TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 4 PROBLEM STATEMENT............................................................................................................................ 6 METHOD.................................................................................................................................................. 8 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................... 14

INTRODUCTION
Coastal engineering is one of the parts in civil engineering. Coastal engineering is study the processes happen at shoreline and construction within coastal zone. The coastal zone area is from interaction between sea and land processes occur or more specific air-sea-land interface zone around continents and islands (Firn Crichton Roberts Ltd and University of Strathclyde 2000). The process involves is tides, wave, and other that may cause changes structure of the land. The field involves aspects of near shore oceanography, marine geology, and civil engineering, the erosion of coast and providing navigational access. Coastal engineering are very important at Malaysia because most of Malaysia land is surrounding by coast. In Malaysia, we have west coast, east coast, Sabah coast and Sarawak coast. The importance of coast is to defend it from tsunami, flooding or breaker for the big wave. Most of the coast in Malaysia consist muddy coast and sandy coast. Green coast is preserving the coast before destroyed cause by construction, deforestation of mangrove tree and conserve it. It is because the development of construction may affect the coastal habitats and societies of the coastal area. The way to develop green coast is by maintain and restore their natural ecological system by planting back the mangrove forest because mangroves are complex ecosystems that provide coastal bioshield to save guard coastal habitats and societies from natural disasters. Thus, green coast is very important because it can conserve and preserve the coast from destroyed by any factor such as flooding, tsunami, strong wave surges and other. From our understanding, green coast is an activity to preserve, conserve and maintain the richness of biodiversity element such as mangrove forest, flora and fauna, also fish and animal habitat. This unique habitat and environment are so important because they have benefit to our ecosystem. Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) and Environment Department is one of the authority selected by malaysia government that working on issue conservation, preserve and make research about the coastal area. The main target of green coast is to maintain the ecosystem of coastal region and prevent it from having a pollution problem, erosion and extinction of mangrove forest. The green coast issue started when too many development of construction at coastal and hard engineering occur.
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Furthermore, the demolished of flora and fauna at coastal area are the most importance issue to overcome to avoid extinction of flora and fauna that may affect ecosystem of coastal area. Thus, we have choosen Pantai Sg. Haji Dorani as study area because it provides the opportunity to mitigate erosion as well as improve ecological and socio-economic aspects of coastal areas, both of which are of great importance to local communities and authorities.

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BACKGROUND
Sg. Hj. Dorani is located 90 km to the north of Kuala Lumpur, near Sabak Bernam, on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 1). It is nearly 2.6 km long and has a 1:100 foreshore slope. Bernam River and Perak River both carry huge amount of sediments to the Malacca Strait (Cleary and Goh, 2000), meet the coastline some 40 km away from Sg. Hj. Dorani. Littoral currents distribute this fluvial discharge over the shoreline to the Sg Hj Dorani beach where destruction of the coastal forest decreases the chance of sediment deposition. Therefore, it was anticipated that mangrove replanting in this area could help with trapping the sediment. Recently, the muddy beach of Sg. Hj. Dorani has become subject to engineering and ecological projects on account of the beach critical situation caused by human induced alterations. In 1977, to protect the coastal area against tidal inundation a dyke was constructed along the shoreline by DID. The dyke faced severe erosion during the 1980s. Hence, in 1991, during maintenance, a length of 1.5 km of the seaward slope of the dyke was covered with concrete armour units along the Northern and the Central beaches where the dyke was exposed to the wave action. In order to protect the concrete armour layer from the toe scour, a 5-m-wide rock mat was constructed in front of the toe along the Central beach. Today, the dyke has a crest elevation of 3.20 m above MSL (mean sea level), and the toe elevation is averaged at about 0.75 m MSL. Although the embankment has strongly prevented the shoreline from retreating and protected the agricultural land against flooding, its construction process accelerated mangrove degradation. Moreover, this barrier broke the link between the mangrove and backshore and prevents mangroves from migrating landward. Consequently, the mangrove area has been sandwiched between the dyke from the landward side, and the wave action from the seaward side. In 2006, DMuara Marine Parks construction activity along the Southern beach destructed the existing mangrove forest in the recreational area. Currently, the mangrove forest is limited to an area between Southern and Central beaches that only covers 800 m of the Sg. Hj. Dorani beach. The Sg. Hj. Dorani beach is predominantly covered by mud deposits. Based on a hydrometer analysis with samples taken from the restoration area at depths of 5100 cm, the mud contains a mixture of 22% clay (<2 mm), 56% silt, 17% fine sand (coarser than 60 mm), and 5% organic matter on average. The climatedatawere obtained from the Malaysian Meteorological Department for a periodfrom1992 to 2006. The climate of Peninsular Malaysia ismainly influenced by two monsoons during the year; the Southwest monsoon
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from May to September and the Northeast monsoon from November to March.The period of change between the two monsoons is a transitional period which occurs in April and October. Heavy rainfall often occurs during these two transitional periods (Desa et al., 2001; Suhaila and Jemain, 2007). Tropical climate is experienced year-round with an average annual precipitation of 1790mm. The relative humidity ranges from 80 to 90% and the temperature averages from 22 to 33 C throughout the year. The waves are generally wind-generated waves. The most frequent waves are those from the SW (during the southwest monsoon) and WNW (during the northeast monsoon). The strongest winds occur during the northeast monsoon from WNW with a speed between 10 and 20 knots; winds from the SW, on the other hand, seldom exceed 15 knots. The significant wave height is lower than 1 m around 89% of the time. The significant offshore wave height with a return period of 10 years is 1.50 m. The tidal regime is semi-diurnal with a maximum tidal range of 3.2 m.

Fig. 1. Study area on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Since Sg Hj Dorani is an exposed beach, many young plants are often knocked down and washed away by storm waves and surges.

Wildings of Avicennia scouring and slowly disappeared

Coastal

erosion

is

the

wearing

away

of

land

and

the

removal

of beach or dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents or drainage. Waves, generated by storms, wind, or fast moving motor craft, cause coastal erosion, which may take the form of long-term losses of sediment and rocks, or merely the temporary redistribution of coastal sediments. This is strengthened by reality that this coast was located at Malacca Straits which are the busiest trade route for ships. This will make the coast become shorter in length due to this phenomenon.

Example of coastal erosion

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Due to the strong waves that generated from winds and the ships travelled, the existing mangroves was washed away or knocked down. If no action is taken, the coast will erode and become shorter, hence will sink the existing land and at the worst, it will affect the structures that build along the coast. This will endangered human safety.

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METHOD
Coastal Rehabilitation
Coastal rehabilitation is one of the way towards the green coast. Historically, the coastlines of Malacca Strait have been protected by mangroves, and therefore restoration of these valuable forests is the best option for stabilising the shorelines. It is almost impossible to bring back the pristine condition, but mangrove restoration could still improve the natural protective system because mangroves can mitigate the wave effect on shorelines and simultaneously trap and stabilise sediments (CEM, 2006). In addition, mangrove replanting enhances the ecology and socio-economic aspects of the coastal zone (Valiela et al., 2001; Gilman et al., 2008; Nagelkerken et al., 2008;Walters et al., 2008). To ensure that the rehabilitation effort will be able to assist the natural recovery, an area in the Central beach adjacent to the northwest boundary of the existing mangrove site was selected as the study site by DID. Mangrove restoration in this area was anticipated to enhance the existing mangroves in the neighbouring site by extending the margins of mangroves and augmenting the accretion of sediments on the beach. Also, easy access to the site makes it convenient for construction, restoration, and monitoring.

Fig. 2. Plan view of the multi-structure and the project site

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Detached breakwater, design and construction. Lowwave-energyclimate which is suitable for mangrove to establish its roots in the substrate (CEM, 2006) could be provided by a coastal protective structure (Gilman and Ellison, 2007). For this purpose, a detached multiple structure was considered as the most suitable option for this area. From the environmental viewpoint, low crested structures are more acceptable on account of visual aspects and water quality (Zanuttigh et al., 2005). Moreover, low crested structures produce lower catastrophic environmental impacts (Burcharth and Lamberti, 2004) and minimized morphological side effects in comparison with emerged (traditional) structures. Crest elevation assessment is among the most important parameters in breakwater design which has a significant effect on both hydraulic stability of the structure and the breakwaters function (Dean et al., 1997). A higher crest elevation results in a lower wave transmission, but it increases the amount of required materials (the construction costs). Moreover, smaller armour stones can be used on the seaward slope of a low crested structure (compared to emerged structures) as wave energy can partly pass over the crest (Van der Meer and Pilarczyk, 1990).

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Geotextile tubes
Geotextile tubes of diameters of up to 3m, made up of woven or knitted high strength fabric have been effectively used to control both inland and oceanfront erosion. Length of geotubes is decided based on ease in handling/placing and sand filling.The main tubes are generally flanked by tubes of smaller diameters on upstream side which help in resisting lateral pressure. Also, it is required to provide cover to geotubes to protect them from degradation/damage.

Figure 3. Multiple geotubes stack arrangement for erosion control ( Koerner, 2000).

JPS Malaysia has been working on to construct geotubes along the coast but because of heavy waves occurred, leakages can be easily occured. So JPS has suggested some ways to repair the condition of geotube in Sg. Haji Dorani coast is by :a) Geotube that has leaked lined with a layer of geotextile

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b) On top of this layer of geotextile in place crushed stone as a coating followed by a layer of aggregate grade B (average size 290 mm). c) Reclaimed aggregates up to a peak ("crest level") to the next geotube. d) A layer breakwater "SAUH" made of concrete aggregates arranged on earlier. The construction cost of geotube damaged stretch (about 18 meters long) in October 2011 is estimated at RM60, 000.Geotubes provide the excellent solution for beach erosioncontrol. However, it needs to be protected from damagedue to wave action and ultraviolet light by providingriprap. Also, tidal variation and wave height need to beconsidered in design of geotubes.

Figure 4. Geotubes design implement in Sg. Haji Dorani coast.

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Fig. 5. Sketch map of the positions of wildings, planted wild saplings and seeds at therestoration area.

Breakwater structure 'Geotube 1' has been leaked over 2 meters.

Pictures around the structure Geotube to L Block (distance 530 m long)

o Breakwater construction cost estimate around RM 1 MILLION for 500 m long.

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Comp-Mat Comp-Pillow

Figure 6. Planting at Sg. Haji Dorani

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CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, the success of green coast project at Sungai Haji Dorani will affect the ecosystem of coastal area at the area. The green coast activity such as mangrove restoration and others will make Sungai Haji Dorani as a tourism places and bring the cultural habitat back to its normal. Its because the function of mangrove forest as we know can be a waterbreaker. Furthermore, coastal area at Sungai Haji Dorani has been suffered by erosion of sand. It is probably can cause the surrounding area of Sungai Haji Dorani be destroyed. House and other tourism place will be demolished by the wave. Thus, the movement of wave will lead to surface changes of Haji Dorani coastal area. So, green coast can prevent the changes of structure at Sungai Haji Dorani. Green coast at Sungai Haji Dorani is so importance because we can make Sungai Haji Dorani as tourism place. The green coastal at Sungai Haji Dorani will attract the animal, insect and others to live and breeding at their natural habitat. The mangrove restoration will attract fish and aquatic animal to breeding at mangrove forest and it will become give benefit to tourist because they can look the natural habitat of animal at Sungai Haji Dorani. The local authorities have taken part to promote Sungai Haji Dorani when we can apply green coast at Sungai Haji Dorani area.

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