Day Assignment-worth 10 points, due March 14

On Day, bring enough food or drink (appropriate for school) for 4 people. Before Day on a sheet of paper, write down why your food or drink involve by doing at least one calculation of your food/drink with in your final answer. The following is my example. NO ONE can use it in their assignment! I brought 4 cans of lemonade. I measured one can and found its height is about 12.4 cm and its diameter is 6.6 cm. The surface area of a can is approximately the same as the surface area of a cylinder, which is 2rH + 2r 2 where r=radius and H=height.

SAone _ can 2 (3.3cm)(12.4cm) + 2 (3.3cm) 2 103.62cm 2

So the total surface area of all 4 cans of lemonade I brought is about 4(103.62 cm2 ) 414.48 cm 2 . Make sure you leave your final answer in terms of in at the beginning of the period on Day.

Write your name, period, and column number on your paper to turn

Quiz 6.3 topics: Only scientific calculator is allowed! Section 6.1-6.3 Ch 5 Test mistakes word problems involving bearing, Law of Sines, Law of Cosines, area Proofs of Law of Sines and Law of Cosines Find parallel or orthogonal vectors Vectors: magnitude, direction, angle in between, unit vector

7.1 Solving Systems of Equations 7.1 day 1 p481#1-31(o),35 (graph paper). 7.1 day 2, p482#51-75(o) Many problems in science, business, and engineering involve two or more equations in two or more variables. To solve such problems, you will need to find the solutions of systems of equations. Here are several examples of system of equations: x 2y + z = 0 2x y = 1 a) b) 2 x + 2 y + 3 z = 7 x + 3y = 4 x + 5 y + 7 z = 11

c)

x+ y+z =9 x+z =6

A solution of these systems is an ordered pair that satisfies each equation in the system. Here are four of the many methods to solve these systems of equations. 1. substitution 2. graphical 3. elimination 4. Gaussian Elimination The Method of Substitution Example #1: Solve the system 2x y = 1 using the method of substitution. x + 3y = 4

Example #2: Solve the system

2x y = 1 x + 3y = 4

using the method of graphing.

The equations in a system can be either linear or non-linear. 3x 2 y = 0 Example #3: Solve the system 2 . x + y2 = 4

Exploration: For each of the following systems of equations. Solve by the methods of substitution and graphing. What do you notice about the number of solutions and the number of intersections between the graphs of the equations? 2

a)

y = x2 4 y = x +1

b)

y = x2 y = x 3

c)

y=3 y = x2 + 3

Example #4: Solve the system of equations graphically or algebraically. a) y = ( x + 1)3 y = x 1 b) x2 + y = 4 ex y = 0

7.2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 7.2 day 1, p491#1-39(o) 7.2 day 2, p492#55-69(o),73,75,77 In Section 7.1, we learned how to solve systems of equations using the methods of substitution and graphing. In this section, we will learn how to solve by the method of elimination. The Method of Elimination To use the method of elimination to solve a system of two linear equations in x and y, perform the following steps. 1. Obtain coefficients for x (or y) that differ only in sign by multiplying all terms of one or both equations by suitably chosen constants. 2. Add the equations to eliminate one variable, solve the resulting equation. 3. Back-substitute the value obtained in Step 2 into either of the original equations and solve the other variable. 4. Check your solution in both of the original equations. Example #1: Solve the system of equations by the method of elimination a) x + 7 y = 12 3x 5 y = 10 b) 0.2 x 0.5 y = 27.8 0.3 x + 0.4 y = 68.7

Exploration: Use a graphing utility to graph each system of equations. Determine the number of solutions each system has. a) y = 5x + 1 y x = 5 b) 3 y = 4x 1 8 x + 2 = 6 y c) 2 y = x + 3 4 = y + 1 x 2

Graphical Interpretation of Solutions For a system of two linear equations in two variables, the number of solutions is one of the following. 1. 2. 3. Number of Solutions Exactly one solution Infinitely many solutions No solution Graphical Intepretations The two lines intersect at one point The two lines are identical The two lines are parallel 4

Ex 2 Solve the system of equations. a) 8 x 14 y = 5 2 x 3.5 y = 1.25 b) 2x 3y = 3 2 x + 4 y = 10

Application: 1. Five hundred gallon of 89-octane gasoline is obtained by mixing 87-octane gasoline with 92-octane gasoline. a. Write a system of equations. One equation represents the amount of final mixture required and the other represents the amount of 87-and 92-octane gasoline in the final mixture. Let x and y represent the number 87-octane gallons and 92-octane gallons, respectively.

b.

How much of each type of gasoline is required to obtain the 500 gallons of 89-octane gasoline?

2. A total of $32,000 is invested in two municipal bonds that pay 5.75% and 6.25% simple interest. The investor wants an annual interest income of $1900 from the investments. What is the most that can be invested in the 5.75% bond?

7.3 MULTIVARIABLE LINEAR SYSTEMS day 1, p505#1-25(o) day 2, p506#27-51(o)

day 3, p506#57-77(o)

day 4, p507#83-95(o)

The method of elimination can be applied to a system of linear equations in more than two variables. The goal in using the method of elimination is to rewrite the system of equations in a form to which back-substitution can be applied easily. The following system of equation is in Row-Echelon Form. Use back-substitution to solve the system. 3x + 2 y z = 4 y 3 z = 2 z =1 To solve a system that is not in row-echelon form, one can convert it to an equivalent system that is in row-echelon form by using elementary row operations. Gaussian Elimination Elementary Row Operations 1. Interchange two equations 2. Multiply one of the equations by a nonzero constant. 3. Add a multiple of one equation to another equation.

Example #1: Use Gaussian Elimination to solve the system. 2 x + 4 y + z = 4 2 x 4 y + 6 z = 13 4x 2 y + z = 6

Example #2: Use Gaussian Elimination to solve the system. 5x 3 y _ 2z = 3 a) 2 x + 4 y z = 7 x 11y + 4 z = 3

x + 4 z = 13 b) 4 x 2 y + z = 7 2 x 2 y 7 z = 19

The Number of Solutions of a Linear System For a system of linear equations, exactly one of the following is true. 1. There is exactly one solution. 2. There are infinitely many solutions. 3. There is no solution. A system of linear equations is called consistent if it has at least one solution. A consistent system with exactly one solution is independent. A consistent system with infinitely many solutions is dependent. A system of linear equations is called inconsistent if it has no solution. A system of equations is called a square system when the number of equations equals the number of variables. In a nonsquare system of equations, the number of equations differs from the number of variables. Such systems do not have unique solutions. Example #3: Solve the system of linear equations. x 3 y + 2 z = 18 5 x 13 y + 12 z = 80

Partial Fraction Decomposition A rational expression can be expressed as the sum of two or more simpler rational expressions. Decomposition of N(x)/D(x) into Partial Fractions 1. Divide if improper: If N(x)/D(x) is an improper fraction (degree of N(x) > degree of D(x), divide the denominator into the numerator to obtain N ( x) N ( x) = ( polynomial ) + 1 D( x) D( x) and apply Steps 2, 3, and 4 (below) to the proper rational expression N1 ( x) . D( x)

2. Factor denominator: Completely factor the denominator into factors of the form ( px + q )m and (ax 2 + bx + c) n where (ax 2 + bx + c) is irreducible. 3. Linear factors: For each factor of the form ( px + q )m , the partial fraction decomposition must include the following sum of m fractions. Am A1 A2 + + .......... + 2 ( px + q ) ( px + q ) ( px + q ) m 4. Quadratic factors: For each factor of the form (ax 2 + bx + c) n , the partial fraction decomposition must include the following sum of n fractions. Bn x + Cn B1 x + C1 B2 x + C2 + + .......... + 2 2 2 ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c ) (ax 2 + bx + c ) n Example #4: Write the partial fraction decomposition for 5 x2 + x 6 .

Example #5: Write the partial fraction decomposition for

6x2 + 1 x 2 ( x 1)3

Example #6: Write the partial fraction decomposition for

x3 + 2 x 2 x + 1 x 2 + 3x 4

Example #7: Find a quadratic equation, y = ax 2 + bx + c , whose graph passes through the points (1, 3), (-1, 1), and (-2, 6)

7.4: Matrices and systems of equations hwk: p521#6,12,18-26E,30,34,44,48-60E,68,72,76,82,84 and rev p570#5,18,28,38,45-59odds (Delete rev if not having quiz 7.4)

matrix A=

Order of a matrix=its dimensions: row by column: 2 by 3 Position given by subscript: a12=element in row 1, column2=2

1 2 4 5

3 has 6 elements, 2 rows, and 3 columns. 6

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 has ones in its principle diagonal. 1

Operations that produce equivalent systems: 1. Two rows are interchanged. 2. A row is multiplied by a nonzero constant. 3. A constant multiple of one row is added to another row. Reduced matrix (aka redueced row-echelon form): 1. Each row consisting entirely of zeros is below any row having at least one nonzero element. 2. The leftmost nonzero element is 1. 3. All other elements in the column containing the leftmost 1 of a given row are zeros. 4. The leftmost 1 in any row is to the right of the leftmost 1 in the row above. Ex1 Which of the following matrix is not reduced? Why?

0 A = 1

1 C = 0 0

1 0 0 2 1 2 , B = , 0 4 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1, D = 0 1 0, E = 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

Gauss-Jordan Elimination Procedure

Step1. Choose the leftmost nonzero column and use appropriate row operations to get a 1 at the top. Step 2. Use multiples of the row containing the 1 from step 1 to get zeros in all the remaining places in the column containing this 1. Step 3. Repeat step 1 with next column. Step 4. Repeat step 2 using new column. Step 5. Repeat until entire matrix is in reduced form. Ex2 Solve: 3x1+x2-2x3=2 x1-2x2+x3=3 2x1-x2-3x3=3

3 1 2 x1 2 1 2 1 x = 3 2 2 1 3 x3 3

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3 1 2

1 2 1

2 1 is called the coefficient matrix, 3

2 3 is called the constant matrix, and 3

3 1 2 2 1 3 is called the augmented matrix. 1 2 2 1 3 3 One method to solve is to get the augmented matrix to look like: 1 0 0 j 0 1 0 k 0 0 1 l

We can check our solution on the graphing calculator by typing in the original augmented matrix as a 3 by 4 matrix into matrix A. Back to the main screen, which is MATRIX, MATH B: rref(A). Be sure you know how to reduce a matrix by hand, because you will be expected to do so on the non-graphing calculator section of the quiz. Possible final forms: 1 0 m one solution, consistent, independent. Graph is 2 lines that intersect once. This for for 2-D. In 3-D, the 0 1 n graph looks like 3 planes that intersect at one point.

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 1 m n infinitely many solutions, consistent, dependent. Graph is the same line. 0 0 0 This is for 2-D. In 3-D, there are 2 cases: either all 3 planes are really the same plane or the 3 planes intersect in a single line. 1 m n no solution, inconsistent. Graph is 2 parallel lines that never intersect. 0 0 p This is for 2-D. In 3-D, there are 2 cases: either 3 planes are parallel or the 3 planes intersect NOT in a single line.

Ex3 Solve: 3x1+6x2-9x3=15 2x1+4x2-6x3=10 -2x1-3x2+4x3=-6 3 6 9 15 4 6 10 2 4 6 2 3

1 Reduced matrix is 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 2 4 . How do we read this? Throw away the all zero row. We are left with 2 0 0

equations:

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7.5 Operations with matrices hwk: p536#4,8,14,24,26,30,32,34,38,52,56,60,68-72E,80,82,84,87-94,102,104 Add and subtract matrices with matching elements: only works when dimensions are the same.

4 29 5 Ex 1 10 6 + 6 8 27

12 99

3 2 2 2 Ex 2 5 0 3 4 0 3 1 3
Matrices are commutative and associative under addition, but NOT under subtraction nor multiplication nor division! Commutative: A+B=B+A Associative: (A+B)+C=A+(B+C) Zero matrix has all zero elements in it. When we multiply a scalar k by matrix M, we distribute k to every element of M. Ex 3

5 12 10 2 = 6 9 12

24 18

When we multiply matrices, we must first check that the column number of the first matrix matches with the row number of the second matrix. When match, continue. When mismatch, not defined! Ex 4

4 6

5 1 7 2 4 A = 0

Ex 5

5 3 1 , B = 0 7 . Find AB and BA. What do you notice? 2 6 0

Notice that matrix multiplication is NOT commutative: in general: ABBA, and order matters! If IM=MI=M and I and M are matrices, then I is the identity matrix. The identity matrix is always a square matrix with only 1s in its principle diagonal and zeros everywhere else.

13

1 I = 0

1 0 = 0 1 0

0 1 0
0 1 0

1 Ex 6 Multiply 0 0

1 0 0 0 = 0 1 0 0a b 0 d e 1 g h

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0
c f i

0 0 = ... 0 1

If time: do ex 13.

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7.6 Inverse of a square matrix p547#4,6,14-18E,30,32,38,42,46,52,56,68,74,82-90E Inverse of a square matrix: Let M be a square matrix of order n and I be the identity matrix of order n. If there exists a matrix M-1 st M-1 M=I=MM-1, then M-1 is called the multiplicative inverse of M. Ex 1 Show that B is the inverse of A, where A =

1 1

2 1 ,B = 2 1

1 1

1 Ex 2 Find the inverse of M= 0 2

1 2 3

1 1 . 0

Ex 3 Check the results of ex 2 on graphing calc. Be sure you know how to find the inverse of a matrix by hand, because you will be expected to do so on the non-graphing calculator section of the test. Here is yet another method for finding the inverse of a 2x2 matrix. This method only works for the 2x2. All the previous methods will work for any square matrices. A=

a c

b a . Determinant of A=detA=|A|= c d

b d

=ad-bc.

A-1 =

If det=0, then inverse dne! Why?

d ad bc c ad bc

b ad bc . a ad bc

Ex 4 Find the inverse of A=

2 3

4 . 6

15

Ex 5 Find the inverse of A=

4 1

3 . 1

Solve using an inverse matrix: AX=B A-1AX=A-1B Be careful! Order matters since mult is NOT comm: A-1BBA-1. IX=A-1B X=A-1B Ex 6 Solve using an inverse matrix:

x1-x2+x3=1 2x2-x3=1 2x1+3x2=1

(x1,x2,x3)=(5,-3,-7). This is one solution, consistent, independent.

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7.7 Determinant of a square matrix p556#6,12,26,30,38,40,44,52,58,64,66-68,70-76E For a 1x1 matrix: detA=element of A. If A=[-5.12], then detA=-5.12. Recall from section 7.6: For a 2x2 matrix:
a b a b , then the determinant of A=detA=|A|= =ad-bc. c d c d Notice the notation: a matrix is denoted with brackets[ ], whereas a determinant is denoted with | |.

If A=

For a 3x3 matrix: detA=|A|=a11M11-a12M12+a13M13 For a 4x4 matrix: detA=|A|=a11M11-a12M12+a13M13-a14M14 For a 5x5 matrix: detA=|A|=a11M11-a12M12+a13M13-a14M14+a15M15 For a nxn even matrix: detA=|A|=a11M11-a12M12+a13M13--a1nM1n For a nxn odd matrix: detA=|A|=a11M11-a12M12+a13M13-+a1n M1n

3 Ex Find the det of A= 3 1

4 5 4

2 0 . 1

A triangular matrix is a square matrix with all zero entries either below or above it principle diagonal. An upper triangular matrix has all zeros below its principle diagonal. A lower triangular matrix has all zeros above its principle diagonal. The determinant of a triangular matrix of any order is the product of the entries of its principle diagonal. Ex 4 Find the determinant of the triangular matrix. 4 29 75 38 0 10 6 37 0 0 5 16 0 0 0 1

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7.8 Applications of matrices and determinants hwk: p567#2,6-14E,18,22,28,30-34E and print out ch 8 notes

x1 1 Area of a triangle with vertices (x1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3) is A = x2 2 x3

Choose to get positive area. Ex1 Find the area of a triangle with vertices a) (0,0), (4,1), (2,5) b) (3,-1), (0,-3), (9,3)

y1 y2 y3

1 1. 1

Test for collinear points:

x1
3 points (x1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3) are collinear iff x2

y1 y2 y3

1 1 = 0. 1

x3

Cramers Rule is yet another way of solving matrices:

x1 =

Dx1 D

, x2 =

Dx2 D

, x3 =

Dx3 D

Cramers Rule does not work when determinant is zero. Why? Ex 2: Use Cramers Rule, if possible to solve the system of linear equations. a) 3x+2y= 2 6x+4y=4

b) -7x+11y= 1 3x-9y=9

c) 3x+3y+5z=1 3x+5y+9z=2 5x+9y+17z=4

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Cryptography: My method is NOT the book method; its more efficient. To encode a message, pick a square key and multiply it to the message.

4 3 as the key. Lets say my message is do your hwk. 1 1 Let A=1, B=2, C=3,,X=24, Y=25, Z=26, space=0. So do your hwk is 4-15-0-25-15-21-18-0-8-23-11-0. Write this string of number as a matrix with the same # of row as your key.
Sample I pick A= Message= larger key.)

4 15

0 25

15 18 21 0

8 11 . Use 0 as filler. (If you having a longer message to encode, then choose a 23 0

To encode this message so no one can read it unless they have the key: multiply key to message: 1

3 4 15 1

0 25

15 18 21 0

8 11 23 0

61 75 123 19 25 36

72 101 18

44 31 11

How do we decode a message? Since A[message]=[code], then A-1 A[message]=A-1 [code], so I[message]=A-1 [code], therefore [message]=A-1 [code]. Ex3 Decode: 115-30-4-1-107-28-53-16-62-19-16-4 given that key=

4 1

3 . 1

__________ __________ __________ __________

Rev, p576#1-18 Ch 7 group quiz Correct group quiz Chapter 7 test

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