Chapter 1 WAVES Waves

A type of disturbance produced by an oscillating or vibrating motion in which a point or body moves back and forth along a line about a fixed central point produces waves.

Wave front
Line or plane on which the vibrations of every points are in phase and are at the same distance from the source of the wave.

In Phase
Same direction, same displacement.

Transverse Wave
Wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave (water waves, light waves, electromagnetic waves).

Longitudinal Wave
Wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave(sound waves, ultrasound).

Amplitude
Maximum displacement from its equilibrium position measure of height of the wave crest or depth of the wave trough.

Period
Time taken to complete an oscillation, from one extreme point to the other and back to the same position.

Frequency
Number of complete oscillations made by a vibrating system in one second.

Wavelength,
Distance between successive points of the same phase in a wave.

Damping
Decrease in the amplitude of an oscillating system is called damping. Internal damping: extension and compression of molecules External damping: frictional force/ air resistance) a ; f =

Resonance
Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by an external force. The resonating system oscillates at its maximum amplitude.

Natural Frequency
Fundamental frequency of which an object vibrates. It is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without external force

Reflection Of Wave
Reflection of wave occurs when a wave strike an obstacle direction ; f = ; a = ; =

Refraction Of Wave
Refraction of wave occurs when a wave travel from one medium to another f = ; v ; ; direction

Diffraction Of Waves
Phenomenon in which waves spread out as they passed through an aperture or round a small circle f = ; = ; speed = ; v ; direction

Interference Of Waves
Superposition of two waves originating from two coherent sources Coherent = same frequency, amplitude and in phase

Constructive Interference
Constructive interference occurs when the both crests or both troughs of both waves coincide to produce a wave with crests and troughs of maximum amplitude

Destructive Interference
Destructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of the other wave, thus cancelling each other with the result that the resultant amplitude is zero.

Antinode
Point where constructive interference occurs.

Node
Point where destructive interference occurs.

Electromagnetic waves
Propagating waves in space with electric and magnetic components. these components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation of wave.

Monochromatic Light
Light with only one wavelength and colour.

PRINCIPLE Principle Of Superposition

Principle of superposition states that at any instant, the wave displacement of the combined motion of any number of interacting waves at a point is the sum of the displacements of all the components waves at that point.

Chapter 2 ELECTRICITY Charge, Q

Work done to move a unit of voltage in a circuit

Current, I
Rate of flow of charge

Potential difference, V
Work done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another in an electric field

Electric field
A field in which electric charge experiences an electric force a field in which electric force acts in a particle with electric charge

Circuit
Closed loop through which charge can continuously flow

Resistance, R
Ratio of the potential difference across the conductor to the current flowing through it measure of the ability of the conductor to resist the flow of an electric current through it

Superconductor
Conductor in which its resistance will suddenly become zero when it is cooled below a certain temperature called the critical temperature

Electromotive force (e.m.f.)

Total energy supplied by a cell to move a unit of electrical charge from one terminal to the other through the cell and the external circuit

Power rating
Rate at which it consumes electrical energy.

PRINCIPLE Ohms Law

Ohms law states that the electric current, i flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of conductor, if temperature and other physical conditions remain constant. That is, VI

Chapter 3 ELECTROMAGNETISM Electromagnet

Device in which magnetism is produced by an electric current temporary magnet which acts as a magnet when the current is switched on and ceases to be a magnet when the current is switched off

Magnetic field
Region in which a magnetic material experiences a force as the result of a magnet or a currentcarrying conductor

Radial field
Magnetic field with the field lines pointing towards or away from the centre of a circle.

Electromagnetic induction
Production of an electric current by a changing magnetic field (conductor cuts across a magnetic flux or a change of magnetic flux linkage with a coil)

Root mean square current/ voltage

Value of a steady current/ voltage, which would produce the same heating effect in a given resistor.

Transformer
Equipment to raise or lower the potential difference of an alternating current supply

PRINCIPLE Faradays law

The magnitude of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage with the solenoid or the rate at which a conductor cuts through the magnetic flux.

Lenzs law
Lenzs law states that an induced electric current always flows in such a direction so as to oppose the change (or motion) producing it.

Chapter 4 ELECTRONICS Thermionic emission

Emission of electrons from hot metal surface.

Work function
Minimum energy required to eject electrons from surface.

Cathode ray
Fast moving electrons travel in a straight line in vacuum.

Cathode ray oscilloscope

Measuring and testing instrument used in study of electricity and electronics.

Conductor
Material which allows current to flow through them.

Semiconductor
Material whose resistance is between good conductor and insulator.

Insulator
Material which does not conduct electric current.

Junction voltage
Potential difference acting from n-type to p-type material of a diode across the depletion layer.

Rectification
Conversion of a.c. to d.c. by diode.

Smoothing
Process where output is smoothed by connecting a capacitor across load that acts as a reservoir and maintains potential difference across load.

Logic gates
Electronic switches with one or more inputs and one output.

Chapter 5 RADIOACTIVITY Atom

An atom consists of a nucleus which is made up of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.

Nuclide
Type of nucleus with particular proton number and nucleon number.

Proton number
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Nucleon number
Number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Isotopes
Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon number (similar chemical properties but differs in physical properties).

Radioactivity
Spontaneous disintegration of unstable nucleus into a more stable nucleus with the emission of energetic particles or protons.

Radioactive decay
Process where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable nucleus by emitting radiations.

Radioisotope
Isotope that has unstable nucleus that tends to undergo radioactive decay.

Half life
Time taken for the activity of atoms to fall to half its original value time taken for half the atoms in a given sample to decay.

Nuclear fission
Process involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of roughly equal mass and shooting out several neutrons at the same time.

Nuclear fusion
Process involving the fusion of two or more small and light nuclei come together to form a heavier nucleus.

PRINCIPLE Einsteins principle of mass-energy conservation

The change of energy is linked to the change of mass by the equation E = mc2