Chapter 1 Rate of Reactions List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

. Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction Laboratory Work 1.2 3 Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction To determine the average rate of reaction and the instantaneous rate of reaction 3 50 cm beaker Test tube Spatula

Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus

Material

Marble chip 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 1.1 6 Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of total surface area of the reactant on the rate of reaction How does the total exposed surface area of a solid reactant affect the rate of reaction? When the total surface area of marble chips increases, the rate of reaction increases. / The smaller the size of the reactant particles, that is, the larger the total surface area of the reactant particles, the higher the rate of reaction. 3 50 cm measuring cylinder 3 150 cm conical flask Stopper with delivery tube

Apparatus

Basin Burette Spatula Electronic balance Stopwatch 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2 g large marble chips 2 g small marble chips Water Manipulated variable: Total surface area of marble chips Responding variable: Rate of reaction Controlled / Fixed variable: Mass of marble chips, volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl), temperature 1. Smaller marble chips have a larger total surface area than larger marble chips of the same mass. 2. For the graph of the volume of gas released against time, the curve with higher initial gradient indicates a higher initial rate of reaction.

Material

Variables

Operational Definition

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Experiment 1.2 10 Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction How does the concentration of a reactant affect the rate of reaction? / Does high concentration of sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution decrease the time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight? When the concentration of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution increases, the rate of reaction increases. / The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution, the shorter the time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight. 3 150 cm conical flask

Hypothesis

Apparatus

50 cm3 measuring cylinder 10 cm3 measuring cylinder Stopwatch 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid Distilled water White paper marked X at the centre Manipulated variable: Concentration of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution Responding variable: Rate of reaction Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration, volume and initial temperature of sulphuric acid, H2SO4. Total volume of reactants

Material

Variables

Operational Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the Definition time taken for the the mark X to disappear from sight . Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Experiment 1.3 13 Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction How does temperature affect the rate of reaction? An increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction. 3 150 cm conical flask 3 50 cm measuring cylinder 3 10 cm measuring cylinder Stopwatch Thermometer Bunsen burner Tripod stand Wire gauze

Material

0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid White paper marked X at the centre Manipulated variable: Temperature of

Variables

sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution Responding variable: The time taken for the cross X to disappear Controlled / Fixed variable: volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid, size of conical flask

Operational Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the Definition time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight . Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 1.4 15 Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? / How do catalysts affect the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide? The presence of a catalyst increases the rate of reaction. / Manganese(IV) oxide increases the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Test tube Test tube rack Spatula Wooden splinter Retort stand and clamp 3 10 cm measuring cylinder Electronic balance Weighing bottle

Apparatus

Material

20-volume hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 solution 1.0 g Manganese(IV) oxide powder Manipulated variable: Presence or absence of a catalyst Responding variable: The release of oxygen gas / Rate of reaction Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Variables

solution, temperature Operational Definition

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is fast if the glowing wooden splinter rekindles brightly and rapidly. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is slow if the glowing wooden splinter glows dimly and slowly.

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 1.5 17 Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction To investigate the effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction. How does the amount of a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? / Does higher amount of catalysts increases the rate of reaction? When the amount of a catalyst used increases, the rate of reaction increases. / The higher the amount of the catalysts, the higher the rate of reaction. 3 50 cm measuring cylinder 3 150 cm conical flask Stopper with delivery tube Burette Retort stand and clamp Basin Stopwatch Electronic balance Spatula Weighing bottle Beakers

Apparatus

Material

2-volume hydrogen peroxide solution 1.0 g manganese(IV) oxide powder Manipulated variable: amount / mass of catalyst Responding variable: Rate of reaction Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature, volume and concentration of hydrogen

Variables

peroxide solution Operational The curves for the graph of volume of gas liberated Definition against time a higher gradient indicated a higher rate of reaction.

Chapter 2 Carbon Compound List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Combustion products of organic compound Properties of alkanes and alkenes Preparation of ethanol by fermentation Chemical properties of ethanol Chemical properties of ethanoic acid Esters Laboratory preparation and physical properties Coagulation of latex Elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber Latex product Laboratory Work 2.1 25 Combustion products of organic compound To identify the combustion product of organic compound. / To investigate the complete combustion of organic compounds. 3 250 cm beaker Boiling tube Stopper with 2 holes Delivery tube Rubber tubing Filter funnel Filter pump Retort stand and clamp Spirit lamp Bunsen burner 0 110C thermometer Test tube holder Wooden blocks

Number Pg. Title Aim

Apparatus

Material

Ice Ethanol Palm oil

Limewater

. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 2.2 32 Properties of alkanes and alkenes To compare the properties of alkanes and alkenes

A. Reaction with oxygen To compare the combustion of hexane and hexane B. Reaction with bromine To compare the reaction of hexane and hexane with bromine C. Reaction with acidized potassium manganate(VII) solution To compare the reaction of hexane and hexane with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Evaporating dish / Porcelain dishes Dropper Test tube Bunsen burner Hexane Hexene Bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane 0.1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) solution Dilute sulphuric acid Wooden splinter Filter paper

Apparatus

Material

. Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 2.3 38 Preparation of ethanol by fermentation To prepare samples of ethanol, C2H5OH by fermentation 3 250 cm conical flask

150 cm3 conical flask 500 cm3 beaker 50 cm3 measuring cylinder Distillation flask (round-bottomed flask) Stopper with delivery tube Stopper with 1 hole 0 110C thermometer Liebig condenser Fractionating column Retort stand and clamp Tripod stand Wire gauze Glass rod Bunsen burner 1 m rubber tubing Filter funnel Boiling tube Glucose Yeast Limewater Distilled water Filter paper (4 pieces) Fruits such as pineapple, grape, papaya, banana, apple, berries Cooked potatoes, rice or tapioca

Material

. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 2.4 41 Chemical properties of ethanol To investigate the chemical properties of ethanol, C2H5OHA. Combustion of ethanolB. Oxidation of ethanolC. Dehydration of ethanol A. Combustion of ethanol

Apparatus

Evaporating dish Wooden splinter

B. Oxidation of ethanol

Test tubes Boiling tube

Stopper with delivery tube Test tube holder 500 cm3 beaker Retort stand and clamp Bunsen burner 10 cm3 measuring cylinder Dropper

C. Dehydration of ethanol

Test tubes Boiling tube Stopper with delivery tube Test tube holder 500 cm3 beaker Retort stand and clamp Bunsen burner Forceps Dropper

Material

A. Combustion of ethanol

Ethanol

B. Oxidation of ethanol

Ethanol 30 g dm-3 potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution Ice Concentrated sulphuric acid Blue litmus paper

C. Dehydration of ethanol

Ethanol 30 g dm-3 potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution 3 g dm-3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution Bromine water Glass wool Unglazed porcelain chips Water

. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 2.5 48 Chemical properties of ethanoic acid To investigate the chemical reactions of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH

A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acid i. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal carbonate iii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a base B. Reaction of ethanoic acid with alcohol

Apparatus

A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acidi. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal

Test tube Test tube rack Wooden splinter

ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal carbonate

Test tubes Stopper with delivery tube

iii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a base

Test tube Spatula Glass rod Bunsen burner Tripod stand Wire gauze Evaporating dish

B. Reaction of ethanoic acid with alcohol

Dropper Boiling tube 250 cm3 beaker Test tube holder Bunsen burner

Material

A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acidi. reaction

of ethanoic acid with a metal

1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid Metal powder (Magnesium ribbon / Zinc)

ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal carbonate

1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid Metal carbonate powder (Calcium carbonate/Iron(III) carbonate/Sodium carbonate) Limewater

iii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a base

1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Metal oxide powder (Copper(II) oxide)

B. Reaction of ethanoic acid with alcohol

Glacial ethanoic acid Absolute ethanol / Butan-1-ol Concentrated sulphuric acid Ice Water

. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 2.6 53 Esters Laboratory preparation and physical properties To prepare a sample of ethyl ethanoate, CH3COOC2H5 in the laboratory

A. Laboratory preparation of esterTo prepare a sample of ethyl ethanoate B. Physical properties of ethyl ethanoate

Apparatus

To investigate the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate A. Laboratory preparation of ester

100 cm3 beaker

500 cm3 beaker 250 cm3 distillation flask (round-bottomed flask) 250 cm3 conical flask 50 cm3 measuring cylinder Tap funnel 0 250C thermometer Liebig condenser Bunsen burner Tripod stand Retort stand and clamp Stopper with 2 holes Wooden block Porous chips / tile chips Oil bath

B. Physical properties of ethyl ethanoate

Test tube Dropper Glass rod Sample bottle

Material

A. Laboratory preparation of ester

Absolute ethanol Glacial ethanoic acid Concentrated sulphuric acid Oil Tap water

B. Physical properties of ethyl ethanoate

Ethyl ethanoate (from A) Distilled water Acetone Methylated spirits

. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 2.7 60 Coagulation of latex To investigate the coagulation of latex

Apparatus

100 cm3 beaker Measuring cylinder Glass rod Dropper Rubber latex 1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid 1.0 mol dm-3 ammonia solution Red and blue litmus paper

Material

. Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 2,8 61 Vulcanised rubber To prepare vulcanised rubber 10 cm x 10 cm glass plate Glass rod Razor blade A pair of tongs 3 250 cm beaker

Material

Rubber latex Disulphur dichloride in methylbenzene

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Experiment 2.1 62 Elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber To compare the elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber Is vulcanised rubber is more elastics than unvulcanised rubber? Vulcanised rubber is more elastics than unvulcanised rubber Retort stand and clamps Bulldog clips Hooks Metre rule Weights (50 g)

Material

Vulcanised rubber strip Unvulcanised rubber strip Manipulated variable: Types of rubber (vulcanised rubber strip and unvulcanised rubber strip) Responding variable: Elasticity of rubber / Length of rubber strip Controlled/Fixed variable: Mass of weight, size of rubber strip

Variables

Operational If the minimum weight required for the rubber strip Definition to fail to return to its initial length is larger, then the rubber strip is more elastic. . Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 2.9 64 Latex product To prepare a rubber glove in the laboratory 3 500 cm beaker Dropper Glass rod Plastics arm mould String Retort stand and clamp Basin

Material

Fresh latex 2.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid Water

Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Redox reaction as loss or gain of oxygen Change of iron(II) to iron(III) ions and vice versa Displacement of metals Displacement of halogens Transfer of electrons at a distance Effect of other metals on rusting Reactivity of metals with oxygen

8. (A) The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen (B) Heating carbon dioxide with metals 9. The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals (Demonstration by teacher) 10. Oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cells 11. Oxidation and reduction in chemical cells 12. Oxidation and reduction in voltaic cell with a salt bridge Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 3.1 67 Redox reaction as loss or gain of oxygen To investigate oxidation and reduction

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen To investigate redox reaction in the combustion of metal in oxygen gas, O2 B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon To investigate redox reaction in the heating of metal oxide with carbon

Problem Statement

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

In the reaction between metals in oxygen, which reagent undergoes oxidation and which reagent undergoes reduction?

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

In the reaction between metal oxide and carbon, which reagent undergoes oxidation and which reagent undergoes reduction?

Hypothesis

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

(I) Magnesium undergoes oxidation to form magnesium ion, Mg2+ (II) Oxygen gas undergoes reduction to form oxide ion, O2-

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

(I) Carbon undergoes oxidation to form carbon dioxide gas (II) Copper(II) oxide, iron(III) oxide and lead(II) oxide undergo reduction to form copper, iron and lead respectively

Apparatus

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

A pair of tongs Bunsen burner

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Crucible Pipe-clay triangle Tripod stand Bunsen burner Spatula

Material

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

5cm magnesium ribbon Sandpaper Gas jar containing oxygen

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Carbon powder Copper(II) oxide powder / Iron(III) oxide powder / Lead(II) oxide powder

Variables

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

Manipulated variable: Type of metal Responding variable: Reaction product Controlled / Fixed variable: Oxygen gas and the conditions of reaction

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Manipulated variable: Type of metal oxide Responding variable: Reaction product Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon and the conditions of reaction

. Number Pg. Title Laboratory Work 3.2 71 Change of iron(II) to iron(III) ions and vice versa

Aim

Apparatus

To investigate oxidation and reduction in the change of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to iron(III) ions, Fe3+ and vice versa (change of iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to iron(II) ions, Fe2+) Dropper Spatula Test tube Test tube holder Test tube rack Bunsen burner Filter funnel Measuring cylinder

Material

0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution 0.5 mol dm-3 iron(III) sulphate, Fe2(SO4)3 solution Bromine water Zinc powder Filter paper (1 piece) 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium hexacynoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Laboratory Work 3.3 73 Displacement of metals To investigate oxidation and reduction in the displacement of metals from their salt solutions How does redox reaction occur in a displacement reaction in which a metal is displaced from its salt solution? (I) The metal that acts as a reducing agent will form metal ion (II) The metal ion that acts as an oxidising agent will be precipated as metal

Apparatus

Test tubes Test tube rack Zinc strip

Material

Copper strip Magnesium ribbon 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate 0.5 mol dm-3 magnesium sulphate Manipulated variable: A pair of metals and salt solutions Responding variable: Precipitation of metal and colour changes in the solutions Controlled / Fixed variable: Volumes and concentrations of solutions containing the metal ions

Variables

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Laboratory Work 3.4 74 Displacement of halogens To investigate oxidation and reduction in the displacement of halogen from its halide solution How do redox reactions occur in displacement reactions between halogens and aqueous solutions of halide ions? A more reactive halogen displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solutions of its halide ions Test tubes Test tube rack

Apparatus

Material

Chlorine water Bromine water Iodine water 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chlorine, KCl solution 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium bromine, KBr solution 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodine, KI solution 1,1,1-tricholoethane, CH3CCl3 Manipulated variable: A pair of halogens and their halide ions Responding variable: Changes in colour in 1,1,1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3

Variables

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of reaction mixture

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem statement Hypothesis Apparatus Laboratory Work 3.5 77 Transfer of electrons at a distance To investigate oxidation and reduction in the transfer of electrons at a distance How do redox reactions occur in displacement reactions between halogens and aqueous solutions of halide ions? A more reactive halogen displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its halide ions U-tube Galvanometer Connecting wire with crocodile clips Graphite electrode Retort stand and clamp Test tube Dropper / glass tube Stopper with 1 hole

Material

2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution 0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution 0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution Bromine water 0.2 mol dm-3 potassium thiocyanate, KSCN solution 1% starch solution Manipulated variable: A pair of halogen and their halide ions Responding variable: Changes in colour in 1,1,1-trichloroethana, CH3CCl3 Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of reaction mixture

Variables

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 3.1 81 Effect of other metals on rusting To investigate the effect of other metals on rusting How do different types of metals in contact with iron affect rusting? When a more electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal inhibits rusting. When a less electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal speeds up rusting Test tube Test tube rack

Apparatus

Material

Iron nail Magnesium ribbon Copper strip Zinc strip Tin strip Hot jelly solution with a little potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution and phenolphthalein Sandpaper Manipulated variable: Types of metals that are in contact with iron / Different types of metals Responding variable: Presence of colouration / Intensity of dark blue colouration / Rusting of iron Controlled / Fixed variable: Clean iron nails, medium in which the iron nails are kept / hot jelly solution, temperature

Variables

Operational Blue colouration indicates rusting of iron Definition . Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 3.6 85 Reactivity of metals with oxygen (I) To investigate the reactivity of metals with oxygen

(II) To arrange metals in terms of their reactivity with oxygen

Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus

How do different types of metals react with oxygen? The more reactive metal react more vigorously with oxygen Boiling tube Retort stand and clamp Bunsen burner Spatula Forceps

Material

Magnesium powder Copper powder Iron filings Lead powder Zinc powder Solid potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 Asbestos paper Glass wool Manipulated variable: Different types of metals Responding variable: the brightness of the flame Controlled / Fixed variable: The amount of the metal and potassium manganate(VII) powder

Variables

. Number Pg. Title Laboratory Work 3.7 87 A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals

Aim

A. To determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals B. To determine the ability of a metal to remove oxygen from carbon dioxide.

Problem

How is the position of carbon in the reactivity

Statement Hypothesis

series of metals determined? (I) A reaction occur if carbon is more reactive than the metal (II) A reaction not occur if carbon is less reactive than the metal (III) Carbon is placed between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series of metals A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen

Apparatus

Crucible / Porcelain dish / Asbestos paper Spatula Bunsen burner Pipe-clay triangle Tripod stand

B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals

Gas jar Gas jar cover A pair of tongs

Material

A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen

Carbon powder Solid copper(II) oxide, CuO Solid magnesium oxide, MgO Solid aluminium oxide, Al2O3 Solid zinc oxide, ZnO

B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals

Magnesium ribbon Gas jar filled with carbon dioxide gas, CO2 Sandpaper

Variables

A.

Manipulated variable: Type of metal oxide Responding variable: Intensity of flame Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon powder

B.

Manipulated variable: Type of metal Responding variable: Intensity of flame Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon dioxide gas and the conditions of reaction

. Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Laboratory Work 3,8 89 The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals (Demonstration by teacher) To determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals How is the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals determined? Hydrogen is placed between zinc and iron in the reactivity series of metals Combustion tube Porcelain dish Flat-bottomed flask U-tube Thistle funnel Delivery tube Bunsen burner Retort stand and clamps Stopper with 1 hole Stopper with 2 holes

Material

2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution Zinc granules Solid copper(II) oxide Solid zinc oxide Solid lead(II) oxide Solid iron(III) oxide Anhydrous calcium chloride Manipulated variable: Different types of metal oxides Responding variable: Intensity of flameControlled / Fixed variable: Hydrogen gas and the conditions of reaction

Variables

. Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 3.9 95 Oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cells To investigate oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cellsA. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyteB. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte A. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyte

Apparatus

Crucible Cardboard Battery Connecting wire with crocodile clips Tripod stand Bunsen burner Pipe-clay triangle Carbon electrode Switch Ammeter Light bulb A pair of tongs Spatula

B. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte

Battery Connecting wire with crocodile clips Electrolytic cell Carbon electrode Switch Ammeter Light bulb Small test tube Beaker A pair of tongs

Material

A. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyte

Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2

B. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution Starch solution

Sandpaper Wooden splinter

. Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 3.10 97 Oxidation and reduction in chemical cells To investigate the oxidation and reduction in chemical cells Porous pot Voltmeter Connecting wires with crocodile clips Beaker Measuring cylinder

Material

1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate ZnSO4 solution Copper strip Zinc strip Sandpaper

. Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 3.10 (Similar experiment) 97 Oxidation and reduction in voltaic cell with a salt bridge To investigate the oxidation and reduction in chemical cells Voltmeter Connecting wires with crocodile clips 3 100 cm beakers Measuring cylinder

Material

1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate ZnSO4 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 solution 1.0 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate FeSO4 solution

Copper plate Zinc plate Lead plate Iron nail Sandpaper Saturated potassium chloride, KCl solution Filter paper strip

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Exothermic and endothermic reactions Heat of precipitation Heat of displacement Heat of neutralisation Heat of neutralisation of acids and alkalis of different strength Heat of neutralisation Heats of combustion for alcohols Laboratory Work 4.1 101 Exothermic and endothermic reactions To identify an exothermic or endothermic reaction How to identify exothermic or endothermic reactions? Exothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of the reaction mixture increases.Endothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of the reaction mixture decreases. Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Spatula Glass rod 3 50 cm measuring cylinder

Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis

Apparatus

Material

Solid sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3 Solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH Solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl Solid ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 Solid ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl Distilled water

Variables

Manipulated variable: Pairs of reactants Responding variable: The temperature change in the reaction mixture Controlled / Fixed variable: Types of container, volume of solution or water

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 4.2 104 Heat of precipitation To determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Glass rod 3 50 cm measuring cylinder

Material

0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 4.3 106 Heat of displacement To determine the heat of displacement of copper Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Glass rod 3 50 cm measuring cylinder

Material

0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution Zinc power

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 4.4 108 Heat of neutralisation To determine the heats of neutralisation between

Apparatus

strong acids and strong alkalis Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Glass rod 3 50 cm measuring cylinder

Material

2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide, KOH solution

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 4.5 109 Heat of neutralisation of acids and alkalis of different strength To determine and compare the heats of neutralisation between acids and alkalis of different strength How do the heat of neutralisation for reactions between acids and alkalis of different strength? The values of heat of neutralisation for reactions between strong acids and strong alkalis are higher than that of reactions between strong acids and weak alkalis / weak acids and strong alkalis or weak acids and weak alkalis. Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup 0 110C thermometer Glass rod 3 50 cm measuring cylinder

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Apparatus

Material

2.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 2.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution Manipulated variable: Different strength of acids and alkalis Responding variable: The value of heat of neutralisation

Variables

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of acids used, volume and concentration of alkalis used.

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Laboratory Work 4.6 110 Heat of neutralisation To determine and compare the heats of neutralisation between:

Hydrochloric acid (strong acid), HCl and sodium hydroxide (strong base), NaOH solution Ethanoic acid (weak acid), CH3COOH and sodium hydroxide (strong base), NaOH solution Hydrochloric acid (strong acid), HCl and ammonia (weak base), NH3 solution Ethanoic acid (weak acid), CH3COOH and ammonia(weak base), NH3 solution

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Apparatus

How are the heats of neutralisation determined and compared? The heat of neutralisation between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is higher than the heat of neutralisation between ethanoic acid and ammonia solution. 3 50 cm burette 3 25.0 cm pipette Pipette filler Retort stand and clamps Plastic cup / Polystyrene cup 3 250 cm beaker Magnetic stirrer Magnetic stir bar Temperature sensor Computer Computer interface Stopwatch

Material

1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution 1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH 1.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution Manipulated variable: Different types of acids and bases Responding variable: Heat of neutralisation Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of acid and alkali used

Variables

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 4.1 112 Heats of combustion for alcohols To determine the heats of combustion for alcohols Does alcohol with a higher number of carbon atoms per molecule have a higher heat of combustion? The higher the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol molecules, the higher is the heat of combustion. Copper can Thermometer Glass rod / Stirrer Measuring cylinder Tripod stand Spirit lamp Wooden block Weighing balance Wind shield / Asbestos screen

Apparatus

Material

Methanol Ethanol Propanol / Prop-1-ol Butanol / But-1-ol Water Manipulated variable: Different types of alcohols Responding variable: Heat of combustion of alcohol Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of water and copper can / metal container

Variables

(calorimeter)

List of PEKA experiments: 1. Soap preparation process Number Pg. Title Aim Apparatus Laboratory Work 5.1 117 Soap preparation process To prepare soap using the saponification process 3 250 cm beakers 3 50 cm measuring cylinder Spatula Glass rod Filter funnel Wire gauze Tripod stand Bunsen burner Wash bottle Test tube

Material

Palm oil 5.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution Sodium chloride powder Filter paper (3 pieces) Distilled water

Chapter 2 The Structure of the Atom List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 Activity 2.1 7 Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid To investigate the diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid How diffusion does occur through solid, a liquid

Number Pg. Title Aim Problem

Statement Hypothesis Apparatus

and gas? Particles can diffuse through the spaces between the particles of a solid, a liquid and the gas. A. Diffusion in a gas

Gas jars Gas jar covers

B. Diffusion in a liquid

Droppers / Teat pipette Thistle funnel Spatula

C. Diffusion in a solid

Stoppers Test tubes Test tube rack Retort stand and clamp

Material

A. Diffusion in a gas

Liquid bromine, Br2

B. Diffusion in a liquid

1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 solution Water

C. Diffusion in a solid

Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 crystal / Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 crystal Hot liquid gel Manipulated variable: Type of medium Responding variable: Motion of the particles Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure

Variables

================================================

Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus

Activity 2.2 8 Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the temperature How does rate of diffusion depends on the temperature? Higher temperature can increase the rate of diffusion Beakers Droppers

Material

Food colouring Water Ice water Hot water Manipulated variable: Temperature of water Responding variable: Rate of diffusion Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration and volume of food colouring and pressure

Variables

Operational Higher temperature in water increases the particles Definition to move faster and increases the rate of diffusion. / Higher temperature in water increases the kinetics energy than lower temperature in water. ================================================ Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Activity 2.3 9 Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles? Low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with high molecular masses Glass tube Stoppers Retort stand and clamp Beakers

Droppers Glass wool Concentrated ammonia, NH3 solution Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl Manipulated variable: Mass of the gas particles Responding variable: Rate of diffusion Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure

Material

Variables

Operational Gas with low molecular masses diffuse faster than Definition those with high molecular masses. ================================================ Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Activity 2.4 9 Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 To determine the melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles? The temperature of naphthalene, C10H8 increase during heating except at its melting and solidification points Boiling tube 3 250 cm beaker Thermometer (0 100C) Tripod stand Retort stand and clamp Bunsen burner Stopwatch Conical flask Wire gauze

Apparatus

Material

Naphthalene, C10H8 Water Manipulated variable: Heat supplied Responding variable: Temperature Controlled / Fixed variable: Naphthalene, C10H8

Variables

Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations List of PEKA experiments: 1. Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide 2. Empirical formula of magnesium oxide 3. Chemical equations Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Activity 3.4 23 Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide To determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide How does the formula of copper(II) oxide determine? The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide can be determined by finding out the mass of copper and oxygen in a sample of copper(II) oxide U tube Stoppers Glass tube Combustion tube with a small hole at the end Retort stand and clamp Spatula Porcelain dish Bunsen burner Balance Preparation for hydrogen gas

Apparatus

Thistle funnel Flat-bottomed flask Hydrogen gas, H2 Copper(II) oxide Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2 Wooden splinter

Material

Preparation for the hydrogen gas

Dilute hydrochloric acid Zinc pieces Manipulated variable: Mass of copper

Variables

oxide Responding variable: Mass of copper formed Controlled / Fixed variable: An excess of hydrogen gas

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Activity 3.5 25 Empirical formula of magnesium oxide To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide How does the formula of magnesium oxide determine? The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO Crucible with lid Tongs Bunsen burner Tripod stand Pipe-clay triangle

Material

10 cm magnesium ribbon Sandpaper Manipulated variable: Magnesium ribbon Responding variable: Mass of magnesium oxide Controlled / Fixed variable: Length / Mass of magnesium ribbon and excess air

Variables

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Activity 3.6 27 Chemical equations To construct balanced chemical equations A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid

/ Formation of ammonium chloride C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide / Precipitation of lead(II) iodide How does the chemical equations determine? A. The chemical equation of copper(II) carbonate is CuCO3 > CuO + CO2 B. The chemical equation of Boiling tube Test tubes Rubber bung with delivery tube Test tube rack Test tube holder Stoppers Bunsen burner

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Apparatus

Material

Copper(II) carbonate powder Lime water Concentrated ammonia solution Concentrated hydrochloric acid Lead(II) nitrate solution Potassium iodide solution

Variables

A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate

Manipulated variable: Mass of copper(II) carbonate Responding variable: Mass of copper oxide formed / Volume of carbon dioxide liberated Controlled / Fixed variable: Pressure

B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid / Formation of ammonium chloride

Manipulated variable: Concentration of ammonia and hydrochloric acid Responding variable: Ammonium chloride formed Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure

C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide

/ Precipitation of lead(II) iodide

Manipulated variable: Volume of lead(II) nitrate solution and volume of potassium iodide solution Responding variable: Mass of lead(II) iodide formed Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure

Chapter 4 Periodic Table of Elements List of PEKA experiments: 1. Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium 2. Chemical properties of Group 17 elements 3. Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Experiment 4.1 35 Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium To investigate the chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements change when they react with water and oxygen gas, O2? When going down Group 1, alkali metals become reactive in their reactions with water Water troughs Small knife Forceps Gas jars Gas jar spoons Gas jar covers

Material

Small pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium Filter paper Distilled water Red litmus paper Three gas jars filled with oxygen gas, O2 Manipulated variable: Different types of

Variables

alkali metals Responding variable: Reactivity of metals Controlled / Fixed variable: Water, size of metals

Operational An alkali metal that reacts more vigorously with Definition water is more reactive metal =============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Experiment 4.2 39 Chemical properties of Group 17 elements To investigate the chemical properties of Group 17 elements (A) Reactions of halogens with water (B) Reactions of halogens with iron (C) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution How do halogens react with water, iron and sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution? (A) Reactions of halogens with water 1. Halogens forms acidic solutions when they react with water 2. Halogens show bleaching properties when they react with water (B) Reactions of halogens with iron Halogens form iron(III) halides when they react with iron / When going down Group 17, halogens become less reactive in their reactions with iron (C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution Halogens form sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and water when they react with sodium hydroxide / When going down Group 17, halogens become less reactive in their reactions with sodium hydroxide solution

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Apparatus

Test tubes Dropper Test tube holders Stoppers Combustion tubes Delivery tubes Bunsen burner Retort stand and clamp Chlorine gas, Cl2 (produce after mixing potassium manganate(VII) salts with concentrated hydrochloric acid) Liquid bromine, Br2 Solid iodine, I2 Blue litmus paper Water Iron wool Soda lime 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

Material

Variables

(A) Reactions of halogens with water

Manipulated variable: Type of halogens Responding variable: Change in colour of the blue litmus paper / Reactivity of halogens Controlled / Fixed variable: Water

(B) Reactions of halogens with iron

Manipulated variable: Types of halogens Responding variable: Appearance of brown solid / Reactivity of halogens Controlled / Fixed variable: Iron

(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

Manipulated variable: Types of halogens Responding variable: Formation of a colourless solution from a coloured halogen / Reactivity of halogens Controlled / Fixed variable: Sodium hydroxide solution

Operational (A) Reactions of halogens with water Definition 1. When blue litmus paper turns red, the solution formed shows acidic property 2. When blue litmus paper turns white, the solution formed shows bleaching property (B) Reactions of halogens with iron The appearance of a brown solid shows the formation of iron(III) halides (C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution The formation of a colourless solution indicates that salts of sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and water are formed =============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 4.3 45 Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 To study the properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 How do the acid-base properties of the oxides of elements change across Period 3? Acidic properties of the oxides of elements increase whereas basic properties of the oxides of elements decrease across Period 3 Boiling tubes Test tubes Test tube holder Glass rod Spatula Gas jar Gas cover 3 100 cm measuring cylinder

Apparatus

Material

Sodium oxide, Na2O Magnesium oxide, MgO Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2 Phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5

Sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 Dichlorine heptoxide, Cl2O7 Universal Indicator 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution Manipulated variable: Oxides of elements of Period 3 Responding variable: pH values in water and solubility in acid or alkali Controlled / Fixed variable: Water or nitric acid, HNO3 or sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

Variables

Operational Definition

1. Oxide that dissolves in water to form solution with pH less than 7 is acidic and pH more than 7 is alkaline 2. Oxide that can dissolve in an acid exhibits basic properties 3. Oxide that can dissolve in an alkali exhibits acidic properties 4. Oxide that can dissolve in both acid and alkali exhibits amphoteric properties

Chapter 5 Chemical Bonds List of PEKA experiments: 1. Ionic compound 2. Properties of ionic and covalent compounds Number Pg. Title Aim Activity 5.1 52 Ionic compound To prepare ionic compounds(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO (B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl (C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3 (A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO

Apparatus

Sandpaper

Crucible Spatula Pipe-clay triangle Tripod stand Bunsen burner

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl

Knife Forceps Filter paper Spatula Gas jar spoon / Deflagrating spoon Gas jar cover Gas jar

(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3

Spatula Asbestos paper Combustion tube Stopper with delivery tube Retort stand and clamp Bunsen burner

Material

(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO

Magnesium ribbon

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl

Sodium Chlorine gas, Cl2

(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3

Iron filling Chlorine gas, Cl2

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Activity 5.3 55 Properties of ionic and covalent compounds

Aim

To compare the properties of ionic and covalent compounds(A) Melting point and boiling point (B) Solubility in water and organic solvents (C) Electrical conductivity (A) Melting point and boiling point

Apparatus

Spatula Evaporating dish Dropper

(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents

Spatula Glass rod Test tubes Test tube rack

(C) Electrical conductivity

Spatula Glass rod Switch Connecting wires with crocodile clips Batteries Bulb Carbon electrodes Beakers Crucible Tripod stand Pipe-clay triangle Bunsen burner

Material

(A) Melting point and boiling point

Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O Hexane, C6H14

(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents

Distilled water Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 Cyclohexane, C6H12

Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O Hexane, C6H14

(C) Electrical conductivity

Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 solution Naphthalene, C10H8