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A PROJECT REPORT ON INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS.
PROJECT SUBMITTED FOR FULFILLING THE REQUIREMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL PROJECT FOR THE CCCA EVALUATION, ISC YEAR I (2013- 2014)
____________________ TEACHER
_____________________ STUDENT
Flower
Leaf
Tap Root
Auxiliary veins
Time:- Evening Date:- 12/9/2013 Location:- Nursery near Mahila College Common Name:- Sunflower Scientific Name: - Helianthus Annuus Family:- Asteraceae
Fibrous Root
Veins run
parallel to the
length of the leaf
Time:- Morning Date:- 12/9/2013 Location:- At my House Common Name:- Indian Aloe Scientific Name:- Aloe indica Royle Family:- Xanthorrhoeaceae
Roots:In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil. However, roots can also be aerial or aerating (growing up above the ground or especially above water). Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (rhizome).Therefore, the root is best defined as the non-leaf, non-nodes bearing parts of the plant's body. However, important internal structural differences between stems and roots exist.
Characteristics of roots:1. It is negatively phototropic. That is it grows away from light. 2. It cannot synthesis food. 3. Numerous unicellular root hairs increase the surface area of roots so that absorption of water and minerals are easier. 4. It has not got leaves, buds, nodes and internodes.
Types of Root Systems:1. Fibrous Roots:It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns. They develop from the base of stem Fibrous roots are characterized by having a mass of similarly sized roots. In this case the radicle from a germinating seed is short lived and is replaced by adventitious roots. Adventitious roots are roots that form on plant organs other than roots. Most monocots have fibrous root systems. Some fibrous roots are used as storage; for example sweet potatoes form on fibrous roots. Plants with fibrous roots systems are excellent for erosion control, because the mass of roots cling to soil particles.
2. Tap Root:A taproot is an enlarged, somewhat straight to tapering plant root that grows downward. It forms a center from which other roots sprout laterally. Tap roots are characterized by having one main root (the taproot) from which smaller branch roots emerge. When a seed germinates, the first root to emerge is the radicle, or primary root. In conifers and most dicots, this radicle develops into the taproot. Taproots can be modified for use in storage (usually carbohydrates) such as those found in sugar beet or carrot. Taproots are also important adaptations for searching for water, as those long taproots found in mesquite and poison ivy.
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Tap Roots
Develops from the part of the plant other than the radicle. A Primary root with branches arising from it. Primary root persists throughout the life. Underground. Penetrate deep into the soil as compared to Adventitious
roots.
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Modifications of Tap roots:1. For Food Storage:a. Fusiform: - The modified tap root is thickened in the middle and tapers towards
both ends. e.g., Raphanus Sativus (Radish).
b. Napiform: - The modified tap root is greatly swollen at the base, but abruptly
narrows into a tail-like portion. e.g., Beta vulgaris (Beetroot).
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c. Conical: - The modified tap root is conical. It is broad at the base and gradually
tapers towards its apex. e.g., Daucas carota (Carrot).
d. Tuberous: - The modified tap root is swollen without any definite shape. It is
always produced singly and not in clusters. Ex. Mirabilis (4 oclock plant).
2. Nodulated Roots:The roots having the irregular or the round mass or a lump called nodules within the cells are known as nodulated roots. The roots of leguminous plants possess these characteristic swelling nodules which are caused by colonies of nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium).
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3. Respiratory Roots: Roots need air for respiration and they get this air from small spaces in the soil. In marshy areas, this air spaces get filled with water and roots cant respire. In such areas, upright roots arise from the ordinary roots and are called as pneumatophores. It has lenticels present in large numbers for the exchange of gases.
Narara
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Modification of Adventitious Roots:1. For Food Storage:a. Tuberous root: - The modified adventitious root is swollen without any definite
shape. It is always produced singly and not in clusters. e.g., Ipomoea Batotas (Sweet Potato)
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d. Nodulose roots: - The root becomes swollen at its tip. e.g., Curcuma amada,
(mango ginger)
e. Buttress root: - Appear from the basal part of the stem and spread in different
directions. e.g., Ficus, Bombax, Terminalia, etc.
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2. For Support:a. Prop Roots: - The adventitious roots arise from the horizontal branches and grow
vertically downwards. After reaching the soil they become thick and woody. Thus, they function as pillars giving mechanical support to the branches. Hence, they are also known as columnar roots. e.g., Ficus benghalensis (Banyan)
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b. Stilt Roots: - The adventitious roots arise from the lower part of the main stem and
grow obliquely towards the soil. They serve to keep the plant erect by giving additional support. e.g. Pandanus
c. Climbing Roots: - These roots arise from the nodes and help in attaching the
climbing stem firmly to a support like a tree or a wall, by various mechanisms. e.g., Piper betel, Pothos
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3. For vital functions:a. Epiphytic root: - In epiphytes like orchids which grow on other plants, special
adventitious roots called epiphytic roots are produced. The outer region of the root is made up of a special tissue called the velamen. This tissue absorbs moisture from the air and makes it available to the plant. These roots do not penetrate the host tissue like parasitic roots. e.g., Vanda
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