2. PYSICAL METHODS (T7.5) Autoclave: A means of sterilization. Steam under pressure. It works well on surgical instruments/media.

. Also place in a spore strip which is basically pigmented endospores that are incased in plastic. When its removed from the autoclave, depending on color changed it indicates whether or not the auto calving worked. If it didnt change color you may still have microorganisms or pathogens around. Requires a certain amount of time.

Boiling: does sterilize. o Tyndalization: boiling and cooling over a period of several days. o Pasteurizations: is not a form of serialization. Kills some microorganisms but not all. Expose milk to high heat for a few seconds. This is used to increase shelf life. Refrigeration: bacteriostatic. Slows binary fission. o Pychrotrophs: like the cold and can grow in refrigeration temperatures. Salt: creates a hypertonic environment. Some fungi can live in this and also some halophiles like staph. Dry Heat: cooking in an oven or flaming. Denature enzymes and proteins. And breaks sulfur and hydrogen bonds. UV (7.5): can ruin DNA. Shorter the wavelength the more energy therefore the more damage done to living tissues/cells. Ionizing radiation: Filtration: type of sterilization. Hard to achieve. Done for materials that are heat labile (heat sensitive). Many types. o HEPA filters: high efficiency particulate air filters. Designed to allow microbes through but nothing greater than .3 microns. Traps most bacteria and even some viruses. Chemical vapor: o Ethylene oxide: sterilize surgical instruments. Or rooms. The room needs to be completely sealed. Pressure: can be a means to destroy microbes. Dessication: drying out. Or preventing growth. Lyophilization: freeze drying.

3. CHEMICAL METHODS: (T7.8) Actions: four things that could be destroyed because of the chemical. CELL WALL, CELL MEMBRANE, DNA, PROTEIN/ENZYMES. Factors of effectiveness: o Temp: 7 o PH: 7 neutral but some can live in more acidic or more basic. o Organic materials: if its a nosocomial disinfectant it is designed to work in organic material that may be left behind (blood, fecal matter) o Time: most disinfectants are designed for ten minutes. Note: nosocomial kills pseudomonads and E.coli Microbial type: cysts, endospores, prions are taken into account Concentration: concentration of microbe and disinfectant taken into account. Quarter cup in a gallon of water. Straight out of the bottle may not work better. Water is needed. Evaluation: o Dilution tests: o Disc-diffusion method: Dissinfectants: o Lysol/cresol: o Iodine: o Iodophor: o Chlorine: o alcohol: o Tincture: o Hydrogen peroxide: o Metals: o Quats/NH4: o Sodium nitrite: o Soap:

4. MICROBIAL RESISTANCE: (7.11)

P E M C V G- F V- G+ V+