2012 IEEE Conference on Sustainable Utilization and Development in Engineering and Technology (STUDENT) Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 6 - 9 October 2012

Design of Phasor Data Concentrator for Phasor Monitoring System

Suttinan Buttayak, Apichai Wornpuen, Nattasit Promparn, Noppadol Charbkaew, Teratam Bunyagul
Department of Electrical Engineering King Mongkuts University of Technology North Bangkok, KMUTNB Bangkok, Thailand suttinan@gmail.com, w_apichai@yahoo.com, nattasit_pp@gamil.com, noppadolc@kmutnb.ac.th, teratam@kmutnb.ac.th
AbstractA Phasor measurement system is used for measuring of the amplitude, phase and frequency of the bus voltage in real time. Amplitude and phase of each station are then compared to calculate the differences. Differences in voltage amplitudes affect the amount of reactive power flow. The active power flow is influenced by differences in the voltage phasors. The system operators utilize amplitude, phase and frequency of the voltage to monitor the power flow and stability conditions. This paper proposes to create a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) for the comparison of phase angles in the power system and that can measure and record voltage, current and frequency of the system. The PDC has been the time form the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). The PMU synchronizes time using Global Positioning System (GPS). This guarantees that the electrical values are measured exactly at the same time and that the differences of phasor of more than two points can be compared. This paper is divided into two parts, the first part is the simulation. The model is simulated using the PSCAD / EMTDC. The other part will be the installation. The actual value of the power station, two stations with the results. Keywords-component; Phasor Data Concentrator; Phasor Monitoring Unit; PSCAD/EMTDC

The PDC provides significant advantage for monitoring the status of power system. When critical situation occur, such as power swing, voltage stability, PDC detects them early and indicates them. The PDCs purchased from foreign companies are expensive. It is not allowed to modify the configuration and the applications of the system. This makes the operators depends on the oversea manufacturer. Any adjustment on the PDCs software may require an additional cost. II. THE CONCEPT OF PHASOR DATA CONCENTRATOR The Phasor Data Concentrator consists of three important parts. The first part is a central unit. The central unit is a computer based server that receives and collects data from the Phasor Measurement Unit via TCP/IP. The software application in the PDC is to manage, display and record data receives from the PMU. The second part is data storage, when the central unit that collects data from The PMU and stores them in the database. The last part is the Human Machine Interface (HMI) that functions as a displays unit and controls the whole system, as show in Figure 1.

I.

INTRODUCTION

A Phasor Measurement System is important equipment which is used for measuring of the amplitude, phase and frequency of the bus voltage in real time. Amplitudes and phases of each station are than compared to calculate the differences. Differences in voltage amplitudes affect the amount of reactive power flow. The active power flow is influenced by differences in voltage phasors. The system operators utilize amplitude, phase and frequency of the voltage to monitor the power flow and stability conditions The Phasor Data Concentrator is to bring together data from the PMU into a single measurement set. All data will be sent to a PDC. The PDC will provide all the input data to be displayed. It is also used for data recording during normal operation or disturbances [2]. The PMUs are measuring devices installed in the electrical station. They connected to current and voltage transformer. The PMUs clock must be synchronized by Global Positioning System (GPS) [5] in order to keep correct time stamp to the measured signals. These time-synchronized the PMUs measure value from distributed measuring points in the power system. III.

Figure 1. Phasor Monitoring System

PDC COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

IEEE C37.118-2005 protocol [1] provides data communication protocol between Phasor Data Concentrator and Phasor Measurement Unit. C37.118-2005 protocol consists of the following values.

978-1-4673-1705-4/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

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Data Frame format Configuration Frame format

Time stamp, Frame Type, Phasor, Analogs, Digitals Time stamp, Frame Type, Phasor Types and Names, Analog Types and Names, Digital Types and Names Figure 2 illustrates the communication between the PDC and the PMU in orders. The PDC sends a request for a Configuration Frame to the PMU. When the PMU has received the request from the PDC it will send Configuration Frame to the PDC. The PDC checks the Configuration Frame then sends the start command to the PMU. The PMU then sends the Data Frame until it receives the stop command from the PDC.

The measured values sent from different the PMUs locations will be checked for a time stamp. If they do not have GPS to identify the time stamp, the comparison signals is not valid. GPS is necessary for time synchronization. The measured value is the value corresponding to each measuring point at the same time. V. SIMULATION Anderson and Fouad used IEEE 14-bus system to simulate the interaction of the phase angle between buses with dynamic data [4]. For our work, we model the IEEE 14-bus dynamic system using PSCAD/EMTDC in order to test the PDC algorithm. Figure 5 shows the IEEE 14-bus system equipped with five synchronous machines with IEEE Type-1 exciters and three synchronous compensators for supplying reactive power. The IEEE system includes the governor and AVR models to represent the dynamic behavior of the generators. There are active and reactive loads connected to eleven buses in the system totaling 259 MW and 81.3 MVAR respectively. Figure 4 demonstrates an overview of the procedures taken to verify the functionalities of PMU & PDC. Simulation is first carried out, follow by Hardware Testing and finally Field Testing. In Simulation & Hardware Testing, the fault scenario was simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC. The fault data was then input to PMU & PDC to be processed by Matlab programs (in Simulation procedure) and by actual PMU/PDC hardware (in Hardware Testing procedure). The final results obtained in Simulation and Hardware Testing procedures are compared against each other based on the same fault scenario. Throughout our work, various fault scenarios were simulated and used as inputs to verify the PMU/PDC functionalities. Finally, the actual PMU and PDC were taken to field test in actual substations.

Figure 2. Communicate between PDC with PMU

IV.

THE PDC ALGORITHM

Figure 3 show how the PMU receives a time stamp signal from GPS every 1 second. The PMU then generates its own clock for use in phasor calculation. All The PMU in the system will calculate the voltage phasor, current phasor, and frequency at the same time. This causes the calculation of the voltage phasor, current phasor, and frequency to be synchronized, although the PMUs are installed in different places. The calculated values are sent to the PDC via local area network (LAN). The PDC will show the details of phasor magnitude, phase angle and frequency on the monitoring.

Figure 3. Synchronisation of phasor calculations with GPS signal

Figure 4. Simulation (top), Hardware Testing (middle) & Field Test Plans (bottom)

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Figure 5. IEEE 14 bus model in the PSCAD/EMTDC

Simulation The fault scenario of the generators were simulated by applying a three phase fault between bus no. 1 and bus no. 2 at the fifth second with fault duration of 1 second. The results of the simulation were analyzed using Matlab programs: one for PMU and one for PDC. For PMU simulation, Matlab receives the fault data in text format from the PSCAD / EMTDC, calculates the phasors and arranges the data in IEEE C37.118-2005 standard. For PDC simulation, Matlab communicates with the simulated PMU in order to send and receive phasor data and to record them in the database. Hardware Testing For the same fault scenario, the fault data generated by PSCAD/EMTDC is exported to comtrade file format [6] to be used by Omicron machine which generates the analogue signals that have similar fault characteristics in the PSCAD/EMTDC. The PMU measures the analogue signals from Omicron and sends values in accordance with IEEE C37.118-2005 standard to the PDC. The PDC receives values from PMU and show the results which are then compared with the simulation in the PSCAD/EMTDC. The calculation error that occurs between values from the PDC and values from the PSCAD/EMTDC will be clearly shown in TABLE I. It is important to note that the Omicron had been calibrated and

obtained test certificate from the testing institutions. This is to ensure that the values generated from Omicron are accurate. VI. HARDWARE DETAILS To test the algorithm of the PDC, we have to send PMUs measured signal to the PDC. Therefore, this section discusses the basic structure of the PMU used in this experiment. The PMU system is designed to detect changes in the electrical variables such as voltage, current and frequency therefore helping the operator to control the power systems efficiency. Using the synchronization function provided by the GPS receiver, the PMU system provides accurate and updated measurements of electrical variables which help to respond to the energy requirement better. Not only that, the measurement obtained from the PMU can be used to forecast the behavior of power systems. The standards for PMU testing consists of: receiving signals from GPS satellites by the GPS receiver; synchronizing the PMU signal measured at the input; the conversion of analog signals to digital signals; calculation of phasor [7][8]. The PMU used in our work is made up of seven components as shown in Figure 6. It consists of four major

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functions. The first function is to improve the quality of the signal before processing (box c). The signals received from the voltage transformers and current transformers of the substation are not suitable for use with digital signal processing as noise may be included. It is necessary to adjust the voltage and current signal into an appropriate level (0-3.3 V). We eliminate the anti-aliasing signal and interference from the measurement system using a low pass filter. The second function is the measurement and calculation using dsPIC33FJ256MC710A microcontroller (box b). This is a 16-bit microcontroller and is suitable for the calculation of the digital signal processor. This device includes a 10-bit analog to digital signal converter and within the chip. It process four voltage inputs and four current inputs (box f). It uses analog input signal 8 channels for the process. The signals from 8 channels are sampled simultaneously using sample & hold circuit. Then the current and voltage samples will be used to calculate phasor and frequency. The third function is receiving signals from satellites. The satellite sends clock signals every 30 seconds which is received by the GPS receiver (box e). Then the GPS receiver will generate its own clock which is synchronized with the satellites every second. The clock signal will be used in phasor voltage calculation in each of the PMU. It will be used for comparing the differences of each signal sample point at the same time stamp. The fourth final function is the management, configuration, performance, communication between the PMU and the PDC, the data packaging, and display (box g). This module used microcontroller ARM 9 (box d) with Linux operating system that manages all computing processes within the PMU.

VII. TEST SETUP AND RESULTS This test is divided into three tests for comparisons: 1. 2. 3. Pre-Fault Fault Post Fault

Figure 7 shows the comparison between the measured value from the PDC (top) and the simulation from the PSCAD/EMTDC (bottom) between bus no. 1 and bus no. 2. It can be seen that 0 to the 5th seconds is pre-fault. The difference of the phase angle is approximately 13 degrees. At the fifth second, the fault occurred. The phase angle swings again around the middle point of 13 degree for simulation test. It may result from the non-instantaneous measurements because of the measurement is done by the timing of the clock of the GPS in the PMU. In this case, the value was sent by the PMU every 100 milliseconds. At the sixth second the breakers at bus no. 1 and bus no. 2 tripped and the angle swings again until it reaches steady state condition as before.

Figure 7. Comparison between bus no. 1 and bus no. 2

Figure 8 shows the comparison between bus no. 1 and bus no. 3. The Phasor in PDC testing is about 17 degrees but that in simulation testing is around 16 degrees. The phase angle during fault appears to be less swing.

Figure 8. Comparison between bus no. 1 and bus no. 3

Figure 6. Component of the PMU a) power supply, b) Phasor calculators, c) Signal Conditioner, d) ARM 9, e) GPS, f) Input Channels, g) Display

Figure 9 shows the comparison between bus no. 1 and bus no. 5. The phase angle of the PDC testing is about 9 degrees but in simulation testing it is around 8 degrees. The both results are similar.

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calculated the magnitude and phase voltages and system frequency then sent to the PDC in IEEE standard format. The PDC software as shown in Figure 11 was written using Visual C#. The display was divided into five parts. There were Graph Plot to show and compare voltage magnitudes, Phasor to show the phase angle differences, Connection to show the communication process between the PMUs and the PDC, Phasor Detail to show numerical data of magnitudes and phases, and Phasor Setting to set the reference phasor. The communication between the PMUs and the PDC had defined set IP Addresses and Port for secure connection.
Figure 9. Comparison between bus no. 1 and bus no. 5 TABLE I. Bus No. 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 COMPARERISON OF PHASE ANGLE RESULTS Phase angle results between bus
PSCAD PMU Error %

Phasor Graph Plot

3.46

12.1533 15.976 10.4235 8.681

11.7328 15.7099 10.14820 8.4314

1.6653 2.6411 2.8752

Connection

Phasor Detail

Phasor Setting

Figure 11. Monitoring display

Table I summarizes the phase angle results obtained from PSCAD and PMU. Percentage error is calculated where it varies between 1.6 to 3.5%. Measurement error has occurred which could be a result of interference. As at this stage the PMU is still a prototype the measured values are acceptable. Test Result at 230 KV Terminal Station The test set up used two PMUs and one PDC. Each PMU was installed in a 230kV terminal station. Both stations were 18 kilometer apart. The PDC was installed in the same site as one of the PMU as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 12 shows the voltage and current plots of phase A of some parts of the test result. In this testing, we switched on and off the capacitor in the system which resulted in the current increase and decrease respectively. The result was measured at the bus voltage of Station B. It can be seen that the current increased from zero to approximately 234 A when the capacitor was switched on. The voltage ripple occurred at the same time that the current increased.

Figure 12. Results of Voltage (top) and Current (bottom) Figure 10. Map between two stations

PMU A and PDC were installed in Substation A whereas PMU B was installed in Substation B. Both PMUs sent and received data to the PDC via LAN as shown in Figure 10. The PMUs were connected to voltage transformers at the substations. The voltage transformers stepped down the voltage signals from 230kV to 115V. The sinusoidal voltage signals were transformed to phasors in the PMUs. The PMUs

Figure 13 shows the comparaison between the phase voltage A of the PMU1 and the phase voltage A of the PMU2 (top) and phase angle (bottom) between two PMUs. The difference of the phase voltage is approximately 6 percent but this is acceptable because the maximum difference is 7 percent and minimum difference is around 3 percent. . The solid line is measured value of Station A. The value difference may be due to the reason that Station A is far from the Generator.

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REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Figure 13. Comparison Results of PMU 1 and PMU 2 IEEE Std C37.118-2005, IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems Kenneth E. Martin Phasor Measurements in the Western Electric Power System Power Systems Test Case Archive http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/ P. M. Anderson and A. A, Fouad, Power System Control and Stability. IEEE Press, 1994. SIGUARD PDP Phasor Data Processing, Manual IEEE Std C37.111-1999, IEEE Standard Common Formats for Transient Data Exchange P. Komarnicki, C. Dzienis, A. Styczynski, and J. Blumschein., Practical Experience with PMU System Testing and Calibration Requirements., IEEE 2008. Hak-Man Kim, Jin-Hong Jeon, Myong-Chul Shin and Tae-Kyoo Oh., New Design of PMU for Real-Time Real-Time Security Monitoring and Control of Wide Area Intelligent System., B. Gabrys, R.J. Howlett, and L.C. Jain (Eds.): KES 2006, Part II, LNAI 4252, pp. 812 818, 2006.

[8]

Figure 14 shows the phasor plot of some parts of the result of the test. The solid line is the bus voltage of Station A. It was defined to be a reference. The dashed line is the voltage phasor of Station B. The test results show that the phasor voltages differ about 6 degrees in all of the phases. The voltage magnitudes of Station A and Station B are similar.

Figure 14. Phasor result testing

VIII. CONCLUSION The PDC can compare the data from the PMU and display them correctly. It can also record the data in the database server. The PDC enables a system operator to monitor the real time status of power system. When critical situation occurs such as power swing, voltage instability, the PDC helps the system operator to detect them earlier and indicates the source of the problem faster. The PDC is the first to be developed in Thailand. It contributes to research and development as well as to minimize the need to import the technology into Thailand. For future work, the PDC applications can be developed to enhance the presentation of the phasor data to the system operator. An example application is the voltage stability curve for analyzing the sensitivities of the demand on a bus. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to thank Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand (EGAT) for the funding of this work.

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