing- bonr gutside Maloyr, rvithout the perforntance of a positive :r,r't' which Bel'vesto re-ufiirnr lovtlt). to Malav& on the part of the father. Sult.sectiorl (3t is ruerel.y the formal expression of the -colllmonl.v rtccepted principle ihat n n'on,an" follows the notio-nality of her hrrsband.

SECTION 4:by the granting (1) Citizenship may be acquired

of a certificateof naturalisation. (2) A certificateof naturalisation may be granted by the Minister for Home Affairs bn his being satisfiecl that the applicant: (i) has resicledin Malaya for eight out of the ten vears preceding tlre application, ' Provided that any perioct or periods of absence of education or otherwise, frorn Malaya, for tlge.purpose consistent with essential continuity of residence in Malaya, may be inclucledin computing any such periocls of residence; . And provided that this qualification shall not be required of any wonlan who \ /as a citizen prior to her lnarriage tb an alien, alldl whose husbariclhas diecl, or marriage has been dissolved; whose (ii) is over tlie age of 18 yearsat the time of the application; (iii) is of good character; ' intends,if his applicationis granted, to residepermanently in Malaya; and , , ; ,, . . , ( ' , r ) , ! a , s' p a s s e da . s i m p l e ,o r a l t e s t i n t h e M a l a Y ' langudge,

26, (3) A certificate.of naturalisation shall not tal<e effect until the applicant has taken the following Oath of Allegiance,or such translationof such Oath of Allegiancr: as nlay be authorised by tlte Minister for Honre Affair.s as correct ancl appropriate h:iving' regarcl to <lifferences of religious belief, , ,.. ., clo solemnlydeclare . . . . , o f , .. " I, (srvear) that I will bear true allegiance to the (So F'erleration Malaya. help of me God)." (4) \A/hen an alien obtains a" certificate of naturalisation,the Minister for Home Affairs ffi&y,on the application of that alien, includg in the certificate'the name of anv child of that alien born'bforethe date of the certificate, ancl l;eing uncler the age of 18, artcl that child .shalltherenponbecornea citizen. Provi<ledthat any such chilcl may, r,vithinone year of attaining to the age of 18,make a declarationof alienage, ancl shall thereupon ceaseto be a citizen. (S) The Minister for Home'Affairs may grant or refuse an application for a'certiffcateof.naturalisationat his absolutediscretion, Provicled that any person whose application for a certificateof naturalisationhds been refusedmay petition the Fecleral l,egislative Assembly to review the decision
of t he N { i n i s t e r .
lrlovir;ions of this Scction'follow the noutral prntltice of nntionn'litv iirr5,,ilncl al'e lnlqell llrsed on the Rritislr Nationalitl' tnrl Status of Aliene .A,ctr 'fhr'

21
., It tvill aleo bc bbservedt,hnt, rrnlilie the 'tforking Comrnittce, u,e hni, incorporated n frrll Oath of Allcgiarrcc into our.Proposals; thig, of eoursen',is 'tho. ntrtttraicorollnr.t' of ortr rlcfinitiorr of cit,izcnshill as a nntionolitvconnotiug
.nllrrginnce. i Orrr provirionn divergc florn l4nglish praetico only in thdt we hnr'r.r ,1191ideil {pr.the_reJere-nge .of alrPlicltions for nnturalisation refused by the Minieter to the Federnl Legisltfiie rlssemblv. 1 This #e have done beearrse u'e ]rnve eorrsiilererl it degirable thot the cxercise of th'e Mirrister'e porvers in t'hig important, respect should. be subjeet -Iregislative to the i66ediate corttrol of the dernoeratie Federol Assembly. I]itter experience of the arlritrrrrr excreise of such powels hy ofHciale nbt srrbject to dtirnocratic control lrrrvc lc,d to the provieiort of thii safeguard.ln our Prolrcsnls.

t914.
It s'ill ]rr'ol)sot'ved that rre have providerl that the oppliennt fot rrat,rrrnlisnti<)n lpust, FasSa simple oral tegt' in the Malay langqnge-orlly, rvherea-s the \\rorkiug Conrrrrittee provision perrnittei<l the alternative of the Englisli
t I languagc. people, nnd is, tllol'eover' indigenols of the language the is Singe Molay tlre "lin111o fr.anca" 9f the rloruir.iled people, nncl rvill Lecouls 8o to an everin<,reasirig natent, wc have tlrouglrt it bbtli l)roper. nnd tlesirnble to. confine

this tc

. fhe Malay language.

Affairs, it is clesirable. that any ceptificatepf naturalisation grante(t by him should be revoked, the :lwinister shall rifer the cise to the Federal Court for enquiry, and shall ntake a report in r.r'ritingsetting out ti1'e reasonswhv he considersthat such certificateshould be and shall causeto be servecl on the personwhosc .revol<etl, certificateis to be enquiredinto a copy of such report. (b) 'lhe F'ederal Court, on recejpt of the afbresaictleport, shall issue a sunllnons to the person whose certificate,is to l,re enquirecl into, to appearbe,f"ore the High Court on the hearing of the enquiry,and after reading the rel)ort of 'the Minister., ancl aftey hearing the evidenie, ii irny, of the personwhose certificate is being enquiredinto, .'lrall recomliren<1 to the Minister that the certificate should or dhoulcl not lte revokecl,'as the casenlay be, anrl the Minisrter shall, in accorrlance with such recomnlenda^'tion, either revoke tlie certificate or not, as the case may ' be. ":' A . y c i t i z e n s h a l l c e a s et o l l e a c i t i z e n w h o : i\ (a) remains .out of Nlalaya for'nrore tltan two :cons<iiutive t.":r without making a forrnal cleilaration

SECTION S:(1) (a) If, in the opinionof the Ministerfor 'Home

28 i n w r i t i n g a tte ste d b y tw o witnesses to the effect that h

29 Provided that no citizen may'inake a'eleclaratibn of alienage for the purpose of evading military service; or (e) is a person under the age of 18 years, ,rv\ose father or widowed mother ceasesto be a citizen, Provided that this shall not apply when the widowed mother losesher citizenshipby reasonof her marriage to an alien, And provided that any child who has so ceasedto be a citizen fr&y, within one year of attaining to the 'age of 18 years, make a declaration that he wishes to resume Melayu nationality, and shall thereupon resume Melayu nationality, or (f) being a citizen by virtue of the operation of Section 3 (2) (c), does not, within one year of attaining to the age of 18 years,make a declarationof retention of citizenship,duly registered.
\\re have thoughi'it'diisirable nnrler Sub-section (1), that certificates of rraturalisation ehould only be revoked after public jrrdical enguirv, the Minister rrrerely taking fornral action on the recommendation of the Federal Court. The principlee on n'hich the Federal Court would act, in the case of suclr reference by the Minister, and such tletails ns tlre method of service of the lfinister's report, &ppe&ranceby Counsel, anil other rnatters of procedtire, rl'e lrnve left to later legislotion. Srrb-Sention (2) (a) follows Arnerican practice, ancl is, in our opinion, n verv desirable nnd necesBarv provision having regard to the special problerns 'nrising frorn Malaya's racial composition". The remaining provisions follo$' English praetice s,nd.are based o;ths British Nationalitv and Status of Aliens' Act 1914.

'

clesiresto retain his citizenship, and delivering such cleclaration to the Minister for Home Affairs within such period of two years, Provided that any period of absencefrom Malaya for the purposeof edtrcation.or otherwiseconsistentwith in Malaya, shall not be essential continuity of resid.ence deemed to constitute absencefrom l\{alaya for the prrrpose of this sub-section. or (b) when.in any foreign state and not undlera disabilitl'obtainsa certificateof naturalisationas a citizen of such state, or by any other voluntary means becomes with naturalisedin that state,or doesany act inconsistent the retention of citizensl-rip, or (c) ' being female, marries or is married to an alien, husband ceases Provided that any citizen rn'hose during the continuance of the marriage to be a citizen, frzy, within six months frorn the date of the loss of citizenship by such husband, rnake a declaration that she desiresto retain her citizenship,and shall thereupo4 be deemed to.remain a citizen, or (d) make a declaration of alienage. Aty citizen of the age of t8 and above,and not under a'disal-,ility, may make a declaration of alienagcl ,

rvho at his birth -orat any other time, bedpme of that t, he'subject l a w of any'foreign,state ttnder the 'statealso, and is still suchsubject;
( i i ) who has been naturalised as a citizen of Malaya; - (iii) whose parent or parents obtained while such.person was under the age of !8 years, a certificateof name was inCluded; naturallsation in which tha! P9r.s-on1s

'.,1r

ii

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i.,

A.-RIGHTs.

SECTION 6:-

.fundamental All citizens of Malaya enjoy equal rights and opportunities in the political," econornie,

g0 educationbl and"culturalspherds, regardlebs of ratc, creed, ' ' colour.or sex.

5rr in old age ancl also ir the case of sickness or loss orr, capactty to vvork. SACTION L4:-' citizens of Nlalayahave the right to leisur.- r';' SECTION 1q:* )r,!' citizen"sof Malaya have trre rigrrt to eclucation. . ,:'ri

SECTIbN.7:_
-SE.CTION 8:. ." : Women enjoy equalrights with men".unslqr the in.evqryrgspegt. . ..: .: ,_:,ol:tit"tion ': 9:-"SECTION
. . . i. o ",:i__:...

All citizens of Malaya'are equal belore tlie law.

SECTIOIV16:. Eu:ry rn'orkerhas the right to at least two.weel<s' 'women 'acation leave with -trll pay .every year; ancl workers to two rnonths' niattr'ity l.iu" *itti iurr p"y.'-

p-ersony,'hich shall include: ' * ' 'i : ' \ . ' F r e e d o mo f s p e e c h , publication Freedom of , ? "L Freedonr of religion and conscience Freedom of mo,vement : .

SECTION 17:The rigtrt to strike is guaranteed by this con_ -r,!t,.. stltutlon. .:

SI"1CTION 1U:-

Citizens of Malaya shall not suffer arrest or detentiofr or search'of their hoines and correspondbnce except. under 4t" proceis of the law. They are also guaranteed a speedy'and fair. trial in the event of arrest.

10:SECTION '

It is a right, guaranteetlby trre co'stitution, for any citizen to.petition'the councii of Racesarr*ing ilie lrttention of the council to the neecl for any measure. wlrich he feels is necess ary f.or the a<lva'ceiirerrtor protsction of .anl section of fhe people.
B.-DUTIE8.

S,ECTION11:The rights of propefty of citizens of Malaya are guarantedd ancl shall not be endangered without due
p ro c e s s o f l a w .

,'

SECTION l9:It is the,-duty of every citizen of Malaya to defencl th.e countly. 'rreason to tlie countfy shall de purrisrr"ul" rt'ith all the severity of the law.
ll l; l,

SECTION,.l2,=

: - - '

' , ' ' .

SECTION 20:-

A nrinimum wa[re level shall be'fixeclfor all wag'e rrtanual,clerical,professionaI and salary earners,vyhether' or otherwise. ''n; ' "''' :SECTION.13r:=,:"' Citizins. iif Matala hive"tlie'right To rirainterrdnbe'
' . . : ' . ' ' \ . ' i " ' : "

I t i s t h e , r l u t yo f . e v e r yc i t i z e ' t o a b i d e b y , t h ec o n Jstitution anclobservethe la-ws.

SECTION 21:It shall be regarded as a fundamental duty of citizens, through thEir elebt'ed institutions, to direCt

dl" specialattention to the advancementof any section:o{the peoplewho are, or who may be found to l-re, in a conditiori needing such advancetnent, be it econorlrc, social, educational or cultural.
'I'he lJnder-secretary of Sta[e's plinciple states: "l'olitical right,; ....should be exteuded to those *'ho regard Malaya ts their real hotnt: 'Having taken adetluate steps to ensure arrd the object of their lql'alti." t'hat those who becorne citizeus ttnder our Proposals do so regarrl Malayp. u'e Irave accordingly extended to thom those politiqsl lights which'rrro todn.l' genetally accepted aF necessary. '8ince, however, political rights c*nnot exiet rvithout, cir-ic duties, wo lrave ldid dorvn those civic dut'ies rvhich are vitol fol a deruoclti"io seslety.

$d (2) Each state and Singapore, Penang atld Malacca shall be a constituency for the purposes of electionsto the Assembly. (3) 'fhere shall be one representative in the every 45,000citizens. Assembly for 'Edch (4) state and $ingapore, Penang and J\{alacca shall be entitled to return such number of representatives to the Assemblyas shall be equal,to the nearest integer,' to.the total number of citizenswithin such State, ,rr Slngapore, Penang orMalacca, divided by forty-five thousand. for seats in the Assembly shall (S) Candiclates lre citizerlsof the age of.23 or over. (6) The life of the Assembly shall be three years. (.7) There shall l,,e no' communal electorates, . or allocation of seatswhatcandidatures,representatives c'ver, Provided that for the first three Assembliesonly, rrot lessthan 55 per cent of the seatsin the Assernblyshall be helcl by citizbns of Malay race, to be effected by the procedure: 1'ollowing ' (a) if, after the holcling of the elections to the AsEembly,it is found that less than 55 per cent of the resuch n'umberof seats presentaiiyesare of Malay race,-then Statt be added to the number of seatsin the Assembly as of the Malay race,bring woulcl,if filleclby representatives of the number of representatives l\[alay.race up to $$ per cent of the total number of representatives; be-;filledby those (b)- such seats Shall thereupon. candidatesof Malay race who polled the largest number of votes ,among those candidates of Malay race not re. turned at the electionS;

ALIENS. SI1CTION 22: just and hum ane tr eatm gnt, Aliens are g'uaranteed safety of personand property, and fr eedom of action. rvithin the limits of the law.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. SECT'ION23:There shall be a strong central Federal Govertrnent to which the States and Singapore,Pertang and \{alacca will delegatelegislativeauthority on the subjects enumerated in ScheduleA.
' The Schedule referred to is ideutical witL that drawn up bJ' the \Yorking made with o view to Committee, oith the'exceptiou bf certirin amendurents 'I'hese' amendurents are libted ill the central' governurent,.: , .ti"1tgttru"i"g Schedule B.

F E D E R A LL E G I S L A T I V E ' A S S E M B L Y .

SECTION 24:-A'ssembty (1) Thereslrall bea.f^ederal Legislative pf i'epre.(hereinafter calledthe Asserhbli),cornposb.I

by ekizeps"of-the' scntativesof the peopledirectly electerl legal;incapacity, .18-ancl to not subject abbve-:ancl ig.:oi ' ' ' ' t " : liy.secret'vot'",--'''

31' .

,15 If tirt'r, do rrot',.if thcl arc t,otirlll, disilter,csted irr tire serrse tirat tLeir . l r t t i t t t e r e s t sa r c i r r r t o r v a ; f i n v o l v e d , ' o n l y t l i e n i s t h e r e t h e a s s u r a n c e that iirr.\-rcasotlJrthat nrrl;' be flut forrvard lry tliern, are put forlr-ard in gooci faitlr rrrrrlcan, bheretor.e, be judged on tlreir.merits. W'e never find, how-ever. that, llris qualificntion is lrut forwnld b), 4lrttrrur"sted, ancl tlrererorlo unprejridiced
o ltt't'sOllS.

(.) this proviso shall not, under any circunrstancesrvhatever, be subject to any amendnrent. I (B) Amendments to the Constitution" shall l>e t:ffectedby ^ two-thirds majority of all rnembers of thc ,t\ssenrbly. (9) Representativesshall recpive,during t h e l i f e of the Assembly, an emolumenf of $600 per I r l O n t l l , cxclusive of travelling expenses, suclr sunls to be charge:ible on the funtls of the Federal Governnrenr. (10) 'l'he sessions of the Assenrblyshall Lre opert ccl by the High Commissioner.
have proviclecl for a fully-elected. Federal Legislative Assenr|lv. . .... Tllg Report of the Working Comr,nittee states".oq. page lZ, paragrapii il, : "'lhe Comrnittee lvere unanimous that the intioiliictiotr of inv-foirn ol elections on a rvide fr-anchise woulcl be premature, and coulil not be regardecl as'feasible in the earl.y stages of the n6w Federation.,' ' No reasona were given for this decision, but we .srrggest thot, if tlie 'llrorkirrg Oornluittee l-rad put forward a re&son, it rvorrld triie been thrt tlre rlgh[ .to g<.rvcrnrnent through elected repreedntotives (or self-goverriiire'rrt). is u-right rvhich nray only be claiged by a colonial pebplo whdn they havu: rt:ached a certain oducational etandard. Altliough this right is univers&lly occepted in principk,, and ie fretrueutlv -when ir,voked even by irnperiulist governments iC ie in tireir intere'st tu d,' so, this reuson is advanced, even by professedly progressive elernents .in jlrrlrcrirrlist countries,_because'itie saiil tliat the geheial"right to self-goveinruerrt sh<luld lre,<1ualifiodirr the caso of colqnirll peoples v'hof it is cloirrred, are.not reudy to focr: the coruplexities and difiicultiee of rnodern goverurneiit. It is clairned that ruodern government can onlv be effectivelv adurinistered l.r.r' e-xperts with liighll--specialised training and,exierienee, and [hrt a cQlonial p-eopleshould_nob be allowed, in their owri interestl to govern themeelves.ilntil thev ean produce an adequate number of such experts-, and until tlre rnasses of such colonial people have reached the requisite educational dtandard. . For instance, in a pamphlet entitled 3. Irabour's Colonial 'Policv." published by_the_Fab_ian Society, the present Secretsry of State forlthe Oqlonids, .ift is ,r, thc Iliglrt Hrn'ble Mr. Arthur Creech Jones, eoys, on page 11: tluisnr, u'hich is particularly.applicalle to colonial societibs,-thot good ftealbh and education a,re pre-requisitee to the practice of deruocrutic Roiernment.,' Wt are opposed to the rvhole of this line of argument for the follnrring
t('nFons:

'W-e

- (l ) Rcfore x'e exarnine {l,ny reasons that may 'be pub forward-in support of thi,s cpalification of t,he right io seU-governheni, it is necess0rv to enqulr. u'hother or not those who make this qualifcation benefit colonial from'ihe 'l systern which it seeke to justify.

If, ho'lvever',Buch a rlualificatiou is advocated bv those n'ho benefit {ro1r ilrc r,olorrialsyHtern,. it u'ill bo necessarvto scrutirrise nnv re&solls rvhicir thel' rrrrr;' put folwarrl .u'ith grave suspicion, becauee it rvouid be virtually certaiil tJrrt the "rerleons" put f<lnvald bv thern would |e ratioualisatiorrs."and rrct tlrc rerrl I.errBOns. \1'e fe't:l, the_r,,'fore, tlrat silrce this qualification is alwu.vs put, forrvnrrl r'il hcr'.b1' the Bpokesurt'rr of iluperiai -governrnents in relatiori to the peoplt: t,.l'tlreir colortics,or bv thole rvho ale <leperrclent, in one u'ay or. anotlrer,,^ rrplon tlre.preservation of the colonial s.ysteru,their leasons fol' uaking this'qualiIicrrtiorr luust be treated with gri:al, suspicion, because such peiions ha:o" 'r"cstetl interest iu the crontinued eontrol-of the colonies, ancl ihe applicatiol" c,f the principle of self-governmetrt would,meau the cesdation of tha?'controJ. The Working Cornnrittee aenristed of six repreeentativesof the Malavan Iinion Government (which is responsible onl.y to the lmperial Governmeit,). rrrost of whotn u'ere bureoucrots steepeti in the reactionary iraditions of coloniai oilrrrinisttation,. rrnd of.irx..repre;c-ntatives of the Malay alistocracy and its ;,olitieo-l organisotion (United- Malal's National organis"ation), the"uraintennttcc' of_\'hoge privileged l)osition, deperrdedon t,hc eontinuedi corrtrol of t.|r, Jrrrpelitl. (Jovernrnent over Malovn, I ' h e r e a l r e o s o nf ' r t b e ' W o r k i n g e s n m i t , C e e ' s d e c i s i o n( , , . . . . . . . . . . . . t h a r tlrt,introdueticn of.-any f_orru of ele"ctionsorr u witlo fraoc)ri.e-'*ouiaf",, lrr't'ruatttre, ,und -could rrot- be -regarded as feasible in the early stages of tlio ltrrrr l,'ederation") was therefrrre (we feel), tlrat goo*.rro,u"rlt ti,io"qii tii" t ltrt't,etl relrtrsetrttrtivecof thc peoplo 'rvorrldbe iucolsietent with t|e aui-ocrnti,: stt'ttctrtle u'lrich thev rvished to crect irr ordel to preserve thcir nrivilerre ,l eu<ltlre irupcrial contlol orr rvlrich that porsit,iorr l,rsiti<.ru, depeutlod. . .(2) This.line-of argurnbnt leclrriresthat a celtain educational standarrl slrorrkl lle reached by the-people of- a colony before they can be allowed to r.xercise t'heir riglrt to self-governlrent. lYe have two criticisnrs to make of this standpoint: (*) 'Ihe hnperial Govel'nrnent reserves to itseif the riEht arbitrarilv to dccido when.tht,.requisite edueatiorrnlstandard has been rcaclicd, and by doing s(), usllrps the.ri;ght which belorrgsorrlr: to the people to decide'for tire"rnselve'i if untl_-rvhen-the;' 511s reatly'. to ix,'cept'the resporrsibititJ' of self-goverrrmerit. Should it be felt, for instance, by the people c,f L colonr,-thut, th"v o",, trot yet read;: .to Lr.ccepb^ {rn}'_one o-r ruore of thu various reiponsibiliiiLs of gorernment, it rrill be for them alone to delegate t}cir poriers oyer suclr functions to any alien government of their choicc. (b). T!9 histor.yof tho rhovqnent for independepso in colonial torritorie; educationat eiar,alrrd-irns l,r'ovcs thnt the-question. of whether any particular l)cen reachcdl docs rtot in practiqr: r.r,riee, tlhe receut yrclitical develoomentr itr Intlia is a base in point. Thb British Cabiuet dial uot, u f"uf sur;i b;;,, "

So
its d.ecision to grant Indian indepeldence on India's standards of literacy or ''bilucational standarils were really the touchstone for readinces . If "tl,r.uiiot self-government, then it may jusiifiably be contended that Malaya is juet for rts ready-for self-gcrvernrnentas Indio is, since the percentuge of lrteracy tn lndia autl Malaya today is approximately the sarue. If good nealth is also to be used. as a criterion,- as tho Rt' Hon' Mr' Arthur ireech Joues lrae maintained to be a truism, then we feel that there superior to that of India. i.r" U" Iittle doubt that Mala-ya'e health is vastly -readiness 'Ihis reveals that the aiqument-that of a colonial pgople the standards their educationol judge{ reference to by is to be for self-government __is ouli a cloak to hide theha[ed fact that t6e imperialist' power will prglong its contiol for as lons as it, considers that it is in ite general interest to do s-o, srrch educational levEls being in fact totally irrelevant when it coures to the uoint. Ii has been shown that unified polibical p1essure alone will wiu for n people the freedom to exercise their right to self-government'. colonial - The-re is, ho*e'tt"r, the saying that, "it ie never too late to ntend'" The DeoDle oi Great Biitain shbuli realise that the love of freedon is not themselves alone, but is also held by their subject peoples. Tl"y i."iiti"aio nhould therefore eee to it thai their democratically-elected goverupents understlrrd the wistiom of securing the lasting friendship of their colonial pegplgB br uerrrrittins them to exercise their basic right to self-governrnent, and.trle tritty of waitiig until mountiug political hostility has ilestroyed the foundations of thie goodwill. (:J)" This line of argument ignores the fact tlnt ihe co-opelation of thc No m3!t9r- horv .expert the porsounl peopld is eesential to good governrnent. i,f tfr" governrnent ilay b6, no matter- how hig.hly ekilled or profound,,irr if ihe governurcnt docs not, elicit the co-operation ot*tlte tt,t,hnicrri'krrurvierlge, This pcaple, it u'ill never bo abie to promote the welfare of the pbople' ir".ior" cannot, be prouroted efiectively except Lry. .the people tlleuraelves rvli<lare.responiiblc to theur alrd to tllelrr tlrrt-rgglrtlrcir elccled le1;'e_sentntives, O"ly on such'a bagie of responsibility can-the people feel confiileut aln""l ihnt it ie th6ir welfare. and not ths aiien inter-est, that is being plornoted. A government of alien "expe1ts," cau never understend the real needs c,f tlrc iiuonl". f t is chrrracteristiclof euch "expelts" to lrave dogrnatir'<,oinions'as^towhat the people ought to need, nnd to ten{, at the same tirnc, td be inaifferent to whaith6 moEs;s of the people do in fact need. Such an uitit"a" on their part is iuevitable, beceus6 tliey'are not of the people and rrot responsible to the people. This is vividly ittustrated by conditions in }falaya todoy.: the--two gov.ern"stafied by such alien t'expeltsr"-&re continuallS' courpla,inl,,"ntt of MaIoVa, iug that thev'ire not receiving the co-operation of the-qeople, and place.the blrime fot all the dcficicncies and b]unders of tbeir adnrintstratron on tllrg leck 'fhcy ignorc the fact, howe-ver, thgt the co-opelation of thc oi ,o-op".rtion. 'is trnobtainalrib 6.y a government thab ie' separate from, and nob neolrle iesponsible to, thc peoplg,- lf the peo,'le, of Britain, for oxample, rugtg-tYl:g bv'such an alien gbveinnreut, we would be surprised if the people.of Britatu , :-- . .. : 11r-.dit tr6u1rg6-,,p-er-atiou. ' -: ..

6t
It is therelore very clear that what is far mor.e impor.tunt tfuan that t[e governruent should be composedof ,,expelts', is that tlie govcrnrnent should be coru.posedof- tlie representltives of tLe people, E:i tt," p;"pl;;';,,t responsible_ "t""t-a to the -people-in other rvords, in their t"olutJag[ Jl ttru "*port, treeds of the people. It is true that, under tuodern conditions, goverr{rnentsdo rreed.,in certain , highly-skilled e-tecutives. Sultr executives however, llsUartrnents, ul\ray8. be recr.uifed frorrr lJritaiu atrd ofher of the t'orltl "uo, arri eruployerl -parts trs advisers rrntil such titrre as the peolrle u." ,rLl" to provide tiieir orun technical -placc 'their expert advisers would then tnke propcr ;, th; .,.llr"*l ,9lr"h scrvants of. tltc people irr pluce of tlieil plcsent position oi tt* ru'astcrs of the I)cropte. It rvill be nobiced that we have not provided for anv l.eserve or. veto l)owerg to be.placed in ilre hands of ilre Higf, co;;idi;;" This is becauee \vc have leolised that there is no half-wav house betlveen colonial ancl selfgoverning. .status. __.1.l"- experien-ce of oth". colonial t"rriiori"*,- *iror" l-fu representutive of His Majesl1"s Governnrent retajns reserve or veto powers <,ver such nratters as finance, defence and foreign afiilirs proves that iontrol tf such rnatters of vital siguificance b.y His }ioi".tv;. doo".rro"rt renders the control of the looal leiliilatures ovei other rrrolte.J .rn,,1.,"1".. ,i.a ",rrlity.We also thiirk that it is most necess&rv to ernphasisethat iI elections werr) introduced on the basie of the cibizenehi"ppropo-secluy tn" 'working corrr.o_gyd,be a gross. betrayal of 0t d i"fig,"rorr". un.l a"*-i"Tf"a" p;;;i" Itt*::l-th"V w.e have already shown that the citizenship s.q'Eested bu ih" 9j, 4llsya: llorlrlng.(.lom?lt0ee, not being a nationality, does not d-ernarid-loyalty"frour tho so-called citizen. 'fhis "citizenship" will, as we have als6 sfiesn. brins in as f,bderat citissllg rnany who will not 6we loyalty to }Iatya, ["d *no'*ill retuin their real.auegrBnce to therr. coun-trieso{ origin. Yct, if electious are introduced orr thfs basis, such "citizens" uray becoie rnerubeie of thu n"a"r-r r,"ji;t"t;;; and Executive. fn our discussioD on citizenship, we referred to the situatiou ,that coul4 orise if, for example, there were a slate of war between the Federation anti l-lbtna. In the event of_such a w&r,. there might verj, well be mernbers both und Executive whose :l^ tll,",losi*tlTq .real"ioyaltyl o, "utio"uf. rvould be with Cltina, and whoso renl national "t-Cf,i"r, dutv l[ would therefore be (ii' they-rvere uot intern'ed as enerny nationars) to do" l;;ir;t; ;;*;; to sobotage the war effort of the "u.*ilii"" #itni"it" g"""i"';""i. leople of lialaya t"om It may bo felt that thie is an extrerne case, but 6[s peint is not rvhether . t,lre erample^ iq an__ertreure case or not: it is t]rat tlrc &aruple leveals the rol'tennese'of the llrorking Coutrnittee'e form of citizenship as a foqndation on wlrich to build the politic-alluburo of Mala,)'q, a-rrd on rvhicl, t-r,pLan ii, ,l;;;i"l;_ rrrerrt irr the inter.esti,of its.indigenous- aird lnv ,rt#_ -douricil.rUp"rjf" gtructure built on such foundations ie doomed tlo speedy nitl tlior" 'p"opl"-tu* rvho would euffer mogt in, su.ch a. collapse would u^e Maliy lie "ollopr", indigenous Populutiou;-und also tLe doiricilcd peoplo o?-lraruy"u iyt,.i 1."gur,l .Ilalu,ya.a* the object'of .their.- loyolty.. . -_l -

i
fi
{tl

f rl f
il

i fl

{ f

ii ,il

iit

3t:'
iu certairr c'ircurnmake.it necess&ry' A folrn of citizenshipwhich would'tle elected re' proportidn,of, subetantial o iriter* o.;;;;riy'rii"irr to rrtarrces, i' thc po'r:t ta\c to t.-c.iti*ue tlt*t,, ull.rn i,,"r.,,ii,rir.,.iuf tl,,' ;;1""".;';i;; the 'defeat' for to work be woulil nationul duty l'ltot'iftJ;i'.*t l,.f,rli,i*t.*tion insult to ,'i'ltiir"i:l, is, i', our fri"i.ii,-" disgrace.tdtirose rvho framed it, qn of Greut the to oeoule sltarne lasting a l.,yalty-i;lh"'cou.'tiy, if,u*""rrliril'o*le * lauglingn"a i.trod.uced, t.-1,? ,rr.lrrsc lt guurri,,,,;,,i-l*"triti!.i llyitllirr. stock to t'lrc resl of the world' --rr*ub#sg ggrFr.: C O U N C I L . E X E C U T T V E FEDERAL

t9

irr tliis'Section called "the Councit") consisting of trvo rnernllers of each of tlre following colltmunities: Malay, Chinese,Inclian, Eurasian, Ce_vlonese. Aborigine, Arab, European,Jews arrd others. (2) (u) Mernbersof the Council shall be citizens o[ Malaya ovgr the age of 23, electerlby the Assembly. (b) No mernber of the Assembly shall b; a rlrelnber of the Council. :SF:C'T]ON25 ' l i l r e r " (3) T'he life of the Council shall be three years. F ' e d e l ' a l a l (1) shall be establishec (4) No amendment of the Constitution;br other I.lxec'ttti'e Council composecl of tllembers elected.by, arrrl legislation, its own shall have the effect of ai-'olishing the Council, re s p o n s i b l e t o t h e A sse rn b l y,. fro m am ong 'until after nine years from the clateof tl-ris Constitution. tnelllbers. : (S) The Council shall have the following powers (2) The Prirne Minister shall be glecteclby the a n c ld u t i e s : Assembly. (^) Every Rill passerlby the Assembly shall lrc the followiSl T5e Prime Minister shall allocate sent to the Council,. which shall thereupon consicler of the Council: " ing o Departments.among!!9 tr.*bers rvhetheror not such Bill is discriminatorv. ' i)efenc., ForeigriAffairs, Iiina'ce, Ilome Affairs,' (b) A discrirrrin atory Agricultutg: Bill is iny Bili Works, which. Public L-abour, f ustice, Eclucation, either as Departa whole, in particular or any provision, such other is disand Transport, Health, I.'isheries,. crinrinatory tht: by on racial or religous grourrds. lnents as ruay from' time to tirne be created (c) If the Council shall decideunb.nimously that A.ssembly. "",lhe Pri*re Minister shall be President of tlre Bjll is not cliscrinrinatory, such Bill shall thereupon, lly di "rifter formal assent given, has been becomelar,v. Council. by a majority that _ (.1) If the Council shall clecide iS) Mernbers of tle Council shall receive such suclr by Bill fixed is not discriminatory l-re time to such Bjll .shall bL returnecl crnofullnents as may from time to the Asseml-rly effective together not become wifh ancl comf lete .stateshall iegislatiol a'full i.g;rtution l-rutsuch tttent, passetl. drawn it.was up signecl by bach an<levery objicting ;i;tt"; tlie life of the'lssembly'by which "trO the legieto tnenrber, showing clearlv the provision executivo au of, or provisions to the \\-r: huve s,d<.,pted. .principle l::Y:,Ltibl" senurlltion of rvhiclr litrr.rrg,lrs being superior., in-oUr opinion, to !h-e pr'inciple,of o6jection *as tali-cn, ancf if such Bill^on being reof instead 'ilu"l"a by'the Aseeu'bly'' u" ..\v{'rs. Tl'. Co,rtrili'1"'to considered ""ifilry by the Asserrrbly, practlce' is agarn passeclby the Ungtlsh i,eing h"lertetl hv t'he Prime Minister, as'in 'Assenrbly, it shall, after formal assent his beeri given. C O U N C TO L F RAOES' thereuponbecomelaw. (") (i) If the Council shall decide'unarrirrrously, SEC'IION 26:'oi (hereafter Racp-s of by b rnajority, that such Bill isr clisciirriima'tbry, 11j There shall be a Council suclr

40

4l

Bill shallbe returnedto the Assembly, togetherrn'iththe statements members o{ ob.iecting as in (d) above. (ii) If such Bill, after re-consideration by the,

third time, such Bill, if brought before the new Council by the next electecl Assembly, and if it is again clecided to be cliscriminatory,shall he'referreclto tlie Assembly for consideration,ancl if it is, after suqh consideration, Assembly, is again passecl by the Assembly, it shall be passed, shall, after forrnal assenthas been given, therereturneclto the Council,together with a ftrll recorclof thc upon Lecomelaw. on such re-consicleration. of the Asscrr-rbly llroceeclings (6) (i) If at any time the Council shall clecide (iii) If the Council, after re-consitteringsuch by a majority, but not unanimously,that any Bill is clisBill, again rlecides that such Bill is discriminatory,it shall criminatorv, ancl a resolutioriis cirried by i two-thirds be returneclto the AssemLly together with sucl'rfurther nJajority of the Assembly that such clecision is unjustifistatementsas any objecting member may wish to make, :Lble, on the grouncl that the reasonsput forward by the (i") If such Bill, after further re-consideration bv Council for its clecision are unsatisfactory anclinaclequate, the Assembly, is again passedbv the Assembly, it shall t h e m a t t e r s h a l l t h e r e u p o n ' b e l a i d b e f o re the Federal be returned to the Council, together with a full record of Court. the proceedings on such further re-consideration. (ii) If the F'ederal Court, after an exalninationof (v) If the Council,after further re-consideration the minutes of the proceeclings of the Assernbly ancl of of such Bill, again decides that such Bill is discriminatory, tlre Council, and after hearing any members of the such Bill shall not become law during the life of the Council or of the Assembht or of both the Council and r\ssembly,but if such Bill shall be introducedin the next the Assenrbly as"it, shall ihink fit, is satisfieclbeyonci Assenrl-rly , s h a l l , a f t e r f o r r n a l a s s e n th a s b e e n g i v e n , it reasonable doubt that the Bill is not discriminatory,sucl-r ihereupon becomelaw. tsill slrall, after formal assenthas been gil'en, thereupon (f) It at anv tiure a{ter the Council has cleciclecl become law. g'hether or not any Bill is discriminatory under (d) or (7) The Council may recomnlencl to the Assem(e) above,and before such Bill becomes law, any amendtrly any nleasure which it clecides by majority a or trnment is passedin such Bill by the Assembly,such amendanimously is necessarv for the advancement or protection of this sub-section, hnent shall be treated for the purposes of any people, section of the as if it were a provision in a Bill appearingfor the first Providecl that, in the case of any such lneasrlre tirne beforethe Council,and the Councilshall accordingly being introduced into the Council and being defeated, have three opportunities of recorcling its decision that the proposer of such measllre may demand that the suclr amendeclprovision is discriminatory before such minutes of the discussion in the Council, together with a : provision becomeslaw. ^ statement as to the desirability of the measureproposed, (g) If the Councilshall decideu , nder (e) (i) or drau'n up ancl signed by the proposer,shall be tiblia be(e) (iii) above,that any Bill is cliscriminatory; l-rutdue to fore ' ;r' the Assembly. the termination of the life of the Assemblysuch Bill is (8) All motions in tlre Council shall be proposecl 9r not brough.t beforethe Councilagainfor the second

4g

'secondecl bv a by., member of one commttnity ancl ,nrbnrberof another.col11mtrnity. (g) A quorurll of t6e Cduncil shall be two-thirds clf the'metnbers. ( 10) Each tnember shall have one vote' (t t ) The Council shall elect a Chairrnan from amoniits own members.
Our Conference faoeil the fact that thie Constitution is the first step.that to construct, out of Malaya's cosmoPolit'rnpeoplen, a stable 1,"* v"t lleen t,al<en o.{lnlo1'a' d t , r n o e r a t i en a t i r ) n , r r n i b e do n t h e b a s i s o f n l l e , g i r r n c 'te ,, t". \\rs ls6lisr,rl. lrllerefore,l'hat there v-orrld be a t'ransitional.pertoct Ytll9* -it would be necessarvto provide Eomerlleang by which the Feder-alLegislativc woul4 b"'r"rni.tded of the neeessity to refrain from tliscriminatory ,i;;tli ^:"^"'iv;;ave Icqislation. qrilled the "Council of Rnces,i' therefore created this institrtiiil that, is dlscrirhinatorV on. raciol legislation in where powel, cat"t rvhich has the the AssembJY,,,r" Assemblv, to delay such legislation' bv .the' i,' r""n,,rn.ls' is nassed by g."r.';t;;arit pass"a lt-9ll ".ii.,io,,*' th9.C9uLcrl ",:^l"ir "ld?Jnn opportiini,t.v.f,qr prdvirle i,f,"lii,l,p".; ;ilt,i-",l"irr"l !" 'ntt lT.:: ptoposod the :1 that cldciiling it* reo"oir" for ;i,; A*r6*bry i"-;l:;;;;f";; 1*,1i5spi1pinator5'. Ieqislntiorr ^'"''"'iil;' .,;iil te eda.caa by roqrriring that AllL legislotion should be i;i]. referr:e4to tlie Cou'cil of-Roces foritr^scrutinv,. andshould it ilecide -thxt 'ny the tiiil it tliscr:iininato.n ii an.v particrrlor, such'Bitt "tratl be eont bnck to law', b'ecolning rc-eo'isidcration'before ,\sr"nblv ft,r that the Aes;rnl)l'v shall pey.serious ottention rtr order f6 ertsule, rB "to""o"u", po.1111,i1 this procedure for re-cousrcleratlon llaces' of tlre t<,, thc deeision of 'roquired to be carried out t'hree times. rn the case of continuing objeetions b5r the council of Rnces, provisiorl to" tho olrtttitti"f of ol"."to"il opinion"l where a Bill r'ee[s-wit5 the i* "a,iu :1,rri,i"iji.o. orl'nritiori of tn" Cou'cil ofl [[taces,' it cannot becotne lnw rrntil Uv ttrl' ncsi electerl Assenrblr* Dnsserl -"""''iri"i,t..r,,l,,i,tr ti,"."to.", iiu"" q'ooil rens-on, if it desireg legislotion "l;ri, into force, to rernove'frorn the proposedlegislation any broirght to 6e .srrererlilv whjirh hrrve been ghown to be discri6inatory ir\ nature' ft::rt,ure,s IIrj*.tr-,,p, ir, 6rJ.t1 to protec',;the legislatrrre^nBninst tlre .possibilitv of ill-advisr,,l o;iposition tln the 19rt o-f the Councili of lfcgs, provlsron !8 m&cte tleciiiort o{ tbe Council to be l:eferrecl to the Tederol Court' ftrr'tlre ^'if i1,,, ii",t..*l Corirt is sotisfi.ed after prolrer enquiry that t1e Rill is rrot 4iscrinrinatory,-th; Bill beebmes lnrv withirut' li"vorii ': ""rt.riri,iifa".lnnbi ' : tlelay. f rrrther "'-'--'llr. ensutefl, ye fce],.that any legislet'ion set out in this ,section pr,i,:".1.,.o eonsiilolotion of th-e &rgnment'g against

the Oouncil of Racesn scond function: to tecomlen{. .:.r.I^u^l-nvf,giles ro tlle Assomblynn.\'.Itle&srrrc. rr'lric-lr eonsirlcrs necessary for the advnnce-' 'nnv -it rtrcntor.proteetion sect,ion of of the people. This we hnve done il meirnsby whiclr the Assembly ?.i,o..t9.proyitlela nrav bo constantly rcmindcrl that it'is ,,inter r,lia', il"re'lnstrurnent-throu;i; n'hieh tho fundariental d-rrt5'ointr as providcd for.in section pl, " nn6lf, :'-...........through "itirnn., iheir.erer:ted instituti,rfig to air""t speciar attlntion to the advancement.of oiry;:ection il1e people*h; ;;;,-or-*qV b; I;;;d 9f to'be, in a condition.needingsrrqf ili;l; educntional ",roJ1r.5irn""i,"1;'ii ""o""ririf or cultural', is coliectivelv earriedout.I of the Corincil of Races to the Assemblv will be . Tlre rccommendntions nsnieted bv the nrovisjon of Section 18 th,rt eve.y riiir" f.rli^iUl;i*i; to petitiori rhe corrncil nf lrace, dr^;'l"s.th""';*^t,';";f;he ";tiJo" need for onv me{rsure rvhich he feels ii ,ru"uruo"y-'f"""ifr" council to the ltrotection of an.y section of the neoole. "a""*"-""t""i , . rn this way, every citizen has dhe ri-ght to l&ve his suggestionsand comqonsideredby- an irnpartial t-f,y *t;cii hJ iii"""t access plaints_ to the Assembly. CONFERENGE OF RULER$.

SECTION 27:(1) There shall be a conference of Rulers con':tilg o_f_ tle Hig-h cornrnissioner as the representative gl Fir-Majesty the King, and Their Highnesses the Malay Rulers. (2) Copies of all Bills, on introcluction into thc ^ Assembly, shall be placecl before the conferenc; n"rlr. for their consideralion. "i
the partnership..of .r{is Majestv"rvith rheir Higfi;r;^-tri" constitutionalmonarchs. ,t:o:lutgn FEDERAL COURT.
The Conferenco of Rules evrnbolises the-_Feilerntion of Malaya based on

lrir"y

rtil;;

;;

SECTION 28:-

'firinltli'fti""a

" rand viia.l reasons, afLr, the fdle;t' ouch le[islation,

on the StatuteBook in the faee of objection",1"i."llrt ll-:' for iery necessary u-ill havebeen'rrsse<l bniirr.,it'ofRaces, !y tlg Aeseinl,lv '
,

(1), There shall be a Fecleralcourt,and such inlerlor courts as.may hereafter be created by legislation, -ancl '1A'hose constitution proce'dureshall be (uch- as mav hereafter.be providecl fof by legislation. (2) The jurisdiction oi the Fecleial court shalr . cxten(l to all casesin law and equity arisiirg _underthis

constitution, or undersuchlarvsat mayfrereafter b;

44

46

enacted by legislation, and to controversieslietween the various Statesand territories comprisedirr the Fedgration. , (3) The !'ederal,Executive Council shall nominate the ChieT Justice and the Judges of the Federal Court, and the Ccinferenceof Rulers shall thereupon appoint such Judges. (4) The Judges of the Federal Court and all inferior Courts shall hold office during good behaviour, and shall only be removable from office on a motion to peti'tion the Conferenceof Rulers for such removaLbefore the Federal Legislative Assembly, carried by majority of two-thirds of ' the members present and "voting; iuch motion to be preceded by an inquiry conducted by u judicial committee of not less'thanfive and not more than ten members of the Federal Legislative Assemlily, and presided over by 'the Chief Justice, whose recommendation shall be laid,before the Federal Legislative A'ssembly,together with a full and'completerecord of the proceedingsof the enquiry. (.S) The Judges of inferior Courts shall be appointed by the Minister for Home Affairs.
It will be observed that the appointrnent and removal of Judgee is provided for.in ascordancewith the principlo that the 'ffountain of juitice" is the sovereignhead of the State. I'U8LIM RETIGION AND MALAY CUSTOM.

Providecl_ that aii legibrationfouncl necessaryby the Malays for the enforCement of such matters of Muslirn religion and Malay custom as'are the proper subject of ^Asse*bl.t, legislation, may be recommendecl to the bv such institutions asyry hereafterbe set up by the Malays to regulate their religion and custom.
. .. The lYork_ing co-nr'rittce's Proposals permitted the councils of state ln the Yorlous Malav Stntee to le-gis-lateon rnatters of Musliu religion and altiiough such b'odies contained non-Muslifr.' iili;;;i; Hl?L,!ulto-, Ilheir Highn_e!6e.q under tlose Proposals retained veto and reserve powers over :natters of Mrrslim religion and Malay custom ,,inter alia,r, arid allhough jl,"rt.*".1" not,subier:t ii-r th" exercise "ot tho*u purticrrlar;;;ur; o"tv m ?8" "advice" of the British Adviser,'vet our'conf'erence uninimouslv ielt that it was highlv undesirablc thot non-Muslir's shourd take any p-"i $ulr""".., even in on advigory cupacity, in matters of Muslim religion itttl Mut"y *rtom. However, it rvas pointed out to our Coufererrcebv the Malav delep,atcs tltnt.there.nright be certain matt,ers, particularly of "custom, *iri"h ,iiEttt, rcqulre legislative sanction for their enforcernent, anil we havo therefu.u mido lrrovision {9" lhq giving oJ srrch stnction, which is, however, to be qiven if, nnd only if,- it is expressl5 sought, by suclr institutions or ihe Malavs mav themselyes have set up for the regulation of their religious and nlTairs. ",rJtomary

rflcx cPMMlssloNER' SECTION 3o:-' , n. His Maiesty, as sovereign constitutional monarch of, Singapore,,Pena_ng,_and Matacca,shall appoint 'r r a High Commissioner as HiJ Representative.
A S S E I | TT O B I L I 8 .

SECTION 29:-

All matters pertaining to the Muslim religio.n and Custom of the Malays shall be,outside the control and jurisdiction of any of the institutions createdby Sections 23 to 26 enclusive,and Sections 32 and'33, of this Constitution or any other rinstitutions which may hereafter be created by legislation, other than'.suchiinstitutions as may be created by, or at the instance of, 'the Malays,,for such purposb,and shall be the sole concernof the Malaysl

SECTION 31:' '' 'Assembly All Bills passed shalr receive - by the assent,,iry the affixing thereon of the seal of the I?TT"I commissioner as tft Repr'eseritative of His $iqh Majesty, and of the Rulers, Seal,wfri.t .frrff be affixed t'hereon in the presence of a Stanclingco**itt.; ;i;; Highnesses the Nlaray RulJrs"ere.iecl by Their ,1j,fneir il.ighnesses, ito the seiling of who shall, sign as'witnesses 'I suchBills.

46 OF THE FEDEBATION' C O Y E R N M E NO T F THE TERRI?ORIES

41 (4) TrheMentri Besar or prime Minister of eacL of tlre territories of trre Fe<leratior,,tirii-appoint frorn :''ong'. the 'rernbers of the Executiv. co"iiii l; ;i*1'. respective territories such officers as may frorn time to time be found neccssary. (s) Tlre N{entri Besar or, pri.re IVlinister of each of the territories of the Feclerationshall i;;h" president of the Flxecutive council in his r.rp..iirr.-t.i.i,t.i
Sections32 and 33 provide institutions iu-the tclritoriis of ti,u I&de'atio. rvhich are a'eflectio' of the deriroorati"--o"trir,"r;-"itli"".Jr"tr".

(1) There slrall lre establilh"4 l"egislative Assemr eachof the territories of th-eFederation. lilie.sin'' '(i) ;,f-Such Assemblies shall exercise #ithin their respective territories, full legislative 1Ld executive notitiity, subject only to the piovisions of Section 23 of this Constitution shall be iSl The metnbers of such Assemblies citizens nf N{atayaof the age of 23 and above' (4) Such Assemblfusshall consist of the'repreterqiiories, directly elected sentptive. of ttt," people of _such bv the citizens'reiidint within sucfi territories of the age oi tg ancl above,by secret vote. r()' There- shall be no communal electorates, candidiiures, representativesor allocation of seats wl11t) ever, Provideclthat, for the tife of the first three Arr.iirof .Malay race to lllies, the proportion of 'repres'entatives other ,.pr"s.rtatives shall not be less than the proportion of Malay face resident in such territory'jo th9 of Citizerrs total number of citizens resident therein,'to be effecfecl bv the same procedure,mutatis tlrutanclis,as is provided iri the Provisb to Section 24 (7). 33:IjECTION ( 1) There. shall be establishecl an Execulive Councii in each of the territories of the Federation. '(2)s,'.r'_Councilsshallberesponsibletoand electecl'Ly their respective Legislative Assemblies, from their own members. --(J) arnong '-'--T,he Mentri Besar or Prime Minister of eacl 'territories -of the Fecleration strall be elected by . of the ' ' : " ;lr*i; iespective Legislative Assemblies'

SECTION 32:-

SECTION 34:-

LANCUACE.

The languag'to be useclin the various institutions up by_sections23 to 27 inclusive,and sections 3;z incl ::t 33, shall be Malay, Provided that any mernber of. any such institution tlay addresssuch Loclicsi' ary other t"onguog., if he so desires. $f:"f;:'n*iil;.t""terenoe """,#ihlt*t The Malav delegates, howJver, indicatetl thab, in theirview, ,re
r'eulised. that the.ful,l irrtroclrrctiuu oI the .\lalay Jangutg"e ;;; jl;r,**g; ;i varirus Councilswirg at, thc ruourenb "" "." -r-t-r^r rr*lracticubft:, u'd would rre t"or sourc tirrre to "lirr"."---

\ve havo r,hc'refore given form-alexpi.ession to-oui vierv 'ro"i' flrat Malay srrourcr "il"e; " I'c the ofticior lanqggg-e, t *,r" it p"gl1ti" *r,o.u citizens. who a1s not sufficie"niljfamitiurlitf, "i iil"_MalaSi-r";guug;.to_ take part "1"""aar.Jrlifr"-.,,fr"iJfiS" in formal disrjussions in tf,at-lr"g*g,; councils in dreir cvn langrrage. ,arrangembutico,iia'b6 made for the provisiou of1 interpretere.

oi,'oov, 1,rcrererc'-c rlinf ;i";';; "r,:'fi::ll,ll';,'.:i'ir ii,:ill1-ii?l;ldlftl ",."i""t;; riiiiii,l, i' ari fthoor,,'l?'i"l,ra ,,"t u" 'Hr#r rh:,:,1ti"ilr{l} rtal home should l,c familiar *t,li'1j;; Mar&y li*l langu&g.

iiot, loyal ci?izei,J'giting ajreEiancc, t'o tho Federati'n. be penariserr ", if t["ii,i"*'**tic i" ttr.-u"r,r.i.u rights by t^eir inabilitv to- spe"L Malaq, na"u",+erlyas tt uC-;iotua,,ry wa' caused t'rorrgh no fiulr of itreir.own,"but'*"r-uru iur;n ;i;; ii'rJJrior poric.y whicrr i as discourased rrredevelu'meni-"rir'" i"irgl;;.il;d;i"""d rraefo'owed

r,"opol,urovtr,if"flll:i.rlil1i::,;, q",tJ",Jh",t ;l;l,Tu1,-:ii1" rrece.sarily bar a Eieat"Jfj,".i"';ul",i,T of cit"izens,tr"-*-itoiai,,g"i.? T-b". c,ioai.r,,ter. Trrev rrgreed l'hatcitizeng.of Maraya rho"tJ

48;

SCHEDULE A. Matters with RespectTo which rhe Federal Legislative Assembly Has Power To Pass Laws: And Extent To Which The Government Of The Territories Of The' Federation E{aveExecutive Authority under such Laws.
(1) Ifattcrs with respect to which tho I:cgislative Asucurbly has power to pass laws.

40

ct)
5. Arbitration. G. Ascertainment in a State of Muslim Law and the Custour.of .the Ilalays. 7. Bankrupic_y aud insolvencv.' 8. Civil law and Procedu.o. 0. Companies and corporations. ,10. Coubracts, including partnershrp, agency, sontracts of carriase and other special forms of contract.11. Crirninal law_ generally, excepb ofiences jtgalnst -tinactmente of any State or Settlement. 12. Criurinal procedure.

(2)
5. ii. :_

(2>
Ext'ent to n'hich each of tho Govern. ureuts of tfie territories ,t the li'ed,eratir.rrr is to have exeoutive authority under such laws, urrlees ruatters of policy corullron to two or ruore States are involved. 1.

11.
12. .Pr.erogative of pardon and nrercy in cases tried in a Malav State the Rrite" in !o be exercised by -advice Council with legal from the Attorney-General,g Departurent. 13. 14. 15.

1. All uratters relating to defonce irrcluding i (o) naval, ruilitory or air forces of His Majesty; locol forcesI any arrned foroee which are uot forces of His Majesby but ale attached to or operatius with -forces arry of His Majesty's within the tr'ederation: (b) naval, rrrilit{rry und air folce or defenco works; militory and protected. eras; (") naval, military and air force ulanoeuvres: (d) central intelligenqe burenu; ( u ) p r e v e n t i v ed e t e n t i o n for reasonBof State connected with clefence; (f) clefenqe contribution. 2. External afiairs including: (a) the implementing of treaties conventious and agreeruents with other countries- or international organizations ; (b) obligations of the Ilederation in' relation to the tsritish Enpire and an.y part thereof ; (c) extradition and f usit,ive offeudcrs I prisonorst reruoval. 3. Actionable wrorqs. 4. Actions in reur- and pereonal

lq. Delegatioh of Federal powers. I4. Easernente. . 15. Eruergency poqers, -llergoncy Iegislation ; Trading with th'e eo-"urv: onemy property; cuetodian of pro, perty; war damage clairne and cbmlrensation; relief,- r'sh;bilitat^ion and ony other urattere whetsoeverarising out of war. 16. Equity: truste aid truetees: 16. oquiteblo relief: specific relief. 17. Esta|11r5*"nt, jurisdiction aird 17. The appointment of District p9w9l8 o_f all Cou'rts, 'excluding _ and }fegistrates in any gtate /"$S"l Muelim religious Courrs. lg be by. the Ru-ler in Council tf"thr;
I

Bctiong,

3. 4.

18. Evidence. 19. Factors. 20. Hire purshase. 21. Indernnitv. ?2. Jnns and"innkeepers. :rii. Interpreta0ion and geperal cleuseg:official titles. 24. Landlord end tenunt I tent reetriction. 25. Iraw of highwaye. 26. Law oI lDSurance. 27; Lien.

$tate.

4U.

99 oe

18. 19. 20. 21.

24, Rent reetriction.

28. Limitotion.

25. 26. 2T.

&8.

50( ('t)
:ll. )lrrrri,rgc nrrd divorc'eI legitiilrrI('.!-'irgo oT rrlajority; infauts and r u r i n o r s ;a d o P t i o n . 30. Married 1Ys11ctl'8ProPertY' 31 . Master and servant 32. Mercantile law generallY' :J3. Ncgotiable inst'rurnents' rncluobills of exchange, proiuo cheoJes, ^notcs aud other'like instruuri.so.y nents, affirruatiousl aud il4. Oath.s st,u,tutorv dcclarations. ;t5' riassing off; slarrilcr <-rftitle ; slantlcr of goods. 'Irust'cc. 36. Public of enforconrent 3i. ileciprocal ordcre. ond iudscnrenti " 38I. Statute law revision bY anil against the 5g. S"itt Iiederal Govornhent I Crown suits'

51

(r)
29. Registration of rnarriages and of adoption'

( t)
vestigation and registration r.rf cliruirrnls; rgrnovcd of prisoncrs and accused pcrsons within the Federation. 48. Newspapors, books, printjng Ilre.sses; publishers and Publications-. 49. Ofiicial secrets. 50. Iteace, order and qood qoverrrrrrent of the l,'ederation-rvith-regord to any of tho rnatters set out in this List. 51. Registratiou of rcsidcuts. 52.'l'beatrcs; draurutjo p'erforurances; cincruas and cinoruritoaraph filrrrs; ceusorship; places of liubiic aurusetuent. 53. Federal Publiq Services, including the Malayan &nd Federal Iletablishrnents and Federal Public Services Cornmission: Public Authorities protectiou. 54. P-onsions, including n idows and orphan,s pensions; retil'ing allowencos &nd gratuities. 66. Censub. 5G. Cornrniesions of IJnquirv. ' 87. Corrupt practices, iniludiugcorrupt . practices at auy I'ederil, State, or MuniciDal elections. - l-r8. Electione tb ttre Fedtral Lcgislatrrre. ,6!). .lt'actories; darrger6lls 4 n d
tl:&cle8.

(2)

30. 31. 32. 33.

48. 49. 50.

34. 35. 36. 37., 38. 39. 40. 4L.

51. 52. Tho rvh<.rle, 1*""pt ship. 53.

ceusor-

40.' 'suretyship and guarantee. {1. flrrnsfer, ltypothecatron &nd bills propertY; bills .r.tr""t" of -m niovabl-eplgpertv; rn<lrtgage documents; of cf documents reEist: I of saleJ sale: registration
'powcrs of attorneY. suQcessiou; inteslacv end suQcessrou; 42, \Vills, \Vills. intestacy 42. p r:obate: o b a t e ; adurinistration; distributioil estates of cleceased Pereoris; it escheat: boua vucontia. 43. Adrnission into, and ernigrat'ion and expulsion frotn, the lr'etleration; resiilence; restricted baniehrient; aliens (inclutling rgistration,. i.fns"nd an.y other reetrict'ion ruigrirtiorr, of n'hatsoever nature on aliens) ; natrrralisation ; passports, passengers' restriction; pilgrimage to places outside the Federqtion.

54.
-.

.*j
r.f

42.
t

55. uo.
i)J.

,-\

4:t. Rcstricted'leeidetr'ce. In case of baniehment from o Malay State, the Ruler of the Molay State in which the Derson to be baniehed ordinnrily resides slrortld be associuted rvith the order. actual Lranishruent,

'

58.
59. fn so far rrs it is consideredbv t,he. Legislatlve Aesenrbly to be a1i -outlroritv propriate for executive io be. exercised by the State.

()nuoxlou8

44. Anne and firearms; tion.

u,mlnttrlr-

44. .,
.4it. 46. ! 47. In eo far ae it is coneidered bv the Leqislstive Aesembly to bo nlpropriateior executive .ouilority,to be exercised'by the State. , : 1 .' "i

00. f,egal, ruedical and obher urofeseionsl- dentists; pharmaciste; nurscsI drcseers and midwives. til. Machilcr.y; bc,ilt,ru. 69. Privileges nnd powers ,rf the I'ederol Legislat,ure |nd Ilcrnbers thereof. 63. Plotection of women and * Eirls: proteetion of children: uruicsai. 64. Protection of ao'oligipes..

60. Registration of midwives.

police forceg, prisons,iuvenile delirrquents, refoimatories, induqtrial sbhools,deteutionhomes,crinrlnal iu'

4b. Societies. 46. Ilxplosives. 4 7 . Irrt-ernal set:urity

ril. 63. 63. 64,

including

b2
(l)
05. Public and Bauk holidaYs' 66. Standard t,ime. 67. Statistics. 'l'o

53
(2'

o)
.81, I,'edoral agencies aud instit,rrUone ior the following purposes, that is to suy for researchr-f6r profesiional ol tcchnical training. or ibr the nrourotion of special studies. 82. Librariee, ruu8eurns, rnenroriale ald sirrrilar institutiong controlled or firranccd by the lfederation. 83. Met'eoroloqv. arrcicnt arrd - 84. Protectiori" of hietorical uronuruents aud arclraeoIogical sites and remaius: trerrure trovo.

(2'
81.

rleclaie' public holidays 65. rvithin the State. 66. 67. In so far as it is considered AsserublY to be bv tho Lesielative aipropriate for execut,ive authority to'be- eicrcised by' the State.

82. 8ij. 84. Tho who'le.

68. $uperannuationl ponsions; provident anld bet evolent, funde. 69. 'Irade Uniong; industrial and labour disputes. 70. Unemployurent inBur&nce' 7L. Unauthoiised usq. of arms and alrnorial bearings, flags, emblertts, uniforms, Orders arrd decorations. 72. Welfare of labour; conilitions anil of labour I eurployere' liability 11'6ft6en's corfpeneation; health in6ur&nce including invaliility ponsiousI pensions. old aqe "Bourding houscs and lodging 73. Louses.' 74. Iliudu Dndowrnent Boorde' CorDorotions, hu7it. Municipal provernent {i$r..tt, Bourds, To,uo hural Boardii" and otLer local Authorities, including elections to such bodiee. 76. Town plarrrring and housirrg tcr the extent of eusuring uniformity of leEielation, 11. Youth organisotions. 78. Charities and charitable r Inetitutions. 79. Priurary, s'econdary and trado school oducation to the extent of ensuring a common policy and a cornruon s.ysternof adrninigtration; higher c.duoa['ion; technical education; trainof inE of teachers; registrution schools; Federal educational iustitutione: translation bureau. 80. Ethnology, antbropologY and archaeology eo ae to ensure the promotiop ol s-cience ou propef lines I scientific societiee.

68. 69. 70. Tt. 72.

85- Surveys, uurysJd,

uu.

includin
urcluolllg

marils, aerial, . o geological -o----' botsniss,l ' ' ar)o zootogrca,I surveys; boundaries and surve maDs. 80. W-ild life plesorvatiou. .87. Aircraft and air naviAatiorr: the provieion of aoroclrorxesi il* ;r: ltulatiorr _and organisation' of air traffio and of aer<.rilr'orueg.

land,

85.

'Ihe 86. whole, cxcept, thc urcsclilrliorr of staudards crf iuaturity. 87.

73. The whole.

l!". iire rvlule.

^l^8;^ {l-ltTtu*,o ."t gooo8 by taud, dater or..ai4.

pssscng'crsand

76. The whole' , TT. , 78. State cliarities.and choritablb ' institutious. 79. Primery, secondaryand trade schogl education excluding measuree deeigned to ensure a com-tnonpolicy, antl a common system of administration; State State echolarehips i oducationalendowrnentg.,

claredto be Federal by tnu f,"eirluti* affor consiltation iitn tn" _Aseerubl.v -t'edcralPublic 'Works Board. 92, llood traneport,; rond traflic: - rubchanically propelled vchicLe.---'-"'

. 89. Posts and telegraphs, including- telephones, wireleir,'U"ola"urli"" atrd othcr like forurs of comnrunical tion. . 90. Railwave. .91._ Roads,-bridges and ferriee de_

8.8 llostriction and regulation ol callioge b.y liverine traffilc and bv vehicles other than rnccharrically pro"pelled vehicles.

89.

90. 91.

80.

93. Adulteration 1;f fogdetufis aud other goods. and- Leper Ingtitutions. 9!. !,_epers and mental iloficiencv: . uo...Uuna,9X rncrudrDgplac'eafor the reception "or trgstment of lunatice and ure'nteldet l ficiente.

. 92. In so far as it is considered -il by the Legislative A.seniblv l; . pPpropnatc for cxecutiveauthoritv tu be'exercised by thc State. 9J. The wholc. 94. 94.

64
(1)
96. loisons a,til d,eleterioue drugs' ii. rl"r-,ri"' health and sanitation; specialised hospitals or *-i,,.tit..ttiot-,s inteideil . to "nt*rui rttJi",ir State; one tban Prevention' ;;;;";r* of dieeaee; quarantinc; mosqultoes; anti-Inalarial measures; - In-anut&clure' rrreDaration and sale of drugs, looo ^ir"g'lttration itt,l d"i.,k. -'bi'

(?)
96. it is considered os so '9t. far In -tti" -Lesislative Assembly !g !u tru airnronriate-forexecutiYeauthorltJ' to bl'eriroised bY the State.

66 '(t)
cn107. Forcstr, to.t'he cxtont' of common a and suring conlmonPolicY of ndministrotion' "'1d8:" """t"itt a"i*"i husbandry to..tnc exano commoll. P.oltcy. tent of ensrrringi svetEmof administration' -F;;;6ntion " ido. of crueltY to "Lti*""
animbls. nni. f10. $eterinarY I diseases of mals.; animal qunrantine'

,<,)
107. Thc wholo. 108. 'Ihe whole.

i
I

1
ials
lm-

i.rl Frs
l

109. The whole, 110. In so for as it is-considered bv the f,"qittati"" AssemblY to lrc t'o oipitpti"t""for exec"tive aut'hority the State' bY bs'ex-ercised Lll. The whole'

h.
'ttt.

p of birtlr'

brd

98. 99. tlthe whole. 100. The wholc.

'The rvhole. 101.
. lltr.. ,.. ,:t*

dqaths. .

9t). Vagrants and decrePits' o or acqulsltloll 100. L)otupulsoly lrud. fOf. Land legislation to.tLe "*; tcnt of errsuring corrlmo-n Pollcy,.Rlru il coDtnlon sysberu of admrmstr&Eloll' regard to cuetoma'rY il"i--iiuvi"giuit*et and-usage and. other nocesBsry . voriationn in any Sbate; @nveyancrng registrat'lon -of -or *nd ltrrv oI propert.y; -rufitttitioo

tiil;'"'o"d

utd" chargesI int'erest ;;;6"g" ^"i0t: -M*l"y restriction. reservatiotrs to tho Jf .oittit,g cornrno' policy'";tuii f OU. Inland wat'ere, waterghede' rvater sttplrlies, wat'er storage' w&Ger
Dolvor,

Peeds;

102. the. wlrole. 103. 'Ihe wholc'

control of silt i"" ,tia L-i"nknrente, only to,t'uo but lights, nid riparian cxterrt-of crrstrring o corlrmon.p.oltcy atrrl u cottttttott systeln of trrtmrnrst.ra'
tl()n,

irrigatiorr

and <'onale, qT&I*-

larrds and ,buildings i", t,"ia or ieeerved for the not "J.i"a oii.-dso. tf tt'" Federation ond rnilitary, air force or de' tJi'o'g "t"ri, fcncd ^ - 1 d 5 .rrolks. Acticulturc art<[ cotrtrol. o[ , agricultural pests to t'lte cxt'cut tol ('nsurlng .cot)llllon lrolicv und a eoutlrott s\lstenr of adrninistlution' 1()6. Maritinrc trrd esturitre {ishing attd fitlteries, excluding turtles' 1()4.

'Works,

l04t', ,.

105.

'I'hc rvlr<-rlc.

106. .In Fo far,as it is cPnsidered Aeeembly to be tr.i-ttte:tecielative a"oprborieteJor erecutivo q.uthority to 'r, "i bi^ex-ercieed by tbe Stete.

I 111, Anctioneers; auotion salen onrrraisers. 'iLz. sooieties' Co'oPerative iit: Copvright; invent'ions; dei *iqn.; tr;ite-harke; trade names marks. nrerehanilise "'iii. of in<lustrieF' b;t;lopment -ierr"loim"tt unrler Fedornl *;;;; by Tederol law to is declareal ".t"t"lt pttblic int'erest' the in cxpedient bc 115.- Economic surveY 116. ElectricitY; gog and gasw-orks. 117. Food control. iis: it"p*tt ancl exPorts into and the Ileileration. from ^'ilg.-"Ir"** to agricirltural' induetrial protlrrctton' rnineral and ""lating eale, regulation and EuperYlslon' 120. Mining, minerale a,ndmrneral anil oils;- Purchaso' .;;'p"ttolerim sale.' ihport anil export of minera,ts, min6rel oresi " Petroleum s'nd olls: iliscfosure of smelters' ffiilt"c; stocks. an d l2lr, Pnwnbrokere; seconil-h and moneymoney-lenders dealers 3 lending. i22.- P"t.ol"u* anil -other liquids and substaucesdecleretl by 'U'ederel inflommoble' lawn to be ilongerouely ntorage no'lar as regorils posseRsion, and transporf.

112. 113. 1r4.

115. 116. Gas and gasirks.

r17. 118.
119. 120.

l2I.

Second-handdealers.

122.

tr1

Prioeoontrol.

123.

60

67 (2) r24.
I25. The rvhole. 126. 127. :

(t)
124. Trade aud commerce; registration of businessee. 125. Weights snd tneasures. 726. Merchant shipping; collisions at sea; solvage; pilots onrl piltrtage. I27. tr[aritinre shipping and navigabion, inclrrding shipping and navigation on tidol wnters; adrrriralty jrrristlictiorr; adnriralty transports; adnriraltt' lvaters; tenitorial wnters I .foleshorcs; wrecks; flotsanr und jetEn tn. 128. Ports and horbours: constitution a,n<l llotverg of port snd harbour Authorities. 129. f,ighthouses, includins lishtr.hips, bencons nnd other provision for thc safety of shipping and air. croft; lrnperial light dues. 130. Banking. 131. Oolporationtnx. 132. Currency; coinoge; legal tender: counterfeit coin and noten. l;J3. Customs duties, including ex, port duties. 1:14. Duties o1 sssise. 135. Death duties and duties in respect of succeegiorr to property. I36. flovernment, loons securitr'. I37. Ilxchonge conblol. 138. Public debt of the Federation: municipal loansI genernl lonu and inscribed stock; treasury bills; saving certificntes; Goyernment trustee eecurities. 139. Post Offfce Saving Benk. 140. Stamp duties. t4I. Taxe.s on the capital value of the assets of individuals end companies; taxes on tlre capital of companies. 142. 'Iaxee on income. 143. Taxeg and fees in respect of anv of the matters in this Liet. 144. Ofrences against lowg with resJrect to any of the matters in thirr Lict,

SCHEDULE B.

Propos, Tho following ars the amendments macle by our Constitutidnal 'Workinpl Oor in Schedule A to the Second Schedule of the Report of the rnittee in which are laid down the mstters with respect to which the lr'edor Legislature har power fo pass laws, and the extent to which the governlrtcr of the territories included in the Federation heve executive authority :-

A . S E C T I O N l7 (2>!-Adil B . S E C T I O N f3
128.

r29.
. 130. l3l. 132.

G. O. E. F.
G.

SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTIOX,

f5 5e 8f 75

SECT|Ol{ 77 70 119 121 l3f

the wordg "in Corrucil" after t word " Ruler." (l)!-Add tlre words d'of aliens" after t word " banishment." (1)!-Delete the words " Control of." (2)!-Delete the rvhole. (2) !-Delete the whole. (l)!-Delete the words " To the extent ensuriug uniformity of legislatiou (1) !-Delete the 'rvords "Boy Scouts......a similar" and insert the rv( t'Youth'" the word " Malay"' the whole. the s'ord " pawnbrokerg." the whole.

rm.
134. 135. r36. r37. r38.

H. SECTION l. SECTION J. . SECT|O]| K. tE0TlON

(1)!-Delete (2)i-Delete (2):-Delete (2)!-Delete

lgg. 140. l4l.

I42. l4g. 144.