VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HCMC International University Department of Civil Engineering

LAB REPORT

FM03: FLOW MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

Submitted by: GROUP 3

Group members CECEIU11032 CECEIU11029 CECEIU11025 CECEIU11039

The purpose of the experiment: learning about equipments measuring the flow rate such as Rotameter, Orifice Meter and Venturi Meter. After the flow rate and head loss are determined, we can know about characteristics ( accuracy and head loss) of these equipments.

Theory:

For steady, adiabatic flow of an incompressible fluid along a stream tube, as shown in Figure 1, Bernoullis Equation can be written in the form:

The head loss H12 may be assumed to arise as a consequence of the vortices in the stream. Because the flow is viscous a wall shear stress exists and a pressure force must be applied to overcome it. The consequence increase in flow work appears as an increase in internal energy, and because the flow is viscous, the velocity profile at any section is non-uniform. The kinetic energy per unit mass at any section is then greater than V2/2g and Bernoullis Equation incorrectly assesses this term. The fluid mechanics entails in all but the very simplest internal flow problems are to complex to permit the head loss H to be determined by any other means than experimental. Since a contraction of stream boundaries can be shown (with incompressible fluids) to increase flow uniformity and a divergence correspondingly decrease it. H is typically negligibly small between the ends of a contracting duct but is normally significant when the duct walls diverge.

The experimental results: Table 1 Test Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 180 185 187 190 192 195 198 200 210 220 B 172 170 168 168 167 165 160 156 150 145 C 178 180 181 183 184 186 188 190 195 200 D 180 184 186 189 190 193 196 198 208 215 E 180 185 189 190 191 192 195 198 208 218 Manometer F 170 165 165 160 159 154 145 140 130 120 Levels G 175 170 168 165 165 160 150 145 145 140 H 175 168 165 160 154 150 145 140 140 135 I 75 65 63 60 55 45 43 40 38 35 Rotameter (cm) 3.8 5 6 6.2 6.8 7.3 8 8.5 10 13.3 Water (kg) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Time (seconds) 70 51 45.5 41.4 39.2 36.6 32.1 30 25.6 22.5 Venturi 0.086 0.118 0.133 0.143 0.152 0.167 0.188 0.202 0.236 0.264 Orifice 0.085 0.119 0.131 0.146 0.151 0.165 0.189 0.204 0.236 0.265 Volume Flow Rate Rotameter 0.087 0.117 0.133 0.142 0.155 0.166 0.185 0.203 0.233 0.267 Q (litres/s) Weigh 0.086 0.118 0.132 0.145 0.153 0.164 0.187 0.2 0.234 0.267 Tank H Rotameter 100 103 102 100 99 105 102 100 102 100 H / Inlet Venturi 101 103 102 99 100 102 103 100 103 104 Kinetic Orifice 102 102 101 99 101 103 103 104 105 100 Head

Analyzing the experimental results: Volume flow rate (Q): Form test 1 to test 10, when we increase the amount of water which goes into the equipment, Q also increases. This is true for Venturi, Orifice, Rotameter and Weight Tank. (Shown in figure 2, figure 3, figure 4, figure 5)

0,28 0,26 0,24

Volume Flow Rate From Venturi

0,22
0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1 0,08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 2

0,28 0,26 0,24 0,22 0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1 0,08 1 2 3

Volume Flow Rate From Orifice

10

Figure 3

0,28 0,26 0,24 0,22 0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1 0,08 1 2 3

Volume Flow Rate From Rotameter

10

Figure 4

0,28 0,26 0,24

Volume Flow Rate From Weight Tank

0,22
0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1

0,08
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

No. Test

10

Figure 5

Additionally, From figure 2, 3, 4 and 5 we see that that shape of these graphs are quite similar. This is because the results in table 1 also show that in each test, values of Q of each apparatus are quite equivalent. According to the theory, values of Q of each apparatus in each test must be the same. However , in practice, there exists errors which are created by purity of fluid, temperature, .. Additionally, fluid is viscous so that the velocity is non-uniform at any section. Therefore, Q can change a little bit. Head loss (H):

From results in table 1, we see that the values of H of Rotameter oscillate from 99 to 105 mm of water and the average value is 100 mm of water ( more clearly shown in figure 6).

Head Loss Of Ratometer

106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 6 When Q is increased, H in Rotameter should be increased. However, The value of H in each test is averagely 100 mm of water when Q increases, (shown in table 2). This is because the structure of Rotameter (shown in figure 7). Because of shape of tapered tube, when the flowrate (Q) increases, the height of float is also increased. Therefore, the cross-sectional flow area is also increased. This makes head loss H stable (about 100 mm of water).

Table 2: Volume flow rate and head loss of Ratometer Test number Volume flow rate Q (liters/s) Head Loss H

10

0.087 0.177 0.133 0.142 0.155 0.166 0.185 0.203 0.233 0.267 100 103 102 100 99 105 102 100 102 100

Figure 6

Figure 7 Conclusion: We knew how to use Rotameter, Orifice Meter, Venturi Meter to measure flowrate and to determine head loss. In practice, there always exist error, it can be small but affect badly. Through error percentage, we can know the performance of each apparatus.