r0088 Watershed Management Planning in Esp

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN ESP :
Focus on the Interface of Stakeholders and ESP project staff
JULY 2005 This publication was produced by Development Alternatives, Inc. for the United States Agency for International Development under Contract No. 497-M-00-05-00005-00
Photo credit: Idham Arsyad, ESP Jakarta. A paddy field along a small stream that runs down from Ciasem Water Spring, Subang, West Java.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN ESP :

Focus on the Interface of Stakeholders and ESP project staff
Title:
Watershed Management Planning in ESP: Focus on The Interface of Stakeholders and ESP Project Staff Environmental Services Program, DAI Project Number: 5300201. SO No. 2, Higher Quality Basic Human Services Utilized (BHS). USAID/Indonesia, Contract number: 497-M-00-05-00005-00. DAI. July 2005.
Program, activity, or project number: Strategic objective number: Sponsoring USAID office and contract number: Contractor name: Date of publication:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ I 1. CONSIDERATIONS ON DATA COLLECTION FOR ESP............................................................ 1 2. ESP PLANNING FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REQUIRES A SET OF DETAILED DATA: ................................................................................................................................................... 2 3. SEQUENCE OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES FOR PLANNING FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ACTIONS.............................................................................................................................................. 2 4. GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A WATERSHED ..................................... 3 5. CATEGORIES OF MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................. 3 6. THE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING DIMENSIONS FOR ESP REQUIRE TO DESCRIBE AND TO COLLECT DATA FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING IN THE FIRST BASIN.................................................................................................................................................... 4 7. STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF A WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN................ 7 8. ESP TO USE WATER ACCOUNTING AS A WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING TOOL .................................................................................................................................................. 10 9. FOUR WAYS OF IMPROVING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF BASIN WATER RESOURCES ... 11 10. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN WATER ACCOUNTING.......................................................... 12 11. TRAINING ISSUES FOR OF ESP PROVINCIAL TEAMS ............................................................ 13 12. THOUGHTS ON WATER SUPPLY POLICY................................................................................ 15 13. ESP INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND WATER SUPPLY-WEST JAVA (CIANJUR/CITARUM BASIN) AND EAST JAVA (FOR AREAS IN BRANTAS RIVER) ............................................................................................................................. 16 14. ESP TEAMS TO ANTICIPATE CHANGE AND THE RESISTANCE TO IT. ............................ 18 15. FORMULATING AN ESP STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICY ............................ 21
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 STEPS IN INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE PROCESS ............................................................................................................. 20
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is written during the early stages of the Environmental Services Program (ESP). As of July 2005, ESP has staffed-up High Priority Province offices, conducted an initial workplanning process, and initiated early field activities. In the case of ESPs Watershed Management teams, this includes initial watershed management site selection, introduction of ESP to potential partners, and preliminary development of watershed management forums or working groups at the community as well as government levels. These early activities provide a foundation on which future activities will build, and key to this is the facilitation of watershed management forums as well as the development and implementation of participatory watershed management plans. The purpose of this report is to provide some guidance on facilitation of watershed management planning processes, and development and implementation of effective management plans necessary to achieve ESP objectives as well as to ensure long-term sustainability of ESP work into the future. ESP success with watershed management depends on six conditions in each of the High Priority Provinces: 1) Good and structured data, standardized and processed for Information 2) Trained field teams 3) Tested institutional process 4) Clear message 5) Pro-Poor focus 6) Early success. This requires: 1. A well-documented and data-researched watershed, fully analyzed on problems and potential for ESP watershed management results (As an example, see World Resources Institute Maps of Mekong as a starting point) 2. Well-prepared provincial teams, trained in institutional development, and familiar with the legal basis for resolving land and water issues, and versed in what participation is, especially now that financing of many issues will still need to be obtained, 3. A well-established and tried-out process of interacting with stakeholders which includes all aspects of participatory sensitivity, conflict avoidance, control and management, 4. A clear message which from the start states the objectives, such as reducing and reversing watershed destructions and misuse, improved conservation and protection of biodiversity, of working on cleaner water, with more connections for selfpropelled and financial independent PDAMs, and the fact that financing will not be provided through ESP, 5. A clear focus on those who have marginal income, whether in upper watersheds, tilling land without a title, whether as small farmers in irrigation areas, or whether living in urban squatter areas without access to clean water, and
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN ESP: FOCUS ON THE INTERFACE OF STAKEHOLDERS AND ESP PROJECT STAFF
6. A clear understand that success and failure are very close over the full course of project activities in an area, and that starting in a semi-prepared manner a heated debate over poor water and land management is the easy part, but resolving this to the satisfaction of stakeholders is the VERY difficult; but failure at the first attempt will affect project reputation and staff performance immediately, and may soon take the project to make the background. Of course, teams will learn, and subsequent efforts elsewhere need to unfold faster, better, and be done more efficiently. Of all ESP efforts, watershed management is the most complex and difficult one. There is significant difference between watershed management and water supply, both in what is seen as successful and what is sustainable. This report focuses on the Watershed Management & Biodiversity Component of ESP, and provides specific advice and strategies for maximizing positive impact on watershed management through an effective and iterative planning process. This report provides information and tools for ensuring the facilitation of effective watershed management forums, and the development and implementation of sound watershed management plans.
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID
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1. CONSIDERATIONS ON DATA COLLECTION FOR ESP

Water Resources Management is today the acknowledged catch-term for activities in river basins that deal with such issues as: Water Supply (Drinking and Industrial Supply); Water Diversion for Irrigation; Watershed Management and Conservation; Flood Control; Coastal Management; Fisheries; Water Quality; Wastewater Management.
The largest water user in any river basin in Java and many places elsewhere in Indonesia is irrigation; it is and certainly was, up to 90%. Any water needed for any other purpose will come from irrigation. Watershed management will not only benefit water supply; irrigation is, through it sheer diversion of massive quantities of water, a direct beneficiary of better and cleaner water that would pass the intakes, along the total course of a rivers as it flows. However, irrigation is also a major polluter as sediment in any systems as well as chemical pollutants due to use of insecticides, fertilizers and pesticides. Thus, flooding in any area will result in water pollution, not just from watershed run-off, but also from the proportional large contribution of irrigation sediment-rich drainage return flow. Water in - water out; sediment in - sediment out. The river system is clogged up and will for years discharge this sediment, irrespective of whether new sediment comes from the top upper slopes or not. Therefore, watershed management in the upper areas of a river is not the sole factor that will provide cleaner water for PDAMs in the downstream lower areas. To rely on the classic approach of watershed management may thus ignore the truth about a river, how its functions in a complex manner, of many, many mini-watersheds interconnected in a most intricate manner, with in- and outflows at many points. Significant amounts of sediment may be returned into the river system during floods and associated return drainage flows from irrigation systems. Planning for watershed management thus should look at the overall picture, from where the dirty water comes and what is realistically achievable, with limited resources, and limited legal power. Otherwise, promises are perhaps made, and results expected, and funds spent, while there will be no tangible and measurable results in water quality anywhere along the river. This will be so most certainly in Brantas, where any activity, however intense and appropriate from Day 1, may not show improved water (both quality and availability) in downstream, tail-end sections of the river and to the PDAMs extracting their water supply here.
2. ESP PLANNING FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REQUIRES A SET OF DETAILED DATA:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Institutions; Critical Areas (Land); Water (Accounting and Quality); Income levels of various stakeholders; Trends in various (sub-)sectors; Budgets of PDAM and present cost recovery/service fee procedures; Conservation and Preservation of Land and Water present advise; Land titles; Water Licensing, Fees, Permits; GIS Mapping in Thematic Maps for progress and monitoring and discussion purposes; 11. Monitoring Information System.
3. SEQUENCE OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES FOR PLANNING FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

1. Survey Conduct watershed boundary delineation using GIS based generated maps; 2. Information and Education Campaign Disseminate information to the community through printed media, billboards and video documentation; 3. Community organizing - With assistance from local government, this aims to form and strengthen each village, as well as provide training to selected stakeholders; 4. Nursery operation Establishment of community based nurseries and seedling production areas; 5. Watershed rehabilitation and protection Management strategy to control soil erosion, which aims to reforest degraded watershed and prevent illegal cutting of vegetation; 6. Monitoring and Evaluation Keep track of the progress of the project in relation to the approved management plan.
4. GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A WATERSHED

1. Holistic, integrated and following the watershed continuum approach. Any management and development activity will have an immediate or long-term impact on the soil, have an immediate or long-term impact on the soil, water and other watershed resources on the three environments; mountain, lowland and sea; Multiple-use oriented management. Based on the premise that the watershed can be managed to provide several goods and services essential to society; Multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary planning. Emphasize multi-dimensional and participatory nature of watershed management and development planning by providing multiple goods and services for the benefit of various publics and stakeholders; Sustainability. Provide continuing benefits to most if not all stakeholders for both present and future generations; Participative and equitable. Promote and recognize the "sense of belonging" among the stakeholders in various aspects in the management of the watershed; Efficiency in resource use. Maximize benefits (socio-economic, environmental) and minimize cost as well.
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5. CATEGORIES OF MANAGEMENT
The three categories or types of management that ESP should considered for watershed management practices: 1. How does ESP foresee the (selected basins) Watershed Environmental Management: 1.1. Ecological sustainability; 1.2. Environmental health; 1.3. Environmentally sound technologies; 1.4. Incentives for sound management; 1.5. Pollution reduction; 1.6. Resource management.
2.
How does ESP suggest that Land Use Management is to occur in a watershed, using: 2.1. Geographical information systems; 2.2. Land development; 2.3. Land-use planning; 2.4. Open space conservation; 2.5. Urban/suburban renewal. What is the ESP suggestion with respect to Watershed Governance: 3.1. Decentralization; 3.2. Institutional reform; 3.3. Legislation; 3.4. Openness and transparency; 3.5. Partnership development; 3.6. Public policy.
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6. THE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING DIMENSIONS FOR ESP REQUIRE TO DESCRIBE AND TO COLLECT DATA FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING IN THE FIRST BASIN
1. PHYSICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT DIMENSIONS Physical and climatic setting: Rainfall, ET, temperature, etc.; Soil, geology, topography; Drainage network, flood regime, mean and probable seasonal flows; Risk analysis (drought, floods, pollution); Past extreme events; Underground water resources. Main ecosystems: Forests, grassland, wetlands; agricultural ecosystems; River and estuary ecosystems; Wildlife and biological resources.
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Water resources development: Reservoirs, canals, tube wells, etc.; Flood protection, dikes; Hydro-power; navigation; Water treatment and desalinization; Irrigated areas (all sizes; "official" or not; Characteristics and maintenance status). Infrastructures: Roads, power generation, electricity, etc.
2.
SOCIETY, PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES AND USE OF WATER DIMENSIONS Population, demography: Growth rates, age pyramid, life expectancy; Migrations (internal and international, long term and seasonal); Occupations, education. Social structure, political/power structure: Political shock events; Social system, leadership; religion, customs; Relationships between the power structure and access to water. Socio-economic stratification, poverty and health: Income distribution; Gender issues; Food production and security; Proportion of households with incomes below poverty line; Access to sanitation and drinking water; Incidence and prevalence of water related and other infectious diseases. Political, institutional and macro economic context and economic sectors: Relative importance of economic sectors; Income differentials; Job opportunities in different sectors; Sectoral policies; decentralization policies; Political life, civil society (NGOs present and active in the basin, etc). Agricultural sector (distinguish irrigated and non irrigated agriculture): Land use; cropping techniques and calendars, yields, input use intensity; Farm size, land tenure, land market; Credit; Labor force in agriculture (by gender); Marketing, price system; Crop/husbandry linkages; Farm, off-farm and overall income composition (by source, amount and gender); Cost/return of main farm activities.
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3.
WATER MANAGEMENT AND ALLOCATION Water uses, water flows within the basin and water accounting: Relative importance of different water uses: hydropower, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, domestic uses, industry, wild life, environment, navigation; Recreation and aesthetics; Efficiency, consumptive use and water productivity of different uses; Surface water-underground water relationships and use; Run-off, erosion; Relative Water Supply and demand/supply analysis; Water balances and accounting. Water pollution and environmental issues: Sources (agri., industrial, urban, natural source); Stalinization, water logging, eutrophisation; Nutrient transport and cycling; Impact on fauna and biodiversity. Water allocation: Management actors: users, Water User Groups, basin authorities, administrations, water suppliers, etc. (their role, power, attitudes, etc); Priority in use, water rights or entitlements, legal framework; Formal and effective allocation processes (normal and deficit years); Satisfaction of human basic needs; Responses to extreme events; Conflicts and conflict management; Equity; Political interventionism. Water management: Patterns of water distribution; Conjunctive use in agriculture and farmers' strategies; Performance; Flood management; Mitigation of pollution; Environmental services; Equity; O&M responsibilities and costs; Risk management; Water management in irrigation areas. Regulation and incentives: Taxation and subsidies, water pricing, markets, and policies for domestic, industrial and agricultural use; Past and on-going policies for the irrigation sub-sector.
7. STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF A WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN

This Plan should be recorded for the first major basin where ESP plans to make corrective suggestions (ESP Provincial Teams to be required to write this point-by-point down and use it in a PowerPoint Presentation in Bahasa Indonesia). ESP Management should use the NIKE slogan by stating to the Provincial teams: Just Do It!: At least Once! 1. INTRODUCTION 1.2. Describes the purpose of the Watershed Management Plan (i.e. sediment reduction, land titling/ownership, etc. reduce nutrient loadings, sediment); 1.3. Indicate/Explain who this plan is being prepared with (i.e. Describe the targeted audience?) This may be the same group as identified in 2.1 below; 1.4. Explain intended use or objective of the plan and the ESP approach; 1.5. Briefly describe how the planning process is being used beginning with the initial planning session through an evaluation of the implemented resource plan. WATERSHED AGREEMENT OR MEMOS OF UNDERSTANDING 2.1. Identify participating landowners, agencies, organizations and describe any agreements that may have been and need to be reached by the stakeholders; 2.2. Describes any formal approval or adoption process being considered by local stakeholders. DESCRIBES THE WATERSHED Briefly describes the landscape to include a broad range of watershed characteristics and attributes impacting the planning process. To the extent possible, this information can be displayed in graphic or tabular format. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. Physical and geographic landforms, hydrologic, climatic and ecological features (i.e. annual precipitation, soils, important geologic features); Land use (i.e. cropland, hayland, pastureland, rangeland, forest land, other farmland, barren land, other rural land, urban and built-up areas, rural transportation land and water areas; Land cover types and data (i.e. cropland, grassland, forest land, urban/transportation, percent residue cover, erodibility factor, slope and length of slope and common management practices and cropping rotations (3 to 5 Years);
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2.
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3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8.
3.9. 3.10. 4.
Water body use, classifications, and standards (streams, lakes, ground water, wetlands); Fish and Wildlife Resources; Economic base (i.e. primary income sources); Population demographics (i.e. density, distribution); Farm demographics to include a list or table-including: Number of farms in project area; Number of low income or minority farms; Number of farms, by type; Average size of farm operation, by type. Brief summary of involved local units of government; Cultural and other resources.
INVENTORY THE RESOURCES IN THE WATERSHED 4.1. Surface Water; 4.2. Ground Water; 4.3. Fish and Wildlife; 4.4. Habitat / Special Ecosystems (e.g. wetlands, forests); 4.5. Cultural Resources; 4.6. Other Resources (Air). IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS Describe the specific water resource management problems by analyzing the data and identifying the sources and causes of impairment mentioned in the assessment focusing on a discussion of documented ground water/surface water problems. 5.1. Point Sources (only if commonly known); 5.2. Non-Point Sources; 5.3. Identify Accepted Physical/Chemical Pollutants: Include actual data or known estimates for key parameters, including, where appropriate, conventional pollutants (e.g., biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, and fecal coliform bacteria), agricultural pesticides, and toxic substances (e.g., metals and organics), and sediment. 5.4. Related Known Problems or Impediments: Degraded Physical Habitat (i.e. sheet, rill, ephemeral erosion, wetland & fisheries, etc.); Hydrological Modifications (i.e. land use changes, increased impervious areas, channelization, etc.); Endangered Species; History of Agricultural Pesticide Use; Local Concerns (i.e. known human health hazards, wildlife concerns, community development, agricultural economics, etc.). FORMULATE ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Consider and evaluate alternatives to address the environmental problems described above. Strategies need to consider not only solutions to the problems, but also economic impacts from implementing or failing to
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5.
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implement identified alternatives. Identify available incentives which may be useful in selecting alternatives. 6.1. Use of appropriate Best Management Practices to protect the watershed (include a listing of practices); 6.2. Describe other management alternatives considered; 6.3. Identify any proposed land use changes; 6.4. Identify permanent or structural solutions considered; 6.5. Describe financial incentives available. 7. DRAFT A WATER RESOURCES AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1. State project goals and objectives (derived from #1.3); 7.2. Describe planned improvements in the watershed (derived from #6.0); 7.3. Describe any current or proposed monitoring and/or evaluation efforts within the project and the likely changes in water quality that can be expected from the monitoring and/or evaluation efforts; 7.4. Establish project milestones established by local project participants; 7.5. Review the "draft" plan with local stakeholders and make any modifications to gain acceptance from the community that implementation of planned practices will adequately address the water resource problems. ESTIMATE PLAN IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET & IDENTIFY SOURCES OF FUNDING Describe known or estimated costs to implement the plan as well as known and/or potential funding sources. Develop an annual budget over a 5-year time period. Utilize graphics or tabular data when possible. APPENDIX 9.1. Maps of the Watershed: Hydrologic Unit Boundary; Soils and Land Use; Location of Wetlands; Property Ownership; Aerial Photography. 9.2. Supporting Technical Documentation; 9.3. Letters of Support (i.e. include letters documenting problems, decisions and commitments made by local, provincial and national government agencies and others; 9.4. Information and education campaign which explains the Watershed Management Plan and planning process.
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8. ESP TO USE WATER ACCOUNTING AS A WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING TOOL

The new phrase in use today in many best practices in water resources planning (which includes watershed management) is Water Accounting (WA), defined as to make a detailed inventory of water resources in a river basin, specifying flow, use, allocated, unused/unallocated, in order to reveal the reality of availability and use. WA will show where water is being used and can thus provide a framework for assessing its productivity. Water Accounting will help quantifying the ESP initiative in its three key areas: by Pinpointing areas where water can be transferred from lower - to higher-value uses; Evaluating the scope for improving productivity of water and target interventions; Identifying opportunities to reduce non-beneficial evaporation, pollution, or the flow of water into 'sinks' (deep aquifers or other areas where it can't be recovered). Access to clean water and sanitation services; Improved watershed management; Increasing the productivity of water.
Policy makers, planners and resource managers can use this information to: Identify opportunities for saving water and/or increasing water productivity; Conceptualize and test interventions in the context of multiple uses of water; Develop effective strategies for allocating water among different users; Assess the scope for the development of additional water resources.
Water Accounting shows all users of water in a basin, including unacknowledged users, and should be considered in water resources planning. Water accounting helps water managers take a more integrated approach that more accurately reflects the reality of water use. To show decision to all stakeholders if water is allocated/committed to a certain type of user; WA is to become the basis for economic pricing and social preferences. As more of the river basins in key provinces become 'closed,' with all their available water used, it becomes increasingly important to plan water resources development, allocation, and management in the context of multiple uses of water. Policy makers and water resources planners can use Water Accounting to make decisions based on the actual amount of water available in a basin and with an understanding of the potential impacts on all users. Policy makers and water resources planners can use Water Accounting to make decisions based
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on the actual amount of water available in a basin and with an understanding of the potential impacts on all users. Water planners have two basic options for increasing the amount of water available for beneficial use without building additional infrastructure: 1) Reduce non-beneficial depletion, or 2) Produce more crop per unit of water beneficially depleted. Improving the productivity of water and reducing waste are appealing options compared to developing new storage and diversion facilities, which often carry high financial, social and ecological costs. Water accounting gives planners and policy makers a clear view of their options and the scientific information necessary to effectively plan development and management efforts. Being able to clearly communicate how water is being used and the rationale for allocation can help avoid or minimize conflicts over water. This is especially important in cases where the competition for water is intense and giving more water to one user necessarily means taking it away from another. The Water Accounting System provides a common language to understand and describe the use and productivity of water. One of the most valuable applications for Water Accounting is in identifying opportunities for saving water and increasing its productive use. ESP is concerned with the drought and flood parts of the watershed management.
9. FOUR WAYS OF IMPROVING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF BASIN WATER RESOURCES

1. Increasing the productivity per unit of water consumed Changing crop varieties. Developing new crop varieties can provide increased yields for each unit of water consumed, or the same yields with fewer units of water consumed. Crop substitution. Switching from high- to less-water-consuming crops, or switching to crops with higher economic or physical productivity per unit of water consumed. Deficit, supplemental, or precision irrigation. With sufficient water control, higher productivity can be achieved using irrigation strategies that increase the returns per unit of water consumed. Tapping uncommitted outflows Improving the management of existing facilities to obtain more beneficial use from existing water supplies. A number of policy, design, management, and institutional interventions may allow for an expansion of irrigated area, increased cropping intensity, or increased yields within the service areas. Adding storage facilities and releasing water during drier periods. Storage takes many forms including impoundment in reservoirs, groundwater aquifers, and in small tanks and ponds on farmers' fields. Reuse of return flows through gravity and pump diversions to increase irrigated area.
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Reducing non-beneficial depletion Non-beneficial depletion can be reduced by decreasing.... Evaporation from water applied to irrigated fields through specific irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation, or agronomic practices such as mulching, or changing crop planting dates to match periods of less-evaporative demand; Evaporation from fallow land, decreasing area of free water surfaces, decreasing less beneficial vegetation, and controlling weeds; Water flows to sinks (ocean or deep aquifers) and by reusing return flows, or by interventions that reduce deep percolation or surface runoff that flows to sinks; Flows through saline soils, or through saline groundwater to reduce pollution caused by the movement of salts into irrigation return flows; Preventing saline or otherwise polluted water from reentering the system by shunting it directly to sinks. Reallocating water between uses Reallocation of water: between sectors-from lower- to higher-value uses, or between upstream and downstream uses. Reallocation can have serious legal, equity, and other social considerations that must be addressed. Water accounting uses a 'water balance' approach to quantify the amount of water entering a system (through precipitation and river and groundwater flows) and the amount leaving a system (through evaporation, plant transpiration and river and groundwater flows). The amounts depleted within the basin are then classified according to use, whether or not the use is intended and whether or not it is beneficial. The amount of unused water flowing out of the system is classified according to whether or not it is committed for downstream use. Non-committed outflows are further subdivided into water that is currently utilizable and water that is not utilizable without additional infrastructure.
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10. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN WATER ACCOUNTING

1. 2. 3. 4. Water depletion is a use or removal of water from a water basin that renders it unavailable for further use; Available water represents the amount of water available for use. Available water includes process and non-process depletion, plus utilizable outflows; Net inflow is the gross inflow plus any changes in storage; Non-process depletion occurs when water is depleted, but not by a human-intended process. Non-process depletion can be either beneficial, or non-beneficial-for example, evaporation from fallow land would generally be classified as non-beneficial, while evaporation from forests would generally be considered beneficial. Classification as beneficial or non-beneficial requires a value judgment and is a good entry point for discussions with stakeholders;
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5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
11.
Process depletion is that amount of water diverted for use that is depleted to produce a human-intended product; Gross inflow is the total amount of water flowing into the river basin or defined area from precipitation, rivers and subsurface sources (groundwater); Committed water is that part of outflow from the basin or defined domain that is committed to other uses such as downstream environmental requirements or downstream water rights; Uncommitted outflow is water that is not depleted, nor committed and is therefore available for a use within the domain, but flows out of the basin due to lack of storage or sufficient operational measures. Uncommitted outflow can be classified as utilizable or non-utilizable. Outflow is utilizable if it could be used by improved management of existing facilities; Depleted Fraction indicators reveal how much scope remains for water resources to be developed, how close they are to being fully committed, and how sustainable the system is; Beneficial Utilization relates the amount of water depleted by all beneficial processes to the amount of water available for use. This indicator offers a more accurate view of basin efficiency than traditional indicators, because it takes into consideration the water consumed by valuable natural ecosystems as well as the water consumed by human activities (such as agriculture); Productivity of Water quantifies the value derived from the water used. In agriculture, it can be expressed as the yield (in kilograms) produced per cubic meter of water consumed by crops. More generally, it can be expressed as the economic value of production per unit of water consumed. These productivity values can also be related to the amount of water available, depleted or diverted.
11. TRAINING ISSUES FOR OF ESP PROVINCIAL TEAMS

Planning for watershed management can be achieved by making those charged with doing this, go through a series of questions on what the Project documents repeatedly and repetitiously state. ESP Provincial teams should consider the following suggested data collection and recording of answers for each of the High Priority Province to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Are there data on Provinces and Selected key areas on % of people with lack of access to clean water? What are income levels in the target areas? Are there data on water quality? When and how collected and analyzed? Who is increasingly accessing land and water in target areas in provinces, and what are the stressed water distribution systems?
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5. 6. 7. 8.
What are the poor watershed management practices? What is the expansion target in access to clean water? What are legal requirements/procedures on preserving land and water quality, and what are reasons for slack enforcement? In what is the legal arrangement different today in the decentralized management at District level: Does it really improve how Bupatis / Bappedas can handle the vested interest of major players in logging, mining, or with respect to land titling of poor farmers in upper watershed. In what way is this different from circumstances, say, 10 to 15 years ago? How to measure that the provision of quality services at the district level is provided and the local government capacity to manage and deliver these services and to provide transparent and accountable governance of resources is improved. What is the ESP role in generating strong advocacy and pressure from citizens and organizations at the local level to ensure adequate investments are made and high quality services are provided. What is the participatory approach that will be used to ensure meaningful involvement of poor and marginalized groups, including women? How will professional associations, local universities, and NGOs be approached so that they can be used and interested to help foster local demand and pressure for high quality services and democratic governance of resources? So far, which private sector, NGOs and community groups have signed up? How did they sign up, and why? What are their expectations? What are their roles? Who in ESP determines the appropriate technologies, innovative financing, environmentally sustainable best practices and sustainable market oriented activities. How to involve PDAM in what way? What is expected? Who trains whom? What incentives are provided? ESP states that depending on specific need, local government staff will be trained to design and implement key watershed management interventions such as forest conservation, use of agro-forestry to restore watershed functions, reforestation, and stopping illegal logging as well as addressing agricultural, mining, and industrial practices which negatively impact water supply and quality. In what way is this different and better if compared to past efforts? ESP documents state that where ever possible, the ESP project will assist in the creation of district or multi-district watershed management boards in order to promote better coordination, management, and development planning of watersheds that span several district jurisdictions. Why create new boards, when in many areas there will already be Integrated River Basin WMB?
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12. THOUGHTS ON WATER SUPPLY POLICY

Importance of Policy Elements - Learning from others - for consideration by NWRA. Learning from others who went through similar experiences is worthwhile. Many highly developed countries have only recently faced up to developing the policies associated with water resources management. The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation And Development) conducted a survey in 1989 among its member countries 1 to identify what managers of water utilities and resources considered important elements in a policy. Below are an interpretation and a ranking on importance, based on the survey of a large number of water resources projects. The managers and project administrators were asked which of a list of 12 criteria below they considered most important to be included in a Water Resources Management Policy. The results show that they felt that clear objectives (Policy Statement) and the issues associated with Public Administration (Jurisdiction, Enforcement, Decision Making and Administrative Structures) are most crucial. If there is ambiguity, or procedures are not specified, a Policy will fail. These issues are within the realm of institutional development but require the political will to make them work. Crucial Policy Elements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Objectives - The presence of a formal Policy Statement; Administrative Jurisdiction and Coordination - Clarification between agencies; Enforcement Powers - Legal arrangements available to agencies; Decision Making - Process by which specific measures are formulated and agreed upon; Administrative structures - Organization and structure of agencies.
Very Important to Important (scaled) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Data availability - Speed and quantity and quality of data needed for decision-making; Financial and Fiscal Resources - Includes role of public/private sector as well as cost recovery; Administrative Flexibility - Capacity for new ideas and information between sectors; Staff Quality - no explanation needed; Public Accountability no explanation needed; Performance Evaluation; Administrative discretion.
It should be evident that elements listed from 10 to 12 are also important, but that in case any of the elements 1 through 5 and from 6 through 9, is unclear, is subject to discussion, is not enforceable, or cumbersome with respect to decision making, then a policy losses its appeal and its applicability.
(Survey in OECD countries Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK, and USA).
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13. ESP INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND WATER SUPPLY-WEST JAVA (CIANJUR/CITARUM BASIN) AND EAST JAVA (FOR AREAS IN BRANTAS RIVER)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Rainfall/distribution over basin areas; River hydrograph over year (average and standard deviation 80% reliability); Relevant existing storage and potential storage as identified or estimated today; Cropping intensity as achieved in recent years from records; Actual use/application of agreed rules for sharing water in scarce situations; Degree of competition for a limited supply of water by farmers and urban residents; Trends in urbanization and industrialization over last decade; Groundwater development (by location and withdrawal); Sources of water pollution; Sanitation and sewage disposal in urban areas along river and tributaries pilot areas; Existence of pipe-borne water distribution schemes, and percentage of these schemes with the capacity for providing a 24-hour water supply; Location and trend (last decade) of saline intrusion; Recent actions/plans of relevant agencies, government and private, in exploitation of water; Recent Investments made in water resources and budgets in place for O&M; Costs sharing mechanism of provider/users now in place; Actual conflicts recorded or existing between legitimate competitive users; Reservoir Maintenance (Effective Live Storage); In-River Structural Maintenance; Irrigation Supply system O&M (main system); Water Treatment Facilities; Irrigation areas Tertiary system completion; Flood Control Levee & Structural Maintenance; Prevention of River degradation; Volumetric Measurement Capacity; Water Quality Monitoring; Hydrological Network; Irrigation Area Consolidation and Trend;
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28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
Drainage system maintenance; Ground water monitoring; Soil conservation; Industrial waste treatment; Sewage treatment; Domestic supply Intake facilities; Public pumping facilities maintenance; Water supply system maintenance; Urban flood control facilities maintenance; Location Waste Management sites; Priority Allocation Mechanism; Monitoring Capacity; Land Use Management; Industrial licensing; Urban sewage disposal licensing; Waste disposal sites licensing ; Role of private sector and agreements; Allocation enforcement; Drought water use measures enforcement; Role Public Administration; Role Line Agencies; Role River Basin within various policies; Environmental protection standards; Cropping Calendar; Pollution Remedial action; Funds required by sector; Emergency funding; Funding arrangements by source; Subsidy arrangement and Phase-Out; Cost recovery Procedures and Plans; Collection and Accounting; Contracts with Private Sector; Incentives structure.
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14. ESP TEAMS TO ANTICIPATE CHANGE AND THE RESISTANCE TO IT.

ESP should be aware that the planned activities will without question involve efforts to significantly change the management of water resources with respect to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Watershed and Water User contribution in funding the management and O&M, and where appropriate, further development; Watershed and Water User direct involvement in management, with an increased role for any form of local control and actual day-to-day management; Watershed and Water User desire and need for improved water quality; Flood control measures extended to watershed; Increased focus on water use efficiency and economic values, contrasted for need of priorities and agreed and required subsidies in water supply to the poor. This includes pricing of and contribution to services and bulk volumes; Reduction and possible elimination of subsidies, unless justified on either social or economic grounds; Transparency and accounting in funds collected and overall government subsidies and budgets.
No matter what priorities ESP will identify in actions and investments, a considerable numbers of preparatory actions related to water use profiling and data base development, user organization and institutional arrangements can be launched immediately, without changing any given present laws and regulations or awaiting approval of new ones. The actions are concerned with creating the necessary basis for any water resources improvement program in the High Priority Areas, based on whatever decision or direction that may ultimately be selected and for which funds will be made available. Whenever payment for any services, previously free or not enforced, becomes a major focus, the government at every level should prepare and expect users to demand insight in funding, in service structure and timing, in decision making and priority allocation, to name just the major issues. ESP should help the government at all levels to anticipate and to prepare to answer the following questions from all type of users in great detail: 1. What are the costs of services now that users have to pay? Are they real cost and will they guarantee the services? If not, why not? 2. What is the role of the any type of water users, how are they to be organized, and how is effective voice included and guaranteed? 3. What are the new future institutional arrangements in restructuring and redistributing responsibilities among institutions and stakeholders? 4. How is the preparation to be structured for increased financial contribution of users (under the concepts of the User Pays and the Polluter Pays)? 5. How will enforcement of payment be organized and executed?
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Irrigation will remain the main water use sector in all the basins; it has been like this, it is like this and it will be like this for the foreseeable future. Irrigation therefore will, without doubt, be the water supplier to all other present and emerging requirements in the non-irrigation water use sectors, such as industrial and urban water supplies. All new water distribution and use arrangements, and all new entitlements in water abstraction will be controversial, and need a sound data base and set of arrangements to be manageable. This potentially conflict-rich situation will require details on water availability under various scenarios, and will need ESP teams equipped and tested for Conflict Management. Irrigation Farmers are powerful and will reject paying for water, and giving up water right. Why should they be altruistic and softhearted, and not egoistic..? They view water from a riparian viewpoint, and they know they were there first! So, they object, in this era of democracy. Irrigation is the most powerful and volatile partner that ESP haswhether it recognizes this or not The demand for water as a Commodity has increased tenfold in last 15 years, but the supply is well, fixed. It often seems to be in excessive supply, only to be followed (at unpredictable) moments by droughts. The watershed of Indonesia, especially on Java and in selected areas of other provinces, are like ATM Water Bank Accounts, with irregular deposits, non-frugal withdrawals, random and uncoordinated access, and everyone having the PIN! The accounts are often empty! Thus, water access not improved by focused actions, supported by a new legal framework, but is informally (and in principle illegally) adjusted to the new realities of water needs, its distribution n time, and its quality. Making well-meant but simple, even to the extent simplistic suggestions that ESP will renovate part of a watershed (Hulu) into nice-andgreen, and make sure that this watershed will transport its now cleaned (cleaner) water to a PDAM somewhere downstream somehow (Hilir) somehow contradicts the realities of water, of pollution, in the myriad ways that water flows downhill... But to entertain the option of Doing Nothing is also unacceptable. Thus, the issue is of how ESP is to find ways to be part of renewal, in fact be the essential engine, the core creative force, in making things work at the District level. Therefore, ESP Team in each province needs to be 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Well-informed (see Data Needs, Watershed Plan Development): Understanding of the psychology of Lying, Stealing and Cheating, a human trait that underlies the Water Sector also, and which each user group will use to defend their predicament; Appropriately prepared, almost cunningly, in its approach (as in how to mediate, how to find money, etc.); Realistic in its objectives (none in first 3 years just get one District on the Road of Change, and keep the momentum going); The Number 1 supporter of the District and of the Poor.
Objectives of ESP Provincial Teams during Meeting process with Stakeholders: 1. 2. 3. To Assure Fair Hearings, and to work towards Dispute Resolution and Conflict Avoidance/Management; Assure the No Victims - No Culprits Approach in Limited Resource Availability and readjustment in access and preservation procedures; Think Common Pasture and Overgrazing Issues;
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4. 5.
Test Law 7/2004 in preliminary and semi-informal ways, to help GOI set the guidelines on Implementation which still need to be formulated and which may vary by District (Petunjuk Teknis); To understand and continuously assess the Institutional Change Process, and to proceed carefully.
The Steps listed below serve only as a guideline to make ESP provincial teams understand that institutional development occurs as a process, and that recording of agreement is the change sought.
Table 1 Steps in Institutional Change Process Step in the Considerations Success or NOT!? Institutional Change Process 1 Select Watershed Triage (Take a Middle-of-the-Road problem): Stay away from complex issues initially, but tackle something serious) Benchmark/Informat ion Bookkeeping/Profile Options in case of severe water shortage Do they understand? Not too big, not too small. Comments
2 3
Collect All Data and Analyze Design Preliminary Solution (s) Present these to Bappeda II
Think Future (MidTerm or Post) Evaluation of ESP No Problem Scenario does not exist, but avoid setting sensitive groups Are they willing to take tough position and put water users in-line. Let them explain to ESP in their words..
5 6 7
Discuss Solutions and Partners Contact Partners and Discuss 1-on-1 Decide on Meeting and Participants
Make friends, but speak the truth. PADM, Forestry, Irrigation, Tourism, Industry, etc,. Steps. Options. All in the first meeting?
It better workout well the first time so all resources are brought in here. Coordinate team again and again. Strong leadership with ONE Voice within ESP. Standardize for all High Priority Areas/Provinces Fear of Losing Access to presentand/or having to Pay for Access to Resources Who will be the Permanent Staff of Bupati/Bappeda II who will be the ESP counterpart? Bappeda II key to convincing Bupati and DPRD II
Meet with Bupati
Decide on Participation of Hulu and Hilir in field assessment of Field Findings/ Truth.
Key Round. Discuss end-product. Obtain his agreement. Talk Money See the viewpoint of the Other . Let each see the issues facing the other.
What and How to present the issues. Message is not one of Giving but one of Effort and Energy now. Bring the Heavyweights from Jakarta (USAID, GOI, ESP COP/DCOP) One District, One Future, One Resources Management Approach
Not needed to achieve harmony and agreement on Day 1.
Decide on Success criteria in Year 1 and Year 2. Money should be introduced.
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Step in the Institutional Change Process 10 11 12 MEET! Do Field Work. Sub-Meetings
Considerations
Success or NOT!?
Comments
Strong Moderator Record in Detailed M-o-Meeting. Create opportunity for finding of minds. Water Land Money Protection/Producti on Central to guide Province Do not waste time of stakeholders; they are busy enough.
Opening by Bupati Promote Awareness Prepare Group Leaders.
Invite Key Speaker from Province and Central. Not too many. Set Goals and Objectives.
13 14
Interim Internal ESP Team Meetings. Follow-up General meetings
Focus on Agreements
Record all opinions
15. FORMULATING AN ESP STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICY

1. How to implement the ESP Strategy and Policy? To establish cooperation and communication, as well as consensus, institutions will test it in a FIRST Case. Once evaluated, the First Case approach (modified strengthened detailed) would then be made effective nationwide as appropriate; 2. How to introduce the ESP Strategy and Policy to the users and the public? The water users, the private sector and public will require information, and some may not want the ESP Strategy and Policy at all. This is because the ESP Strategy and Policy will bring with it costs for users, and hence its resistance; 3. How to fund ESP Strategy and Policy? A market mechanism should be applied. Wherever the government feels that subsidies are justified it should say so openly. The issues of the User pays and the Polluter pays should however govern the funding; 4. How to use the media in support of the ESP Strategy and Policy? In Indonesia, the government has a considerable interaction with the media. As
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long as the government is convinced of the correctness of the ESP Strategy and Policy and when users and public at large have been involved in formulation, the government should not hesitate to lobby the cooperation of the media for ESP Strategy and Policy dissemination; 5. What stages in ESP Basin Strategy and Policy introduction can be recognized? The Level II Government should recognize that any strategy and policy development and implementation will have stages. This recognition is important in planning a time frame for medium and long-term. The stages (overlapping and recurrent at times) are: Formulation - Approval Preparation Finance - Introduction Implementation Administration Enforcement Monitoring - Review/Update; 6. Can a complicated ESP Strategy and Policy be avoided? In view of the interaction in society today, with an increasing free market orientation, increasingly deregulated, in combination with the multitude of sector development programs it will be difficult to avoid complexities to policies. The Government will need political resolve and may have to accept initial difficulties, but this should not be seen as weakness and should not be allowed to last too long; 7. Can new legislation be avoided for the ESP Strategy and Policy to work in a District? New regulations shifting responsibility between institutions and creating new innovations can probably not be avoided. But the renewal or additional work in the legal process is not what should perhaps make the government afraid. Modifying or dropping old legislation is very much required to remove anomalies and overlap. Next, it is more the willingness to apply the agreed ESP Strategy and Policy and to enforce it. Legislation in itself is possible, even if complicated. But to enforce payment, shift water rights, formal or informal and cancel subsidies will test the government resolve; 8. When can the ESP Strategy and Policy be considered functional? Part of the ESP Strategy and Policy formulation work is to describe the expected output and to monitor whether this is being achieved. This will be associated with water quality, trends in area remaining under irrigation, efficiency in water use, the general environmental performance and the acceptance of improvements by the public-at-large; 9. What are the most crucial elements of a ESP Strategy and Policy? First, there is the political will at introduction of the ESP-generated concepts and as expressed in willingness to apply sanctions and enforcement. Second, realistic water resources and environmental objectives. Third, the willingness for institutional coordination, if necessary, enforced, and involvement of the public administration sector. Fourth, training in conflict management and dispute resolution, based on socio-technological aspects; 10. Will the new ESP Strategy and Policy not lead to many new conflicts? The purpose of the ESP is not the avoidance of conflict per se. The purpose is to set quality standards, in view of equity, efficiency and effectiveness. Enforcing this will have its share of new legal battles, complaints, non-compliance and confrontation, with community or special interest groups.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM

Ratu Plaza Building, 17th. Fl. Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 9 Jakarta 10270 Indonesia Tel. +62-21-720-9594 Fax. +62-21-720-4546 www.esp.or.id

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WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN ESP :

Focus on the Interface of Stakeholders and ESP project staff

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN ESP :

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

1. CONSIDERATIONS ON DATA COLLECTION FOR ESP

2. ESP PLANNING FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REQUIRES A SET OF DETAILED DATA:

3. SEQUENCE OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES FOR PLANNING FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

4. GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A WATERSHED

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

7. STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF A WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8.

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

8. ESP TO USE WATER ACCOUNTING AS A WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING TOOL

9. FOUR WAYS OF IMPROVING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF BASIN WATER RESOURCES

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

10. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN WATER ACCOUNTING

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

11. TRAINING ISSUES FOR OF ESP PROVINCIAL TEAMS

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

12. THOUGHTS ON WATER SUPPLY POLICY

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

14. ESP TEAMS TO ANTICIPATE CHANGE AND THE RESISTANCE TO IT.

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

Meet with Bupati

Not needed to achieve harmony and agreement on Day 1.

Decide on Success criteria in Year 1 and Year 2. Money should be introduced.

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

Step in the Institutional Change Process 10 11 12 MEET! Do Field Work. Sub-Meetings

Opening by Bupati Promote Awareness Prepare Group Leaders.

Interim Internal ESP Team Meetings. Follow-up General meetings

Record all opinions

15. FORMULATING AN ESP STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICY

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM

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