Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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elevotor isiq for-level generol Ensllsh course thot tokes goung erdu,lts from elemntqrg to
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Language tft
Grammar gl
Here's a list of some common words and phrases we use to talk about grammar.
Adjectives describe people, things, events, etc: He's very ambitious. I was frightened.This movie's exciting. Adverbs say when, how or how often something happens: He played soccer yesterday. She's speaking slowly.We always go shopping on the weekend.
::rrW.e
i f t.
uI
rr:lf l.t'lile,ig f
.::U:e'd,,,inr,
mmat.vo
c.b u |
ry'
a-n
sef
Articlesarethewordsa,anandthe.Alan istheindefinitearticleithe isthedefinitearticle.Zero article is when we do not use an article in front of nouns. Collocations refer to words that often occur together: commt a crime, do homework, heavy traffic. Compound nouns are words made of two or more nouns joined together: stoplight,trafficiam,
billboard. Contractions are short verb forms: |m, we're,
was
y'oi'i'','*noror ttu
dentb Book.
n't, it's.
,,I{iow :to,',i.rt,h.,
Language Lft
The infinitive is the main form of a verb usually used She expects me to do my homework every night.
There are three main ways to use this book: Read it after class and review allthe language that you studied in the lesson. . Study it during class to give you a better understanding of the lesson's grammar focus.
Modalverbsexpresspossibilityandgivingadvice: She couldn'tswimwhenshewasfive.Youdon't need to take an umbrella.We must hurry. lt might rain tomorrow.
Nouns refer to people,
a
nima ls
Objects are nouns or pronouns. They usually come after the verb and tell us who or what is affected by the verb: They bought o house. She opened the door. I like him.
Prefixes go before a word root to give the word a new meaning: overcooked,supermarket, underdeveloped.
them in real-life
Prepositions a re words such as in, on, above, below.f hey usua lly come before a nou n or pronou n: We live in London.The bookstore is above the phone store.
Page
4 7 9 12 15 18 zo 22
29
31
Pronouns are words we use instead of nouns.There are different types of pronouns: Subject pronouns, such as l,you,they;Objecf pronouns, such as me, him,them; Possessive pronouns, such as mine, yours, hers; Re lative pronou ns, s uch as where, who, whose; Reflexive pronou ns, such a s myself ,yourself . Subjects are nouns or pronouns. They usually come before the verb and refer to the main person or thing of the sentence:Ashley loves listening to music. My mother is a doctor. Mango trees grow in
Mexico. Tenses are different forms of the verb used to express different times: Present tenses talk about time now: l'm busy at the moment. She's talking to herfriend.
34 36 39
41
There is no future tense in English-we use different verb forms to talk about the future: Children will learn by computer in the future. I'm going to vist lndia next summer. She's playing tennis tomorrow.
Pasttensestalkaboutthepast:lsawyouintheparkyesterday.l'vebeenscubadivingthreetimes.
used to live in Paris. He was driving home when his car broke down. Verbs are words like to ask,to play,to be,to have,to cook.Ihey usually describe actions or states.
43
44
w*r,'glss*rv'O
T
ll
I
. . . . .
clean
watch
+ *
cleaning
watching
that end in -e, we omit the e before adding -ing: driving (not driveing) moving (not moveing) move * For verbs that end in -le, we change the ie toy: dying (not dieing) die * lying (not lieing) lie * For short verbs that end in one vowel + one consonant, we double the consonant: getting get run * running For verbs that end in one vowel +y or w, we add -ing:
drive -+
For verbs
Snow
play * +
playing
snowing
. .
without to. To make questions, we use do/does + subject + infinitive without to. For regular verbs, add -s to the infinitive for the third person singular form: t Lau the dntt*s. ) lleLausthe drwv,*s.
To make negative sentences, we use do/does + not + infinitive
We use the present continuous to talk about a definite future arrangement or -rheg are. goLwg to a oowoeyt ow
plan. We often say when it
Present contnuous
. .
concert.) what aye tot doLwg thLs weebewdi (What are your plans for this weekend?) We also use be going to + infinitive without to for future arrangements: what are Vo& aoLwg to do thLs weekewdt However, the present continuous is
tle's LauLwa the auLtar -r______fjWe form the present continuous with subject + to be (am/is/are) +verb -ing.
more natural.
Time expressons'
.
I
Some verbs are not used in the continuous form: believe,forget, want, like, love, hate, need, prefer, understand, know, remember.
Furniture
armchair bookshelf chest of drawers coffee table curtains
desk
ft tt
C
light
plant
rug
sofa
telephone wastebasket
fix the roof/the doorlthe windows to move the furniture/the sofa/the rugs to move in to a new house/place/apartment to organize a fa rewel l/housewa rmin g party
lnvitations
Making an invitation
Would you like to come to my party on Satu rday? Can you come? Accepting
bject
verb
object
ld
love
to!
That's really nice of you. That would be great! See you there.
. . . .
)ohw
Aww. We use subject questions to find out about the subject of a sentence: who caLLed Aww? ln subject questions we use who/what + verb + object. We do not use auxiliary verbs or invert the subject and verb: sov,*ethLwg haewed. what haewedt ( what dLd hayewz \ We use object questions to find out about the object of a sentence: who dLd_ohw oaLL? ln object questions we use wholwhat + auxiliary verb + subject + infinitive without
to. We use auxiliary verbs (be, have, do)and we invert the subject and auxiliary verb.
oaLLed
Continents
Africa Anta rctica
Asia Austra lasia Europe
We use can to talk about present ability. I can do something means "l am able to do it" or "l know how to do it":
North America
South America
Geographical features
desert
isla nd
Affirmative
jungle
la ke
mountaln range
flver
sea
different forms for the third person. They are followed by the infinitive without to:
vailey volcano
Adjective+noun
exotic plants
ra
col locations
. .
.
re species
rocky coastline
rough seas
sandy beaches thick rain forest
.
Talking about Iocation
It's It's It's It's It's
To talk about present and past ability, we can use be good at + noun -ing: She's reaLLu aood at n*ath-teu werew't aood at sort whew theu weye at sohooL.
Adverbs of degree
. Pretb/, really and very are used before adjectives and adverbs to modify or
emphasize what you are saying. Really and very are stronger than pretty: yeaLLu aood at Frewch whew I wAs uowwa. I was _ U
tt was retlLu hot Last Swwdau. she was --veYu aood at card trLcks. ln negative statements,we use very:
weLL
jr.
la
--t-
tinking words
Extreme adjectives
Alierfve
ALthowgh t've stwdLed ewgLLsh for gears, t stLLL oaw't seak Lt verg weLL- ( t oaw't seak. ewgLLsh vert weLL aLthowgh we stwdLed Lt for gears. ( t oaw read ,w ewgLLsh blJ t {t wd LLstewLwg ver dffiowLt. r' t t fvwd LLstewLwg Lw ewgLLsh ven dLffr,owLt, t oaw read Ltre*.g weLL- \
Survey resuts
Shows
a game show a quiz show a spelling bee
a
talent show
10
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Past simple
gf r"grl"r
. We use the past simple to talk about completed actions or situations in the past We nLoved to ChLoago Lw t93l . For regular verbs, we usually form the past simple by adding -ed, however:
for verbs that end in -e,add -d: move ) moved for two-syllable verbs that end in -y, change the -y to -ied: study + studied for short verbs that end in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant:
"rd
rr"g,
Affirmative
l/helshe/it
5he was wearing a beautiful
green skirt.
Negative
Question
forms
What were you doing last night? Were they watching the movie?
stoP
stoPPed
a a
form the negative, we use was/were + not (wasn'tlweren't) + verb -ing. To form questions, we use question word + was/were + subject + verb -ing.
To
We use the past continuous and the past simple together when we talk about longer action that was interrupted by a shorter action: Awwa was watohLwg Tv whew the yhowe rawg.
tell
told
They watched the soap opera every week.
She
Anna
Affirmative
Negative
O-uestion forms
watchingTV
P:oo
started ---------------
the phone
rang
------------->
When did he call his ex-girlfriend? Did they want to stay together forever?
To form the negative, we use did + not (didn't) + infinitivg without to. To form questions, we use question word + did + subject + infinitive without fo.
. We use while, as and wnen to connect two actions happening at the same time . While and as go before the past continuous:
were LauLwa footbaLL. he feLL awd, brotze hLs Leg. whLLe theu UIL) t saw Niole as he was LeavLwg the n*ovLes.
Past continuous
What weye tot doLwg at Lo testerdar vr*orwLwgt t -----------l# was TLauLwq {ootbaLL (l started at 9:3o and finished at tt:oo.)
. .
fL?AL*g footbaLL whew he feLL awd bro4e hLs Leg. lf you start with while,as or when,you need to use a comma after the first sentence. lf while,as or when are in the middle,you do not have to use a comma: tt stavted to raLw whLLe she was waLtLwg for hLvw. whLLe she was waLtLwg for hLvw, Lt sta*ed to raLw.
t/_
WVW,,,V;
unitoa
---r
I
..&&*i$:t:'.,:,'
i
I
utt05
Relationship expressons with gef
to to to to to to to
get along (with someone)
"gi
"
get engaged (to someone) get to know someone get married (to someone) get over someone/a problem to get upset (with someone)
l'wc JJI aoLwa to bwu sovwe soa\. We use any in negative statements:
>o we have awt Loe Lw the fYeezer? For questions to offer things or ask for things, we use caw t have sovwe rLoe? (Asking for something.) wovtLd govt
LLlze sovwe
lot of
short
tall
Much is used with uncountable nouns.We use muchin questions and negative statements. We do not usually use much in affirmative statements: t drLwtz
q) water. V
Phrases for
One daylnight,... After a while,...
telling stories
.
I dow't
t have vwaw! good frLewds. wLAwt) tLn*es do U llow _ uo,.t ao owt Lw a weet?? A lot ofl lots of are used with counta ble and uncou nta ble nouns. We use them in
all statements and questions: >oes he have llg o-f vwowet?
t waad
Making the story more interesting
To mylher surprise,...
g_W-{eggsto tr*akethLs
oatze.
Amazingly,...
Eventua lly,... Suddenly,...
14
.t!t:it:..:, MM!r:
unnos
I
i
Articles
moistu rizer
tooth paste
Treatments
liiii-
facia
manicure
massaSe
waxing
jacuzzi
Sauna
Responding
I don't think so. l'm not sure about that Ok, why not!
ld
recommend...
Why don't you...? You must try... You should definitely 9o... How about...? 16
Giving advice
Jobs
factory worker
journalist
nurse
taxi driver
teacher
telemarketer
. .
To
form the negative of should,we add nof: \ow dowt showld teLL gotLr boss. \
fit
good people skills
We showldw't vwLss the vweetLwg ( To form questions, we invert the modal and the subject' use lmperative verb forms can also be used to give advice.To form the imperative, the infinitive form with no subject: ArrLve owtLvwe awd Loolz svua*-
hardworking
responsible
well-organized
Expressing recommendatons
. .
with question forms of modalverbs, invert the modalverb and the subject: caw c.;cstot ,Lers trt+ ow the oLothes?
+ Have to is a normal present simple verb. For question forms, we use do/does to: subject + have to + infinitive without
18
.ro
..,.rW'ntt:""':'
,'i,,t
7,,,,,t'
. Some adjectives
fast + fast
need and don't need . We use need to talk about what we require:
early early fte aot _ vt -earLu. She oaw ruw verV <)- fsst. hard - hard
U
aLL
I weed vwore tLn*e to {vwLsh thLs. Yn Wed two teavws of eLevewpLagers to Lag soooer. We use do/does to make the negative and question forms of need: W doesw't weed aw eg4s. -tere are sovwe Lwthe ovtboard. Do uow weed w,"e to heta uovt thLs afterwoow? t<)t
-heu
late
l-+e
late
lmperatives
.
.
.
.
good + well weLL. theLawo veYu trel|,Laus I I <-)a) Some adjectives already end in -ly:friendly, ugly,lively,lovely, silly.These words do
wLoe tLvwel
sewd
vwe
a ostoard,l
. .
.
We also use imperatives to give instructions: t+eatlhe oLt, add the owLows awd stLr. Dow'tburwthevwt We make imperatives with the infinitive without to. We use don't+ infinitivewithout toforthe negativeform of the imperative.
not have an adverb form. Adverbs of manner usually go after the main verb or after the object of the main verb: l+e waLtzed sLowLu doww the road. she
taL@ed
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner describe how something happens or how somebody does something. They describe or add meaning to verbs:
t+ waLked awLcLu
--.(,
to hLv,* awLetLu.
: Adverbs of manner
ngrily badly calmly ca refu lly
a
to add
*e waLtzed qr;.Lclr' dowwthe road. stew -------------l oarefwLLu Leaset ( - \ eLstew carefvl.
to boil
to chop !o fry to mix
ca
relessly ickly
to pour
to simmer to sti r
noisily
qu qu
Adverb badly
safely
i i i
Example
He cooks very badly.
ietly
We arrived safely.
slowly well
. . .
There are also some spelling changes: For adjectives that end in consonant +y,-y changesto -ily: easy + g5ily she dLd the exeroLses easLLU. For adjectives that end in -le, -e changes toy:
Negative comments
I
that end in -ic,add -ally: + automatic automatically 'the vwaohLwe does the work a,"&ovwatLoaLLu.
For adjectives
---------------
The menu is really varied. I was very impressed by... They were a big success with.., It's a modern and stylish place
l'd recommend...
20
W.r'::..:,;':r:,'
unit *z
.
Future plans with going to
We form
Affiam,tv:r: ::
We use going to to talk about decisions we have made before speaking: we're goLwgJpwgtthe qaLa?agos tsl.awds. (We have already decided.)
Negtive,:,l,,1
:,
r';,
A.,Wei'dnltl'hv.,n:ilh,:mOn!i.\:t,,:;::.;;,;;',,,:,:::'.;.:,.t.,,;,;,'.:;;,:
wheye aye vtow qoLnq to stav Lw saw FrawcLsoo? (Where have you decided
to stay?) When we use the verbs go and come,we normally use the present continuous
instead of going to:
|nse.thd
phon_eir Bt15,?'.
:,
::1.:1'
6)here are uow aoLna {or uowr vaoatLow? wLth ,,cs. twother Ls oovwLwg My -U <)
To form going to,we use subject + be (am/is/are) + going to + infinitive.
a!;Ai/}iiAi',,:',,,',,,,',,,',,,,'.,:'::,,,'
,I
fl
cru ise
AffirmatiyE:,:,tl6'gg}ng:m.rch,ne,,iO_b:,,hlf,going.,tq,:eI,,hq.t,,:,,:,
,
..,,.,
a,,,.:::.:.,
::::.::.4 :.a,.,.,).,,aal;.:,..
:....a,,.:,.. ::::
excu rsion
flight
package vacatlon sightseeing trip tou
r
o.:bq,:'.,:,,:].,
:,:0*:stich,,.,:,,,,
!\It!h
:m
:,l
3Ai1gt
*6.::::',',:,:::t::'
:,
':Aitni:::,:.',..a.,..:.,:::.:,,,b'pJ( th:hiitI?:,.:,.,',..:;,,:..::,',.'.:::..,:::
'
:,;
,.6n,,t..gQ[hg.tQrse,,him?,.,,,,
to drive?
Think about and hope to are often used to talk about less definite plans. We are not certain that the plans will happen: we'rethLwlLwq abovLt vwovLwg to the Stats. (We're not sure.)
fi,w ho?Lwg to slr.td! Lw ewgLawd. (l want to but it's not decided.)' We form the structures with think about + verb -ing and hope to + infinitive without to.
:,
Decisions
wilh will
dag.
t'LL
Making a vacation booking Ouestions ! Answers This weekend/in two months' time/next month... When would you like to go?
|
',I
. .
ft's a
wLoe
qo to theTarlz.
How long are you planning to go for? How about a package vacation in L.A.? What kind of vacation do you like? What's your budget? What does it include? How about a Mediterranean cruise?
two weeks/a long weekend... went last there last summer. I wnt something with a bit of excitement
We often use lthink/don't think when we use t thLwlz t'LL go to ParLs thLs gear.
t
il
R-ovwe.
and adventure. I can spend up to $z,ooo. Allyour accommodation, meals and internal flights are included. It sounds good, but it's too expensive for me.
22
. We often use how long,for and since with the present perfect simple to talk
in the past. We do
. How longis used in questions: . We usejforwith a period of time andsince with a point in time:
llow Lowq have <) uovt
LLved Lw Las vegas?
about time.
At l+ave Vow evey beewtoeoLLvLaz (ln your life.) B: No, I havew't. -<)worlzed Lw v*awr cot*wtrLes awd he'9 w"et a W's
Lot
of favwor,ts eoLe.
lf we say when the action happened, we must use the past simple: t*e's beewto Lowdow.
t've LLved here fpr sLx n*owths. WE worlzed here sLwoe chr'vstvwas.
Since
days
+ past participle.
two
an hour
six yea rs
'
Negative
1''hven't'
ieen,the
Pyra,m
ids'
7
He haltriediiteiu,fln:g.
,,
1996
5 o'clock
ages
a
Question forms
' .,1: .. :. .t
,'
Which sporti have you,,!1ied Have you ever eaten sna ke?
Ys;'[,,hav.:1,'N,
My birthday
The start ofthe vacations Iwas seven years old
Short:answers:
a a
l:,h:aen't,
No, he hasn't.
We use ever in present perfect questions to mean "at any time up to now". We can use never in negative sentences to mean "at no time up to now":
A: llave U uoDL ever beew to saLw? B: No, we've wever traveLed abroad.
. Many adjectives
-ed amazed bored emba rrassed
excited
frightened
i
exciting frightening
i
stillthere now.)
nterested
rprised
nteresti ng
Februa ry
-----
now (April)
terrified
su
terrifying
su
rprising
ti red
tiring
'l
I
tl
in Australia.
;
J:
24
uBt0e
a
We use adjectives ending in -ed to describe how someone feels: t was veyt tLred after swowb oardLwg aLL da y. (Ti re d descri bes my fee
I
gs.)
We use adjectives ending in -ing to describe how someone or something makes us feel or our opinion about something or someone: watohLwg sort owtw Lsbo.wgt (That is my opinion of watching sport.lt bores me.)
Making predictions
We use will/won't to make predictions based on personal opinion: t thLwtz n*ost peopLe wLLL shoP ow the lwterwet Lw the fr,ttr;"re.
. .
there wow't be awr svt*aLL stoyes, owLy bLg sweYvwarbets. We often use adverbs of certainty with will/won't. Adverbs of certainty go after will but before won't:
t+e'&-dtf,wLteLU-gp to wwLversLty after he {t wLshes soho oL Awwa robabLu wow't ootvce to the artu wext weelz.
nd
satisfied
stressfu
I
, ; : , r r
Noun calm
generositY klndness
--
satisfaction
stress wi,[l:
too%"
ffi ffi
Wso% w w
w
,&
:::::
oTo
satuYday,
The clause can come first or second. When it comes second, you do not need to use a comma: t{ t fgeL sLok tovworyow, I wow't oovwe to worlz.
I wow't oowLe to
work
yf. t
fA
sLclztovworrow.
il
26
=:,:Unit
rO
't ti
\tuc
Money
ATM
1"fr
&i$
We use the passive when the person or thing that does the action is not important or is unknown:
Active
sowLeowe brolze the wLwdow yestevdag.
Passive
. .
it is unknown/not important.) Thepassiveisalsousedtoemphasizetheobjectratherthanwhodoestheaction. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive. lf we want to say who did the action, we use the preposition by:
Subject
.
object verb eooaLeoLe vt*adethLsbag. (The emphasis is on local pesps. -rhLs bag was vwade by LooaL?eo?Le. (The emphasis is on this bag and made.)
Affirmative
Negative Question form
until zoo3.
When was the museum opened to the public? Was the Cuggenheim Museum
Suggesting solutions
'
ld suggest...
We could always... The best solution is to... My advice would be to...
2E
un*r
12
Materials
china
[]1ffi*{
1.,:'
"t,
cotton
glass
gold leather
meta
I
plastic wood
Adjective
excel lent
fa mous hel pfu
I
really lik
love
..a
a:..:.:
::::
fame
i
a.:...
hel p
impression
legend
i
impressive
Verbs of likes/dislikes are generally followed by verb -ing or a noun, not by the i nfin itive:
popula rity
5
legendary popular
successfu ta lented
I
UCCes5
ta lent
theu Love opera bwt they dow't LLEe qoLwq to gLgs. ( t dow't vwLwd to watoh oera. \ We use the adverb really to make the verbs stronger: A: t oaw't stawd watohLwq sorts ow-fv. B: I lzwow what uott tvLeAw. t veaLLu hate watohLvvg basebaLL.
Describing locations
Where places are
On the right/1eft... ln the distance... We're now passing...
.
Describing places
There's a wonderful... The area is well-known for... One of the most famous sights is It's the best place for... You'll find....
r'
like vs would like . We use would /ike to talk about things we want in the future:
she'd LLt"eto be a baLLet dawoer whew she gyows
t wowLdw't
LLlze
t^?.
to chawge vwylob. We use /ike to talk about things that we enjoy now or enjoy in general: A: Do <) uovc LLke wc,sLc? B: \es, I Love Yook, awd hl ho.
30
T
I
. Like is formed as a normal present simple verb. . Would /ike is followed by the infinitive with to.
A: wowLd uow LLk"e to LLstewto sotn*e vwvcsLo? B: \es, t'd Love to. Do govt have awg oLassLoaL
Event
a gig
_*-i
V"nr"
__.
a carnival
the street
a concert hall an opera house
a a
theater
track
Would like can also be followed by a noun if we are talking about now. Would like is a polite way of saying I want: t'd +l LLtze the Lzza. Lease.
a TV
program
studio
Types of TV show
rtoon children's program detective drama game show news broadcast reality show sitcom
ca
soap opera
Entertainment
eating out going to the movies going to (music) gigs going to the theater Iistening to music
Expressing preferences
r
:t a:.:::,:......
We use the past simple for completed actions in the past.We often indicate the time when the action happened, or we know the time period is complete: I vwoved to Nw z.eaLawd' Lw Novevwber zooL. t LLved there for two teays. shewrotebto Le*.ersthLs vworwwg. (lt's afternoon now so we know the time
is finished.)
Adjective
am
bitious
ra
We use the present perfect for actions in the past when the time period is not fin is hed: Fle's wow a few ootwetLtLows. (Unfinished time period = his life.) t+e's wrL*ew fowr e-vwaLls this vworwLwg. (lt's rr:3o in the morning so the time period, morning, is not finished.) Ago and last are often used with the past simple. Ago goes at the end of the sentence: I Last wewt to Fyawoe tew teays ago.
gi
sibility
responsible
ten se
te nsion
worry
worried/worrying
We use already with the present perfect to say that something has happened early or earlierthan expected.Already goes before the main verb: F'te's aLreadu {vwLshed hLs hov*ework awd the deadLLwe Lsw't
wwtLL wext rrLday. -fheu owLu ttto/ed Lw Last week awd theu've aLreadu aLwted
v-
Us
!ry'ary ytd
amb:tt;ions
It's always been an ambition of mine to... l've always wanted to...
mY.
34
*r".,i*
Reiortd:speech::
. We use defining relative clauses to define the person, place or thing we are
talking about. The information in the clause is essential: I vwet a wowLAw who/that works wLth towr brother(The relative clause gives us essential information about the woman.) where Ls the Lotvtre that was Lw the bedroott*? (The relative clause defines which picture we are talking about.)
:'''
:'.:
Pastiimp:le.:,:
:.,,F*:b:sa,id
r:
:::l
e's
in.
:m art elaps'l',,,,
(tht),shtwalin:hi:s
::r:'::
a;rt,,l5.s:,::,:'.,'.1,':1':.;:,,',;;:':' .
Present aontinrow
,::rPst'tontinireii
::,:::,
,,,Hi;aia:::tht)
::.:4.:::
. We link the main clause and the relative clause with relative pronouns.
For peoPl,,e,
CAn . . .:".:...:,..,:a::',,.: ..:..t:. .:.' "5 lie can: aet.a$,si9,1.' (6g 16[.: .;,.,;,:::1;,.;..,; :::i.-.::
:.,t
ct:fd:sing',
.,
:.rtullO/:that'
,,tii.t,
.
:.t,..:,::a.:,:::'::4,,.
:'':.:
,ror,ttiniai1,
,Fo,p!c*'i::
.'.,,,,,,'.,,,
,urhi,,',,,
,,,.
.,,t,,-,,5,1*!d.,\n;lharigr.*::::::,:,,
"
':'
a year
:
-off
't,-.
.,r.,'
Yo
u
n
ho
dtk,ry,:i:gf,f: b-f,r:
'r.Hri
lf the pronou n (who/which/that) is the object of the relative clause, we often leave it out: F+ave tow seewthehotographs that Awwtoolz? (Photographs is the object of the clause "Ann took the photographs.") t+ave uow seewthehotoarahs Awwtoo? r' Where's the boxthat'was Lwthe lzLtohewt (Box is the subject of the clause "The box was in the kitchen.")
gof
t'o,.O:tte *.!,,,..r,,',,,,,,itt,,,a.,
uerore
. . .
.
lf you state who you are talking to, use tel/. Tell must have a direct object:
ron*toLdthathehad
Tovw toLd vwe
aLaoe at l+aYvaYd.
where's the box was Lw the tzLtohewz \ We do not repeat the object: Do tot L lzwow the vwawJow Ls taLELwg to? (
Do tot lzwow the vwaw_low
Ls
taLLwg to hLvw?
\
.
Reported statements
n When we want to say what someone said, we'can use the person's exact words: Peter saLd, "t wawt to go to ooLLege." (Direct speech)
had a Laoe at tr+aYvavd' ( lf you don't state who you are talking to,use say. Say does not have a direct object. rovw sa'vd v*e that he was reaLLg hapg. X rovw saLd' that he was reaLLg ha1. V You don't need to use that with say and tell: ttl,Loew told n*e (that) he was goLwg to stwdt n.ath. tt,LoOew saLd (that) he was Loolz.n4 forward, to Lt.
that
Phrases related
to education
Adverbs of purpose
to apply to business school to choose a course to earn a degree to graduate from college to offer a scholarship to pay tuition fees to take an entrance exam to train as an accountant
. .
We usejlor + noun to talk about why someone does something: we wewt to the oaf fpr a oo{iee.
t'r,t* goLwg there
fur a vweetLwq.
Education problems
Pttobtem!:,
n u t tyin
:.:,:,,:,:.;,.a: :,,,;,,,-';:',,.,::,,:,:
We use so that + subject + verb when we want to talk about why someone does something: tste bovtght a oonavcter so that he covtLd surf the wet at hovwe.
t
wer,t
owLLwe so
lmproving behavior
,.,e,ltlti!hh,,,!,',,t:.,.,::'',,..,,'':..t,,t,.
;:
oavweya.
We also use in order fo + verb when we want to talk about why someone does
gltA::b, itt[,i.ti,.u,ui,t;
.t
n!i
o:n:,,::,:..;:,
;,,';,.;1.
: ;,..:,:,',: ;,,';::.:,,
:,
dise.!.p[ne]ploblQ,mil,,,,;, d
r:
,,,rxP-'t-:ePl::,.:.;,:,;,,
,:,tteiia, paeniL,:
,
..,:.
ptil, 6eh
v.ibr
;,,
,;;:,:,,:'.,,,, ,'
.',,,,,,.,,,,
;:,,
something. ln order fo is more formal than to: w gave the chLLdrew covwTr,+ters Lw order to see Lf tney oovtLd use thev*.
fight!,n:g,,,,,,',,',:,:'.;, .,
:,'.;..;.,.;;:..:
.cqlpora,l,pu
.
ishment,
:,:"" 1:',:,:.:,:
Future probability
Will, may and might are used for personal predictions about future events. Willis more definite than may and might. Will,may and might are followed by infinitive without to.
tf:Uancy:, : , Verb:1:!r;a
.,,: .:'
' :1
:::;:
:.'
to':pna,tize',
..;:,;,:;
;:::':,'.;
ln zo5o...
The earth will definitely be warmer.
Most probable
c;iynsl information
We offer a wide range o[...
You can choose from... You should
There are more details about... What would you like to know?
Least probable
unitrs
-l'
I
would and wouldn't . We use would and wouldn't to talk about things we imagine
in the present and future: Az WovtLd uow oT,ew sowLeowe eke's vt"aLLl
or speculate about
B: No, I wowLd.w't d.o that, wovld tor,t? A: r'l_gBew Lt Lf Lt Looked LLEe a Love Let}.erl We form this structure with would/wouldn't +infinitive without
to.
cure/to cure
envi ron menta I ly friend ly
when speculating: -theu'd robabLu {vt Lw weLL. F-r a Bew oevtaLwLt wowLdw wawt to work for swoh a she'd, defi"wLteLu Acoent a iob atthLs cotwawu.
fuel
genetics
svwaLL oaw^pawt.
I
1
Giving an opinion
I personally believe that...
l'm convinced that... ln my opinion... Not everyone will agree with me, but,
Without
a doubt...
lrregular
Verbs and their opposites
to buy to sell to find + to lose to give + to take to lie + to tell the truth to love to hate to refuse + to accept to remember + to forget
lnfinitive
be (amlislare)
Past
ri,,p1",,,,,-_ was/were
became began broke
:
Past i been
become
: lnfinitive
1 leave
lend
lose
--**--.;.t t
gfi_ci-nle ''-','-'
begun
broken
,,
i simple i I left
I
Past
become
lent
lost made
Crime
to arrest damages/to be awarded damages to deny
evidence
begin
break
make
bring
bu ild
brought
built
bought
been able to
meet put
met put
met
put
quit
read
quit
read rode
quit
read
guilty
caught
chose came
caught
chosen
ride
to murder
tria
I
ring
run
say
5ee
sel
I
verd ict
did drank
drove ate
come done
rang ran
sa
ridden rung
run
sa
id
id
drunk
driven eaten
fa llen
saw
sold sang sat spoke
seen
sold
Speculating
fa ll
fell
sing sit
spea k
sung
sat spoken
feel
felt
found
felt
fou nd
find
spend
sta nd
fly
get
flew
got got up went
grew hung out
had heard hid
it
get up
8o
spent stood
SWam
spent stood
SWUM
swim
ta ke
tell
took told
taken
told
grow
hang out
have
hea r
think throw
u
thought threw
understood woke up wore won
thought
thrown
u nderstood woken up worn won
ndersta nd
hide know
knew
hidden known
wake up wear
win
write
wrote
written
42
t[u
Pronunciatio chart
Keywords
tit
see,
gat
ltl
did. citv
dav. eisht bed, dress
leil lel
tdt
tkt
lr.l
lol
cat, bad
ll
loul
lsl
tqt
watch, chair
Julv
89 no
book. sood foqd, baqt, student but, mqther banan computer
tt
tft
tol
lal
lul lttl
ohotosraoh
hav
lel
ll
lsl
l*l
I
sh[t,
bqy, eye, my
lzl
de 2007, en Litogrfica lngramex, S.A. de C.V., Centeno 162, Col. Granjas Esmeralda, 09810
Mxico, D.F.
olease. eoes
how, now
bov near, here
ttt
lsl
tht lml
shirt, station
plea5ure hat, who man, some
Irl
I erl I srl
hail there
bar
lnl
sug know
sing
li ke
lcrl
lur
door
tour
l\l tlt
lwl
white, we
run. verv
VCS. VOU
iI
t!
lrl tjt
i,