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Lecture 21 www.physics.uoguelph.ca/~pgarrett/Teaching.html
Review of L-20
Ring wave functions (circumference )
s ,n ( x ) = c ,n ( x ) =
c ,0 =
Energy levels
2 2
sin cos
2nx 2nx
n =1,2,3,
( n =0 )
n 2h 2 En = 2me 2
Review of L-20
Energy levels in a ring molecule
n=0
sin solution
scattered
Light emerges propagating in the same direction as the incident light Energy from light is absorbed in the volume of the material
Scattered light
Light emerges in a different direction from the incident light
Cross sections
Light incident upon a material may or may not be removed from the incident beam Probability that the light is removed from the incident beam is related to the cross section
Cross section is like an effective area of the atom or molecule can be larger or smaller than the geometric cross section takes into account the absorption and scattering of light B2 Stealth bomber of the US has a radar cross section smaller than that of hummingbird
Beer-Lambert Law
Consider light incident on a material with area A and thickness dx and concentration of molecules C ( i.e. # / cm3 ) Number of molecules illuminated by light of incident intensity Ix is CAdx Total effective area that the molecules present is CAdx Probability of light being absorbed or scattered out of the beam in thickness dx is thickness dx dI CA
Ix
dx
area A
intensity Ix
Beer-Lambert Law
dI x CA We have = dx Ix A
Now integrate both sides
dI x = I0 I x
I
x 0
Cdx
I ln (I ) ln (I 0 ) = ln = Cx I0 I = I 0e
Cx
= I 0e
Beer-Lambert Law
The Beer-Lambert Law
I = I 0e
Cx
= I 0e
The intensity of light decreases exponentially with depth in the material Linear attenuation coefficient usually expressed in units of cm1 is a function of wavelength =()
So Beer-Lambert Law is also a function of , i.e.
I ( ) = I 0 ( ) e
( ) x
Transmittance
I ( ) Transmittance is defined as T = I 0 ( )
A quantity called absorbance A is defined as
A = log
A = x log(e ) = 0.4343 x
I 0 ( ) I 0 ( ) = log I ( ) I 0 ( )e
= log(e
This definition includes both absorption and scattering A further definition is the extinction coefficient = 0.4343
so
A = Cx
monochromator
diffraction grating extracts a very narrow wavelength band
sample
detector
Absorption spectrum
Absorption spectra for chlorophyll