GRAMTICA DE INGLS 1.

Preguntas con palabras de pregunta What (qu) Who (quin) Which (Cul) When (Cundo) Why (Por qu) Whose (De quin) How (Cmo) Where (Dnde) Preguntas sin palabra de pregunta Estas preguntas se responden con yes o no (si o no) Preguntas con un verbo auxiliar Para interrogacin el orden es: verbo+sujeto+complementos 4. Preguntas sin verbo auxiliar En el Past Simple y en el Present Simple, se utiliza Do/Does (Present Simple) y Did (Past Simple), para formular preguntas.

1 2

Present Continuous 1. Forma To be + verb + ing (present participle) 2. Postitivo y negativo

I He She It They

am
Is

working
working

Is
is are

Working
working

working arent 3. Pregunta

He What is She it We What are they You wearing? wearing?

4. Respuesta corta Yes, I am No, Im not Yes, he is No, he isnt Yes, they are No, they arent Nota: No se usan contracciones en las respuestas cortas 5. Uso Para expresar una actividad que est pasando ahora. Para expresar una actividad que est pasando ahora, pero no en el momento de hablar. Para expresar un futuro planeado y muy ajustado
Present Simple 1. Forma Sujeto + verbo + complementos 2. Positivo y negativo

We You They She It 1 2 Pregunta Uso I Where do We You They He Where does She lives ? It live?

Para expresar hbitos Para expresar un hecho que siempre es verdad Para expresar un hecho que es verdad por un perodo largo de tiempo Have/have got 1. Positivo
I We You

They He She It 2. Negativo I We You They He She It

Have ve got Has s got Dont have Havent got two sisters two sisters any money 3

3. Pregunta I

Doesnt have Hasnt got

any money

Do

We You They He have a car?

Does

She have a car? It I

Have

We You They He got a car?

Has

She got a car? It

4. Respuesta corta Yes, I have / Yes I do No, I havent / No, I dont Yes, he has / Yes he does No, he hasnt / No he doesnt Nota Se pueden usar contracciones con have got, pero con have no. 5. Uso Have y have got significan lo mismo (haber / tener), pero have got es informal. Se usa al hablar, pero no al escribir. Expresan posesin Cuando have + sustantivo, significa una actividad o hbito, do/does/ dont ... se usa y have got no. Nota En el Past Simple no se usa have got.

Past Simple 1. Forma Las formas del Past Simple son las mismas para todas las personas. Los verbos regulares se forman aadiendo ed al verbo en presente. 2. Positivo

He/ She / It You We They

3. Negativo Se ponde didnt , pero el verbo se deja en Present Simple. I She You Etc. Se pone did al principio de la pregunta, y el verbo se deja en presente. When did They She You arrive? 4. Pregunta Didnt (did not) arrive yesterday finished yesterday

He Etc.

5. Respuesta corta Yes, I did No, I didnt 6. Uso Para expresar una accin acabada en el pasado. Para expresar las acciones que siguen en una historia. Nota Con el Past Simple, se suelen usar expresiones como: Last year, last month, yesterday, tomorrow, in 1945, five years ago...

Past Continuous 1. Forma Was/were (pasaso del verbo to be) + verbo + ing (present participle) 2. Positivo y negativo

I He She It We Wasnt (was not) You They Were Was working

3. Pregunta

Werent (were not)

working I

What

was

He She It

doing?

1 Respuesta corta Yes, I was / No, I wasnt Yes, they were / No, they werent 2 Uso Para expresar una accin pasada por encima de un perodo de tiempo. 3 Interrupted action I was doing my homework, when she arrived. When she arrived, I was doing my homework. Nota En las historias en Past Continuous, se usa para describir la escena y con el Past Simple se cuenta la accin.

The Passive 1. Forma

+ verb +ed (past participle)

Am/is/are (to be) Was/were (past to be) Has/have been +verb + ed (past participle) + verb +ed (past participle)

1 Presente Positivo y negativo English is spoken all over the world (positivo) Coffe isnt grown in England (negativo) Pregunta Where is rice grown? 2 Pasado Positivo y negativo My car was stolen last night (negativo) He wasnt injuried in the accident (positivo) Pregunta How was the window broken?

3. Present Perfect Positivo y negativo Ive been robbed (positivo) Diet Coke hansnt been made since 1987 (negativo) Pregunta Has my car been repaired? Respuestas cortas Yes, they are/ No, they arent Yes, he was/ No, he wasnt Yes, it has/ No, it hasnt Nota The Passive con infinitivo (to be + verbo + ed), se utiliza despus de un verbo modal. 4. Uso El O.D. de un verbo activo se convierte en sujeto de un verbo pasivo. Otro camino de expresar la misma oracin, pero en pasiva. Elegimos una u otra dependiendo del inters. Gustos Positivo Negativo Adore Loathe Love Hate Really like Really dislike Quite like Dislike Like Dont like

Type 1: Possible If+ present+ ........+ future (will/wont)

Conditionals

Ej: If it rains, Ill take my umbrella Type 2: Unlikely/Unreal

If+ past simple+ ........+ conditional (would/could)

Ej: If it rained, Ill take my umbrella Type 3: Impossible If+ past perfect + ........ + conditional perfect (would/could + have+ past participle)

Ej: If it had rained, Id have taken my umbrella

Present Perfect Simple 1. Forma: Have/Has + past participle (ed ) 2. Positivo y negativo:

I We You They He havent She It s (has) ve (have) worked in a factory

3. Pregunta Have

hasnt I We You

worked in a factory been to United States?

4. Respuesta corta Yes, I have/ No,I havent Yes, she has/ No, she hasnt

5. Uso Para expresar una accin que empieza en el pasado y continua en el presente. Ever Alguna vez Never Nunca For+ perodo de tiempo Since+ comienzo de perodo de tiempo YetYa (en pregunta y negativa) AlreadyYa (en afirmativa) Just Justo, acabo, accin realizada recientemente Have you ever been to Ireland? I have never been to Ireland I have been in Ireland for nine years/ a long time I have been in Ireland since I was born/1945 Have you done your homework yet? I havent done my homework yet I have already done my homework I have just done my homework
Going to 1. Forma To be+ going + to + infinitivo 2. Positivo y negativo I He She It We You They s (is) isnt re (are) going to work m (am) m not going to work

going to work arent 3. Pregunta

When am When Is I He She It We When are they You going to arrive? going to arrive? going to arrive?

4. Respuesta corta Yes, they are/ No, they arent Yes, he is/ No, he isnt Yes, I am/ No, Im not 5. Uso Para expresar una intencin futura hecha antes del momento de hablar. Para algo que podemos ver o sentir y puede pasar en el futuro. What........like?

1. Forma What+ to be+ subject + like? 2. Positivo Whats your teacher like? 3. Uso Sirve para describir alguien o algo. 4. Nota How is your mother? Es para hablar de la salud, no de descripcin.
Will

1. Forma Will + infinitivo ( sin to)

2. Positivo y negativo

She You They Etc. ll (will)

3. Pregunta wont

arrive next week

He You

When will They I

arrive?

Etc. 5. Respuesta corta Yes, I will/ No, I wont 6. Uso

Para expresar una futura intencin o decisin hecha al momento de hablar. Para expresar un hecho futuro. Past Perfect 1. Forma Subject+ had + verb + past participle (ed) 2. Positivo y negativo

He She It We You They d (had)

3. Pregunta hadnt

arrived before 10:00

I He She Had It We You

left?

They 4. Respuesta corta Yes, it had/ No, it hadnt 5. Uso

Se usa para expresar una accin en el pasado, que pas antes de otra accin en el pasado.

Have to 1. Forma Has/have + to + participio Positivo y negativo I We You They He She It Have Dont have Has to work hard

to work hard 3. Pregunta Doesnt have

I Do We You They He Does She Have to work hard? It Have to work hard?

4. Respuesta corta Yes, I do/ No, I dont Yes, he does/ No, he doesnt

5. Uso Para expresar obligacin fuerte que viene de fuera.

Modal verbs 1. Formas Can/could May/might Shall/should Will/would Must/mustnt Neednt 1 Usos Must: rdenes, prohibicin en negativo Should: Consejos, sugerencias Might: Menos posible de 50% May: 50% posible Neednt: No necesario Necesidad: Must Prohibicin: Mustnt No necesario: neednt Consejo: Should, shouldnt Permiso: Can, could, may Capacidad: Can, could Solicitar: Could, will, would Respuesta: Would, Shall 3. Caractersticas Mismas formas en todas las personas No se usa el to (excepto para ought to) Para el negativo se aade not o nt, nunca dont o doesnt A may y might no se aade nt, sino not Para preguntas verbo antes del sujeto Will not=wont Past can=Could Should 1. Forma Should + infinitivo ( sin to) 2. Positivo y negativo We They Etc.

I should do more exercises He shouldnt tell lies

3. Pregunta
Should Do you think I She They I He We They see a doctor should see a doctor?

4. Respuesta corta Yes, you should/ No, you shouldnt 5. Uso

Para expresar lo que el que habla piensa est bien o es la mejor cosa para hacer. Expresa ligera obligacin o consejo. Shouldnt expresa un consejo negativo.

Might 1. Forma Might + infinitivo (sin to) Sus formas son las mismas en todas las personas 2. Positivo y negativo La contraccin mightnt es inusual. I He It We Etc. Might Might not go to the party 16

1 2

Pregunta Might.... you? es inusual. Se utiliza do you think....... + will.......? Respuesta corta He might/ It might

5. Uso Se usa para expresar una posibilidad futura. Will expresa un futuro perfecto, might menos del 50% de posiblidades.

Comparativos y superlativos 1. Forma Comparativo: +er (2 slabas o 1), ms se pone more delante del adj. Superlativo: + est (2 slabas o 1), ms se pone most delante del adj. 2. Uso Than va despus del comparativo. The para el superlativo As..... as (tan....como) Not as/ so.....as (no como)Expresiones de cantidad 1 Formas Some/any A few/ A little A lot of / Lots of Much / Many 2. Uso Diferencias entre adjetivos contables o incontables: Los sustantivos contables pueden ir en singular o en plural

Los sustantivos incontables siempre van en singular En los sustantivos contables se utiliza some + un sustantivo plural en las oraciones positivas y any + un sustantivo plural en la pregunta, y la negacin. En los incontables some va en positivo y any en pregunta o negativa Los contables con many en preguntas y negativas, en los incontables con much en preguntas y negativas. Los contables, y los incontables van con a lot of, o lots of en positivo.And, but, because 1 And Expresa adicin (y) 2 But Para contrastar entre medio de dos ideas (pero) 3 Because Introduce una razn por la primera parte de la frase (porque) A y The 1 2 A: Se utiliza en singular en adjetivos contables referentes a una idea. The En singular y plural tanto en adjetivos contables como en incontables. Like doing and would like to do 1 2 Like doing Expresa diversin Would like to do Expresa preferencia ahora u en otro momento. Present Perfect Continuous 1. Forma Has/have + been + verb + ing 2. Positivo y negativo

ve (have) We 3. Pregunta hasnt

been working?

I How long have We You They He been working?

How long

has

She It

been working?

4. Respuesta corta Yes, I have/ No, I havent Yes, he has/ No, he hasnt 5. Uso Para expresar una actividad que continua en el presente Para referirse a una actividad con un resultado en el presente.

Used to 1. Forma Used+ to + infinitive 1 2 I She They Etc. Used to Didnt use to smoke like cooking 19 Positive and negative Pregunta

What did you used to do? 4. Respuesta corta Yes, I did/ No, I didnt 5. Uso Para expresar un hbito pasado. Para expresar un estado pasado. 6. Nota La forma de pregunta no es muy corriente. A veces se pregunta en el Past Simple, y se responde con used to. Never se utiliza mucho Ej: I never used to watch TV No confundirlo con el verbo to use. Verbos irregulares

Forgot Forgotten Olvidar

INFINITIVE Become Break Bring Build Buy Can Catch Come Cost Do Draw Dream Drink Drive Eat Fall Feel Find Fly Forget Get Give Go Have Hear Hurt Know Lead Learn Leave Lend Got Gave Went Had Heard Hurt Knew Led Learnt Left Lent Got Given Gone Had Heard Hurt Known Led Learnt Left Lent Aprender Salir Prestar Ponerse Dar Ir Haber o tener Oir Herir Saber Llevar Caught Came Cost Did Drew Dreamed Drank Drove Ate Fell Felt Found Flew Caught Come Cost Done Drawn Dreamt Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Felt Found Flown Dibujar Soar Beber Conducir Comer Caer Sentir Encontrar Volar Bought Could Bought Could Comprar Poder Tomar Venir Costar Hacer Brought Built Brought Built SIMPLE PAST Became Broke PAST PARTICIPLE Become Broken Romper Traer Edificar TRANSLATION Convertirse

Lie Make Meet Pay Put Read Run Say See Sell Send Show Sing Sit Sleep Speak Spend Stand Swim Take Tell Think Wake up Wear Will Write Win Wrote Won Written Won Thought Woke up Wore Thought Woken up Worn Despertarse Vestir/ Llevar Escribir Ganar Slept Spoke Spent Stood Swam Took Told Slept Spoken Spent Stood Swum Token Told Coger Contar Pensar Estar de pie Nadar Sang Sat Sung Sat Lay / Lied Made Met Paid Put Read Ran Said Saw Sold Sent Showed Lain/ Lied Made Met Paid Put Read Run Said Saw Sold Sent Showed Pagar Poner Leer Correr Decir Ver Vender Enviar Mostrar Cantar Sentarse Dormir Hablar Gastar Mentir/ Estar tumbado Hacer Conocer