Two Port Networks

Dr.
Kalyana Veluvolu
Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu
ELEC 244-09
Two Port Networks
Introduction
Why two-port network ?
Circuit Theory 2
Asst. Prof. Kalyana Veluvolu
Email: veluvolu@ee.knu.ac.kr
When circuit designer confronted with a complex and challenging problem, a sensible approach to the problem is to break the circuit up into a set of manageable subproblems, solve each separately and then link the subproblem solutions together.
1 2
There are many practical circuits are two-port circuit :

Coaxial cable between cities. Transformers. Transistors, Operational Amplifiers. Power transmission and distribution systems. Modeling electronic devices. Automatic control systems. Parameters completely describe circuit behavior in terms of V-I at each port. Knowing the two-port parameters enables us to treat the 2-port as a black box when embedded within a large network !
3
Real life examples :

Radio Receiver
The modular receiver designed by interconnected two-ports. Each module task defines a simple transformation, some desired relationship between the molules input signal and its output.
Harddisk Drive Design
Biomedical Applications
Robotic Applications
Industrial Robotic Applications
One-port / Two-port Network

A one-port circuit contains exactly two terminals
at which connections to external elements.
In many applications, what is most importantly is to obtain :
A two-port circuit is an electrical network with two

separate ports for input and output.
The voltage and current relationships at the external terminals. Parameters for which completely describe circuit behavior in terms of V I at each port. Modeling electronic devices. Remember your circuit transfer function H ( s ) !!! Knowing the two-port parameters, enables us to treat the two-port as a Black box when embedded within a larger network.
12
13
General Conditions :
A
Input port
All external connections to be made at ports ONLY, however, connections ;
C
Output port
A C A D B C
NOT ALLOWED
Only terminal variables I1 , V1 , I 2 and V2 are of No energy stored within circuit N. No independent sources inside circuit N. Dependent sources allowed inside N. Assume that I1 I1 and I 2 I 2 .
14
interest. Inside circuit N : No interest whatsoever !
15
Two-Port Network Parameters

The two-port network may be driven by voltage sources or current sources.
Two-port networks will be studied in the s-Domain. So, we drop the s-argument for convenience, writing
V1 ( s )
The basic objective :
V1
To relate I1 and V1 to I 2 and V2 . Two of these four variables are independent. i.e two simultaneous equations are sufficient. We can categorize the combination into six categories.
16 17
Six Categories
(1)
V1 V2 I1 I2 V1 I2 f ( I1 , I 2 ) z-Parameters (Impedance) f ( I1 , I 2 ) f (V1 ,V2 ) y-Parameters (Admittance) f (V1 ,V2 ) f ( I1 , V2 ) f ( I1 , V2 )
(4)
I1 V2 V1 I1 V2 I2
f (V1 , I 2 ) g-Parameters (Inverse-hybrid) f (V1 , I 2 ) f (V2 , I 2 ) f (V2 , I 2 )
(5)
ABCD - (Transmision) Parameters

FI1 HI1
(2)
(6)
f (V1 , I1 ) EV1 f (V1 , I1 ) GV1
Inverse
Transmision
Parameters
(3)
h-Parameters (Hybrid) All the 6 sets of parameters are network functions.

18 19
(1) Impedance Parameters

The terminal voltages can be related to the terminal currents as : V1 z11 I1 z12 I 2
V2 z 21 I1
z11 z21 z12 z22
The values of the parameters can be evaluated by open-circuiting the input or output port. i.e. setting I1 0 or I 2 0 .
Thus,
z11
V1 I1 I V2 I1
z12
2
V1 I2 V2 I2
I1 0
z 22 I 2
I1 I2 I1 I2
z21
z 22
2
In matrix form :
V1 V2 [ z]
I 0 I 0 where z11 Open circuit input impedance z12 Open circuit transfer impedance from port 1 to port 2
1
where z terms are called the impedance parameters or z-parameters and have units of [ohms]. 20
z 21 z 22
Open circuit transfer impedance from port 2 to port 1 Open circuit output impedance
21
Determination of parameters
z11 z21 z12 and z 22

Finding z11 and z21 .
We can obtain z11 and z21 by connecting a voltage V1 to port 1 with port 2 open-circuited as shown in Figure (a) and obtain I1 and V2 , we then get
z11 V1 I1 z 21 V2 I1
Similarly, we obtain z12 and z 22 by connecting a V2 voltage to port 2 with port 1 open-circuited as shown in Figure (b) and obtain I 2 and V1 , we then get Finding z12 and z 22.
z12 V1 I2
z 22 V2 I2
23
22
Reciprocal Network
When the two-port network is linear and has no dependent sources, the transfer impedances are equal i.e.
Symmetrical Network
When the two-port network input and output impedances are equal i.e.
z12
z 21
The two-port network is said to be Reciprocal.
z11
z22
The two-port network is said to be Symmetrical. Interchanging a voltage source at one port with an ideal ammeter at the other port produces the same reading in a reciprocal two-port network.
24
This implies that the network has mirrorlike symmetry about some center line; that is a line can be found that divides the network into two similar halves.
25
Symmetrical Network
Examples
Equivalent Circuit
For a reciprocal network, the T-equivalent circuit in Figure (a) can be used. If the network is not reciprocal, a more general equivalent network is shown in Figure (b).
z11 z12 z12 z22 z12 z11
z 22
26
For reciprocity : z12 symmetric : z11
z21 z22
27
Example 1
Determine the z-parameters for the circuit.
Then
z11
V1 I1
z 21
(20 40) I1 I1
V2 I1 40 I1 I1
60
40
and
To determine z12 and z 22 : Apply a voltage source to V2 the output port and leave the input port open .
To determine z11 and z21 : apply a voltage source to the V1 input port and leave the output port open. Then
z12 V1 I2 V2 I2 40 I 2 I2 40
and
28
z 22
(30 40) I 2 I2
z
70
60 40 40 70
29
(2) Admittance Parameters

The terminal voltages can be related to the terminal currents as : I1 y11V1 y12V2
The values of the parameters can be determined by setting V1 0 or V2 0 . Thus,
y11
I1 V1 V I2 V1 V
y12
2
I1 V2 V
I2
In matrix form :
y21V1
y22V2
y21
I1 I2 y11 y21 y12 V1 y22 V2 V [ y] 1 V2
where
y22
2
I2 V2 V
where y terms are called the admittance parameters or Y- parameters and have units of [siemens].
30
y11 y12 y21 y22
Short circuit input admittance Short circuit transfer admittance from port 2 to port 1 Short circuit transfer admittance from port 1 to port 2 Short circuit output admittance
31
Determination of parameters y11 y 21 y12 and y22
We can obtain y11 and y 21 by connecting a current I1 to port 1 and short circuiting port 2 as shown in Figure (a) and obtain V1 and I 2 , we then get
y21
I2 V1
y11
I1 V1
Similarly, we obtain y12 and y22 by connecting a voltage V2 to port 2 and short circuiting port 1 as shown in Figure (b) and obtain I1 and I 2 . we then get
(a) Finding y11 and y21
(b) Finding y12 and y22
y12
I1 V2
y22
I2 V2
Note : The impedance and admittance parameters are collectively referred to as immittance parameters.
32 33
Equivalent Circuit
For a reciprocal network, the -equivalent circuit in Figure (a) can be used. If the network is not reciprocal, a more general equivalent network is shown in Figure (b).
y12 y11 y12 y22 y12
Application : Synthesis of filters

LC ladder networks for lowpass filters.
(a) Odd order
y11
y22
(b) Even order
For reciprocity : y12 symmetric : y11
y21 y22
34 35
Example 2
Determine the y-parameters for the network.
Since the 8- is short circuited, the 2parallel with the 4- resistor.

Hence
V1 I1 (4 // 2) 4 I1 3
y11 I1 V1
resistor is in
I1 4 I1 3
0.75 S
By current division To determine y11 and y 21 : short circuit the output port and connect a current source I1 to the input port.
I2 4 4 2 I1 2 I1 3
y 21 I2 V1
2 I1 3 4 I1 3
0 .5 S
To get y12 and y22 , short circuit the input port and connect a current source I 2 to the output port. The 4is short circuited, so that the 2- and 8- resistors are in parallel.
36 37
Hence
y z Relationships
8 I2 5
y22 I2 V2 I2 8 I2 5
4 I2 5 8 I2 5
V2
I 2 (8 // 2)
0.625 S
y-parameters
By current division
I1 8 8 2 I2 4 I2 5
I1 I2
0.5 S
y11 y21
y12 V1 y22 V2
[ y]
V1 V2
y12
I1 V2
If the matrix [y] is non-singular i.e. invertible, then
Thus
y 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.625 S
V1 V2
V1 V2
[ y] 1
y22 y y21 y
I1 I2
y12 y y11 y I1 I2
(1)
38
where
y11 y22
y21 y12
39
z-parameters
V1 V2
z11 z21
y22 y y21 y
z12 z22
I1 I2
y12 y y11 y
(2)
(3) Hybrid Parameters

The z and y parameters of a two-port network do not always exist.
Comparing eqns (1) and (2)
z11 z21
Likewise
z12 z22
[ y] 1
For example : An ideal transformer has no z -parameters. The defining equations for the two-port network are :
y11 y21
where
z
y12 y22
z11 z22
z22 z z21 z
z21 z12
z12 z z11 z
[ z] 1
So, there is a need for developing another set of parameters.
40 41
The values of the parameters can be determined as The third set of parameters is based on making V1 and I 2 the dependent variables. Thus, we obtain
h11 V1 I1 V I2 I1 V h12
2
V1 V2
I2 V2
I1 0
V1 I2
In matrix form :
h11 I1 h21 I1
h12V2 h22V2
h21
h22
2
I1 0
The parameters h11 , h12 , h21 and h22 represent an impedance, a voltage gain, a current gain and admittance hybrid parameters. resprctively
V1 I2
h11 h12 I1 h21 h22 V2
[ h]
I1 V2
where
h11 h12 h21
Short circuit input admittance Short circuit transfer admittance from port 2 to port1 Short circuit transfer admittance from port 1 to port 2 Short circuit output admittance
where h terms are known as the hybrid parameters or h-parameters

42
h22
The procedure for calculating the h parameters is similar to that used for the z and y parameters. 43
Equivalent Circuit
The h parameters equivalent network is shown.
Example 3
Determine the hybrid parameters for the two port network.
For reciprocity : h12 h2 21 symmetric : h h11h22 h12 h21 . 1 Application : Transistor circuits - Common emitter amplifier.
To find h11 and h21 : short circuit the output port and connect a current source I1 to the input port.
44
45
Hence
V1
I1 (2 3 // 6)
4 I1
By voltage division
V1 6 6 3 V2 2 V2 3
h11
V1 I1
6 6 3 I1
4
2 I1 3
By current division
I2
Hence Also
h12
Hence
h21
V1 V2
2 3
I2 I1
2 3
V2
(3 6) I 2
h22 I2 V2
4 h
9I 2
1 S 9
To obtain h12 and h22 , open circuit the input port and connect a voltage source V2 to the output port. Thus
2 3 2 1 3 9
47
46
Determination of parameters
(5) ABCD - (Transmision) Parameters
The transmission parameters model provides a measure of how a circuit transmits voltage and current from source to a load.
A B C and D
The transmission parameters are determined as
V1 V2
I1 V2
B
I2 0
V1 I2 V
I1 I2 V
V1 I1
In matrix form :
AV 2 CV2
BI 2 DI 2
C
D
I2 0
V1 I1
A B C D
V2 I2
[T ]
V2 I2
48
A and D are dimensionless, B is in ohms and C is in siemens. For reciprocity : AD BC 1 symmetric : A D
49
Example 4
Application of ABCD - (Transmision) Parameters
Since the transmission parameters provide a direct relationship between input and output variables, they are very useful in ;
cascaded networks transmission line telephone systems microwave networks radar systems
50 51
(1)
(2) Subt. Eqn (2) into (1) gives
52
53
Interconnection of Networks
Two-port networks can be used as building blocks to design more complicated circuits.
A large complex network may be divided into sub-networks for the purposes of analysis and design before being interconnected to form the complex network.
54 55
There are five ways of interconnection

Cascade connection Parallel connection Series connection
Cascade Connection
Series-Parallel connection
Parallel-Series connection
We notice that
56
57
Parallel Connection
Or
58
59
We notice that
Series Connection
Or We notice that
60 61
and that
Example 5
Or
z12b
62
z21b
10
z11b
z22b
63
(1) (2)
(3) (4) Subst. eqns (3) & (4) into (1) gives (5) Subst. eqn (4) into (2) yields (6) Subst. eqn (6) into (5) we get
Therefore, all the six sets of network parameters can be used to characterize a wide range of twoport networks. depending on the way two-ports are interconnected to form a large network.
64
65
END
Thanks for attending my lectures :-)
Best of luck with your Exams!

66

Two Port Networks - Upload

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Two Port Networks - Upload

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr.

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

There are many practical circuits are two-port circuit :

Real life examples :

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Harddisk Drive Design

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Industrial Robotic Applications

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

One-port / Two-port Network

In many applications, what is most importantly is to obtain :

A two-port circuit is an electrical network with two

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

All external connections to be made at ports ONLY, however, connections ;

interest. Inside circuit N : No interest whatsoever !

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Two-Port Network Parameters

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

f (V1 , I 2 ) g-Parameters (Inverse-hybrid) f (V1 , I 2 ) f (V2 , I 2 ) f (V2 , I 2 )

ABCD - (Transmision) Parameters

f (V1 , I1 ) EV1 f (V1 , I1 ) GV1

h-Parameters (Hybrid) All the 6 sets of parameters are network functions.

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

(1) Impedance Parameters

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

z11 z21 z12 and z 22

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

The two-port network is said to be Reciprocal.

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

For reciprocity : z12 symmetric : z11

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

(2) Admittance Parameters

The values of the parameters can be determined by setting V1 0 or V2 0 . Thus,

y11 y12 y21 y22

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Determination of parameters y11 y 21 y12 and y22

(a) Finding y11 and y21

(b) Finding y12 and y22

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Application : Synthesis of filters

(b) Even order

For reciprocity : y12 symmetric : y11

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Since the 8- is short circuited, the 2parallel with the 4- resistor.

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu