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Schaffner Group
The Schaffner Group is the international leader in development and production of solutions which ensure efficient and reliable operation of electronic systems. The Groups broad range of product and services includes EMC/EMI components, harmonic filters and magnetic components as well as development and implementation of customized solutions. Schaffner components are deployed in energy-efficient drive systems and electronic motor controls, in wind and photovoltaic systems, rail technology, machine tools and robotics as well as power supplies for numerous electronic devices in sectors such as medical technology or telecommunications. Schaffner provides on-site service to customers around the world through an efficient, global organization and makes ongoing investments in research, development, production and sales to systematically expand its position as leader on the international market.
A global one-stop shop EMC/EMI filters PCB filters IEC inlet filters / Power entry modules DC filters Single-phase filters Three-phase filters Three-phase + neutral line filters Open frame filters EMC/EMI chokes Feedthrough filters and capacitors Automotive components Customized solutions Power Quality products Line reactors dv/dt reactors and filters Sine wave filters Harmonic filters Regen reactors and filters Transformers Customized solutions
Concert halls, congress centers, hotels, office buildings, banks and insurances they all depend entirely on absolutely reliable electrical and electronic systems. Highest demands in terms of reliability and efficiency. A multitude of single- and three-phase consumers is used in modern building technology; including lighting techniques such as light controllers for spotlights or energy-efficient lamps, various frequency converters for heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment or for elevators, and the entire IT-infrastructure with its typically switched-mode power supply units. Often there are also inverters for photovoltaic installations (PV) or uninterruptable power supplies (UPS). The reliable performance of such equipment depends on a good power quality and is particularly challenging in terms of voltage quality. At the same time, the burdening of the network infrastructure with all these electrical and electronic consumers with system perturbation has drastically increased since several years now. The type of production system and equipment (network supply with converter, generator) defines how strongly networks are affected and influenced by system perturbations. This is particularly true for: IHarmonics I Unbalance resulting from asymmetric load conditions I Voltage fluctuations and flicker I Power factor and reactive power demand There might also be differences in how strongly network disturbances affect the efficiency of building technology itself. But theres no doubt that they are contrary to the trend to continually improve the buildings performance with the underlying goal to also improve their energy efficiency. This may also affect the I comfort and quality of the environment for the users of a building, I the energy and operating costs, I the reliability and efficiency of the building systems, I the service life of technical equipment, I the investment protection, I the environment. And finally a permanent monitoring and optimization process by the network operators as well as the implementation of new standards and limits for power quality demands for and strengthens an approach based on utmost reliability and efficiency. With our know-how gained from more than 50 years of experience, Schaffner offers products and solutions that do meet all these requirements.
Standards regarding the compatibility between electrical networks and consumers: I IEC/EN 61000-6-1 Immunity standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments I IEC/EN 61000-6-2 Generic standard for immunity for industrial environments I IEC/EN 61000-6-3 Emission standard for residential commercial and light-industrial environments I IEC/EN 61000-6-4 Emission standard for industrial environments I IEC/EN 61000-2-2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): Environment compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public low-voltage power supply systems. This standard is very close to the standards EN 50160 and DIN EN 61000-2-4 class 2. I IEC 61000-2-4 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): Part 2: Environment; main part 4: Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances. Standard specifying classes for various operating conditions. Class 1 for example for data centers; class 2 for workshops, office areas; class 3 for example for heavy industrial environments, frequency converters. Power quality standards: I EN 50160 Voltage characteristics of electricity and voltage supplied by public distribution networks. Standard that provides the limits and tolerances of various phenomena that can occur on the mains (voluntary commitments of the power utilities). I D.A.CH.CZ Technical rules for the assessment of network disturbances in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Czech Republic. I TOR D2 Technical and organizational rules for system operators and users of electrical networks; part D: Special technical rules; section D2: Regulations for the assessment of network disturbances. I IEEE 519 (Recommended Practices for Harmonics Control in Electrical Power Systems) as joint approach between utilities and customers to limit the impact of non-linear loads by the reduction of harmonics. I ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION G5/4-1 (planning levels for harmonic voltage distortion to be used in the process for the connection of non-linear equipment) as directive of the Energy Networks Association (UK) to limit the effects of non-linear loads by the reduction of harmonics at their point of common coupling (PCC). Applicable in Great Britain and Hong Kong.
Harmonics
Already in the first years of operation of power distribution networks, there were first disturbances. In the beginning they came from mercury vapor rectifiers that were used in industrial environments; and in the past years the number of equipment creating harmonics has strongly risen and will continue to rise. The notion of harmonics became known in the second half of the 20th century. Like surfers, most electrical devices are looking for the perfect wave. For alter nating current, perfection is defined by a sinusoidal wave in which electrical voltage changes smoothly from positive polarity to negative and back again 50 (50 Hz) or 60 (60 Hz) times per second. Anyway, to use the notion of wave though in connection with harmonics is not completely correct. A wave extends in time and space, whereas the oscillations observed here, do only expand in time. Harmonics. Harmonics are produced in almost every non-linear consumer. Linear consumers draw a sinusoidal current from sinusoidal voltage. This sinusoidal current signal is only composed of the fundamental; i.e. it has no harmonic spectrum, so that the entire energy will be transferred on the fundamental. Non-linear consumers are devices that draw a non-sinusoidal current from the grid. And most consumers in building technology are non-linear ones meaning that they do largely draw non-sinusoidal current. This, in turn, does strongly interfere with power quality as the currents with strong harmonics have typical side effects affecting both, utilities and consumers the like. In addition, harmonic currents do flow in addition to the active sinusoidal frequency and do thus lead to losses in electrical installations that in turn may also cause thermal overloads. But this is by far not the only possible result of harmonics; there are indeed numerous other issues: I Additional losses in the consumer may heat up or overheat appliances and therefore reduce their service life I Derating of transformers due to the heating effect of harmonics; the producers of transformers do specify here 10% in case of more than 30% dissipation of the rated power to non-linear loads I The same assumptions are also true for generators I Capacitors and compensation systems (PFC) may overload or even be destroyed I Audio disturbances resulting from higher-frequency harmonics I Disturbances of telecommunication appliances I Overload of the neutral conductor I Zero crossing faults of electronic equipment that are based on zero crossings I Nuisance tripping of line protection switches/circuit breakers
Total Harmonic Distortion of Current (THDi) indicates the total harmonic current distortion of the wave form. This value is defined as the ratio (in %) of the harmonic current to the fundamental (non-harmonic) current measured at a load point at the particular moment when the measurement is taken. Typically, the geometrical sum of all current harmonics is calculated in relation to the fundamental frequency current up to the 40th harmonic order:
All harmonic currents created by the loads in the networks must flow through impedances (transformers, reactors, etc.) and all other parallel branches. There will be non-linear voltage drops at the impedances. The harmonic voltages created like that will expand across the entire network and lead to distortions of the supply voltage of other appliances. This means that harmonic distortion of the current (THDi) does also cause voltage distortions (THDv). Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage (THDv) indicates the total magnitude of the voltage distortion. This value is defined as the ratio (in %) of the harmonic voltage to the fundamental (non-harmonic) voltage. Typically, the geometrical sum of all voltage harmonics is calculated in relation to the fundamental frequency voltage up to the 40th harmonic order:
A low THDv is in general synonymous to a good voltage quality. Total Demand Distortion (TDD) Especially in North America the notion of TDD is widely used when it comes to harmonics. In difference to the THDi, in which the harmonic content is referred to the fundamental frequency of the rated current value, it is the ratio of the measured harmonic current to the full load fundamental current. The full load fundamental current is the total amount of non-harmonic current consumed by all of the loads on the system when the system is at peak demand. So the TDD is the THD of current (using a 15 or 30 minute averaging measurement period) normalized to the maximum demand load current; but only at full load TDD=THDi:
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Unbalance
A three-phase system is called symmetrical when the magnitudes of phase or line voltages are equal and phases are displaced to each other by 120. As soon as one of these two conditions is not met, there is an unbalance. In most cases unbalances result from loads. With high and medium voltages the loads are typically 3-phase and symmetric even though also single- or 2-phase loads may be connected (e.g. induction or resistance furnaces). In the low voltage range the loads are usually single-phased (e.g. PCs, lighting systems, etc.) and their load circuits are distributed to the three phases within the electrical cabling. For a mathematical correct analysis of unbalance the method of symmetrical components (true definition) is commonly applied. This method describes the degree of unbalance by the ratio of the negative sequence voltage component to the positive sequence voltage component. The percentage voltage unbalance factor (% VUF) is given by:
The positive and negative sequence voltage components are obtained by resolving three-phase unbalanced line voltages and (or phase voltages) into two symmetrical components (of the line or phase voltages). The two balanced components are given by:
where IEEE defines voltage unbalance as the phase voltage unbalance rate (PVUR), by
This method avoids the use of complex algebra but still gives a good approximation to the true definition. The difference between the true definition and phase voltage unbalance rate is very small below 5% unbalance. The difference is high for extreme values of % unbalance when using PVUR. Considering that most utilities in the United States restrict the voltage unbalance to 2.5% maximum deviation from the average voltage between the three phases the PVUR method might usually be sufficient.
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W ith the same consumer power, the phase current values may double or triple and the losses 1.5
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reach a value twice or even six times as high. This ransformers 1 in turn means that lines and t
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may only be loaded up to one half or one third of0.5 their rated power. 0
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Electrical machines cannot produce their full torque as the inversely rotating magnetic field of time Zeit
time the negative-sequence system causes a negative braking torque that Zeit has to be subtracted
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Another effect of unbalance are vibrations in electrical machines leading to higher mechanical 0.5
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time Zeit to unbalanced sup Rectifiers and inverters do react with uncharacteristic harmonic currents
ply voltages.
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time Cooling Lighting O ce equipment Ventilation Other nLighting unbalanced three-phase systems with star point a neutral current flows, which is undesired. Cooling I O ce equipment Ventilation Other
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Khlung Beleuchtung Bro-Ausstattung Belftung Andere Khlung Beleuchtung Bro-Ausstattung Belftung Andere
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Voltage changes, voltage fluctuations, and flicker are related to each other. Even though they often occur in parallel, these are different phenomena with clear distinctions: A voltage change U is a deviation in the r.m.s voltage value with respect to a steady-state value averaged over some period of time. This voltage deviation might or might not be periodical. The quantitative description is made using the difference between the r.m.s values of the line voltage before and after a voltage change. The voltage change U at the PCC relative to the voltage U is called relative voltage change .
Voltage fluctuations U(t) are defined as repetitive or random variations in the magnitude with amplitudes that do not exceed 10% of the nominal supply voltage. In a three-phase power system they can be either distributed symmetrical or asymmetrical to the three phases. Voltage fluctuations result from: I Switching on or off sequences involving large-capacity loads I Starting drives (larger loads) I Load changes in drives I Pulsed powers (multicycle controls, thermostat controls) I Arc furnaces I Welding machines I Wind turbine generator systems in parallel mains operation Voltage fluctuations may affect the operation of sensitive appliances and systems in some cases. Except for these particular cases, the main disturbing effect of voltage fluctuations is producing changes of the illumination intensity of lighting equipment. This is commonly called flickering or flicker. Flicker is defined as the subjective impression of changes of the light density or also as Impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or spectral distribution fluctuates with time. From a technical point of view, voltage fluctuations do induce changes of the light density in lamps that may provoke a visually perceptible phenomenon, designated as flicker. From a certain limit value on, these flicker phenomena are annoying. The degree of annoyance caused by voltage fluctuations depends on the amplitude, frequency, and wave shape of the voltage fluctuations. The basic parameters to determine voltage fluctuation effects on lighting and their influence on humans are the short-term flicker severity term flicker severity age lines) are admitted as long as the resulting flicker annoyance factor long-term flicker annoyance factor average of twelve 0.65. The easiest way to assess this annoyance factor is to use the and longindex. Voltage fluctuations caused by individual appliances (in low voltdoes not exceed 1. A values must not exceed the value of = 1 p.u.-curve. P.u. stands for
unit of perception and reflects the maximum compatibility level of the interference susceptibility of the human eye regarding the perception of light fluctuations. In the interaction of all annoying effects, the value of = 1 p.u. must not be exceeded.
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In a three-phase system the phase voltages are displaced to each other by 120. If the individual phases are equally loaded, the resultant current in the neutral will be zero. If the network is distorted by current harmonics, the triplen harmonics will add up in the neutral so that the current in the neutral can exceed the current of each of the individual phase currents up to factor three. The power factor is a parameter that can be affected by network disturbances such as har monic distortion or unbalance. It gets worse with an increasing phase shift between current and voltage, and with increasing distortion of the current. It is defined as the ratio of the active power and the apparent power values = and thus serves as measure of the efficiency that a load is using energy. In an electric power system, a load with a high power factor draws less current than a load with a low power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred and thus has a better efficiency. Since no uniform phase shift angle can be specified in case of harmonic loads, the power factor and the often used cosine must not be equated. Based on the formula = = cos1 = g1cos1, with = fundamental component of the current, I= total current, g1 = fundamental factor and cos1 = displacement factor, it can be shown that only in case of sinusoidal voltage and current (g=1), the power factor equals cos1. So the power factor equals the cosine of the displacement angle only in case of sinusoidal currents and voltages and is defined as cos = factor. Reactive power The public utilities do transport energy from the power plants to the consumers using their supply grids. The power in an electric circuit is the rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductance and capacitance may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of power that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as real power. The portion of power due to stored energy, which returns to the source in each cycle, is known as reactive power. The reactive power is necessary to generate the magnetic field of machines. However, reactive power does not transfer energy but results in costs for the work it involves and transmission losses. As a consequence of this, the reactive power demand should be kept to the minimum. Based on the source of reactive power, the following types are used: = active factor. Non-linear loads are typically causing a bad power
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I Displacement reactive power Caused by displacement of the angle between current and voltage I Distortion reactive power Caused by harmonics in current and voltage I Modulation reactive power Caused by periodic load fluctuations I Asymmetric reactive power Caused by one- or two-phase loads Reactive power leads to severe costs for the consumers as public power utilities are charging it. Reactive power compensation may help to reduce these costs and does also offer the following additional advantages: I Better utilization of the grids I Relieving of transformers, lines, and supply systems life of electrical distribution 1 I Increased service systems = = 1 I Voltage stabilization
-emissions I Reduction of CO = 2 = 1 = = 1 1 = == 1 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 = = 1 = = = = = = =
SPQ
= =
= =
Q P
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The solution concepts for energy-efficient building technology do always involve a 1.5 multitude 1.5 of products and systems. In most cases the use of single- or three-phase filters ensures the 1 1 compliance with the applicable EMC standards. Another technical solution is the use of sinusoidal filters to protect motors from additional stress due to PWM and to improve a systems reliability. Two aspects that often are not sufficiently taken into account are the harmonics and the power factor since-0.5 they directly affect the consumption, costs and service life of appliances. Even-0.5 when the standards -1 for harmonics of the individual countries are complied with, the power supply -1 infrastructure is severely affected by reflected harmonics. To guarantee good energy efficiency values, -1.5 -1.5 the public utilities. A bad power factor does strongly and directly affect the energy balance. Consumers with a bad power factor do waste power and increase costs. As internationally leading company 1 in the development and production of solutions, the Schaffner Group provides 1 products and concepts ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of building technology systems. The Groups broad range of products and services includes EMC components, harmonic filters and
0 components as well as the development and implemen 0 magnetic tation of customized solutions. 0.5 0.5
time any operator of a building has a responsibility beyond the legal provisions and the influences of
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Schaffners customers may choose from specific solutions or systems in order to easily and safely comply with EMC standards, or from comprehensive and complex power quality concepts. Our
-1 and solutions are geared to their purpose and available for most appliances -1 within products -0.5 -0.5
buildings or exterior applications. Schaffner provides on-site service to customers around the time world through an efficient, global organization and makes ongoing investments in research, development, production and sales to systematically expand its position as leader on the international market.
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Compensation of harmonics and of reactive power as well as load balancing in building technology
Energy efficiency and reliability are the key values for modern building technology. Different concepts and approaches are necessary to optimize a buildings energy efficiency. The use of energy-efficient devices with power electronics and controlled drives is always indispensable. Impacts on the power network caused by devices with non-linear characteristic must reliably be limited. With its sophisticated products and services, Schaffner offers various concepts to reduce harmonics, to compensate reactive power and to balance the load currents. Thus Schaffner is actively enhancing the power quality. This helps to achieve maximum energy efficiency with highest reliability for consumers and systems in building technology.
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The state-of-the-art for 6-pulserectifiers and motor drives for harmonic compensation IIncreased energy-efficiency I Compliance with power quality standards (IEEE 519, IEC 61000-3-12) I Low installation costs due to a more efficient use of capacities I Exceptional performance even under partial load conditions
FN 3410, FN 3411 and FN3410HV 50Hz and FN 3412 and FN 3413 60Hz harmonic filters IVoltage: up to 3x690VAC I FN3410: up to 250kW I FN3412: up to 250HP I THDi <5% I Approvals: CE, UL
Reduced to the max for requirements where the <5% THDi high performance is not needed and not economic IHelp to comply with IEEE-519, table 103 (TDD) and EN61000-3-12, table 3 (THD) ISupport an efficient utilization of electrical system capacity I Ideal for motor drives with 6-pulse rectifier front-end ISame filter for both diode and thyristor (SCR) rectifiers
IVoltage: up to 3 x 500 VAC I FN 3416 up to 200 kW I FN 3418 up to 250 HP ITHDi <10% with Ldc ITHDi <15% without Ldc I Approvals: CE, UL
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Active harmonic filters do compensate specific harmonics. Schaffner ECOsine active filters do compensate harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order. This means that active harmonic filters give best power quality results. Further advantages compared to passive filters are: I Economic use of the filter resources thanks to the targeted selection of individual harmonics and the configuration of limit values I Option of highly-dynamic compensation of capacitive and inductive reactive power I Reactive current compensation with configurable cos I Simple adaptation and/or extension to changing filtering needs (network topologies) I Integrated resonance monitoring I Load balancing between all phases (all types) I Load balancing between phase and neutral (4-wire types) I Reaction time of less than 300s I Compensation of the third and of all triplen harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I No capacitive loading caused by ECOsine Active filters under partial load conditions I Parallel use of up to 5 filter units possible (all types)
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The compact and easy-to-install filter I Compact dimensions and low weight I Assembly to the wall or in a cabinet
FN 3420-50-200-3 FN 3420-30-480-3 and FN 3420-50-480-3 I 200 VAC480 VAC I 30 A or 50 A I Harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I Compensation of reactive power
The solution for building technology I Does also compensate harmonics in the neutral I Reduced noise level tailored to building technology
FN 3420-30-200-4 and FN 3420-60-200-4 FN 3420-30-400-4 and FN 3430-60-400-4 I 200 VAC415 VAC I 30 A or 60 A I Harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I Compensation of reactive power
The standard for 3- and 4-wire applications works almost everywhere I Slightly larger and heavier than the 30/60A versions I More power and central connection to the consumers
FN 3420-100-200-3 (100 A) FN 3420-100-480-3 and FN 3420-120-480-3 FN 3430-100-400-4 and FN 3430-120-400-4 I200/380 VAC415/480 VAC I 100A or 120A I Harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I Compensation of reactive power
The industrial version as cabinet unit I Cabinet unit with forced air cooling as well as internal liquid cooling for the included power electronics with integrated water/air heat exchanger I Hi-tech in a compact package
FN 3420-200-480-3, FN 3420-250-480-3, FN 3420-300-480-3 and FN 3430-200-400-4, FN 3430-250-400-4, FN 3430-300-400-4 I 380VAC480VAC I 200A, 250A or 300A I Harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I Compensation of reactive power I Degree of protection: IP 54
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Small to medium-sized single-phase components for building technology: Excellent filter performance for applications with strong disturbance levels, such as: I Frequency converters I Step motor drives I UPS equipment IInverters I High-end, single phase power supplies
FN 2410 and FN 2412 single-phase and 2-wire EMC filters I Voltage: 1 x 250VAC or 2x 520VAC (H-versions) I FN 2410: 8100A I FN 2412: 845A I Approvals: ENEC, UL, CSA
Drives and systems in building technology Excellent filter performance in a very compact package for: IHVAC applications IElevators IServomotors
FN 3258 and FN 3270 three-phase EMC filters IVoltage: 3x 520VAC I FN 3258: 7180A I FN 3270: 101,000A I Approvals: ENEC, UL, CSA
Three-phase and neutral filter applications for building technology Excellent mitigation performance with low leakage currents in compact size for: I4-wire applications IPower supply units IIT systems IUPS
FN 3256 and FN 3280 compact 4-wire EMC filters IVoltage: 3x 520VAC I FN 3256: 8160A I FN 3280: 8600 A I Approvals: ENEC, UL, CSA
Motor protection and enhanced system reliability in building technology Reduction of voltage peaks and smoothing of the output signal for: IFrequency converters IPumps IVentilators ICompressors ILift motors
FN 5040 and FN 5045 LC sine wave filters IVoltage: 3x 520VAC I 1.1 up to 630kW I motor cable length of up to 2000m possible I Approvals: UL
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Company headquarter Sales and application centres Development and production centres
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Schaffner energy efficiency and reliability. You can put your trust in our solutions and products for efficient and reliable building technology and thus benefit from competent and comprehensive assistance and the excellent Schaffner services. Contact us right now. We are happy to assist you taking your challenges in modern building technology. For more information on all Schaffner sites, sales partners and their contacts or on all our products, please visit us under www.schaffner.com. We are looking forward to meeting you.
References: 1. VE, VSE, AES: Kompendium Technische Regeln zur Beurteilung von Netzrckwirkungen, 2. Ausgabe 2007 2. Harmonic Limits IEEE Std. 519-1992, www.IEEE.org 3. IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, www.IEEE.org 4. Application guide to the European Standard EN 50160 on voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems, eurelectric, 1995 5. Technische und organisatorische Regeln fr Betreiber und Benutzer von Netzen, Teil D, Hauptabschnitt D2, Version 2.2, 2006
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To nd your local partner within Schaners global network, please go to www.schaner.com 2012 Schaner Group Specications are subject to change within notice. The latest version of the data sheets can be obtained from the website. All trademarks recognized. Schaner is an ISO-registered company. Its products are designed and manufactured under the strict quality and environnmental requirements of the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards. This document has been carefully checked. However, Schaner does not assume any liability for errors or inaccuracies.
10/2012 EN