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Some slides taken and adapted from FEMA presentation by Adam Reeder, PE, CFM from presentation Wind Provisions of the 2009 International Building Code and International Residential Code
Agenda
Wind effects on structures About the PR Building Code Wind Load Provisions for Buildings Definitions and terms used in all Procedures Alternative Procedures of Analysis Simplified Analytical (Low rise or high rise) Wind Tunnel Examples of calculation of horizontal wind pressures Cylindrical Structures
VI
EN
TO
Internal Pressures
There is always some internal pressure, unless the building is completely open. Partially enclosed buildings have the highest internal pressures. It is important for doors and windows to resist the wind pressure and impact of flying objects.
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Adoption Dates
March1, 2011
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Designing for Wind Loads using the IBC and ASCE 7-05 The primary source for wind loads in the IBC is ASCE 7. The following is a summary of important aspects of ASCE 7-05.
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Main vs Components
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0.85
0.85 0.85 0.95
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II
III
IV
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Category C Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 9144 mm Flat open country Grasslands Water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions Category D Flat, unobstructed areas Smooth mud flats Salt flats Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
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Category C Not Category B or D Category D Applies where Surface Roughness category D prevails in the upwind direction for at least 5,000 ft or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater
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Exposure Categories
Exposure Category B
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Exposure Categories
Exposure Category C
Exposure Category D
Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
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H Lh x z
Height of hill or escarpment relative to the upwind terrain, in meters. Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, in meters. Distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest to the building site, in meters.
Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis Height above ground surface at building site, in meters. CIAPR June 18-20 2012
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The hill, ridge or escarpment protrudes above the height of upwind terrain features within a 2 mile radius in any quadrant by a factor of two or more. The structure is located in the upper one-half of a hill or ridge or near the crest of an escarpment. H/Lh 0.2. H 4.5 m for Exposure C and D and H 18 m for Exposure B.
3 4 5
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K1
K2
K3
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Hill Shape
B 2-D Ridges (or valleys with H) 2-D Escarpments 3-D Axisym. Hill
Exposure
C D
escarpment relative to the upwind terrain, in meters. Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, in meters.
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Hill Shape
Upwind of Crest
Downwind of Crest
1.5
1.5
2.5 4
1.5 1.5
4 1.5
Lh
Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, in meters. Distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest to the building site, in meters. Height above ground surface at building site, in meters. Horizontal attenuation factor. 34
Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis Height attenuation factor. CIAPR June 18-20 2012
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2
Notes: 1.Linear interpolation between values is permitted. 2.For H/Lh > 0.5, assume H/Lh = 0.5 for finding K1 and substitute 2H for Lh for finding K2 and K3. 3.Multipliers assume wind approaches along the direction of maximum slope.
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Note: Where combined gust-effect factors and pressure coefficients (GCp), (GCpi) and (GCpf) are given in figures and tables, the gust-effect factor shall not be determined separately.
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Open
Partially Enclosed
Ao > 1.10Aoi AND Ao > 0.37 m2 OR Ao > 0.01Ag (whichever is smaller) AND Aoi / Agi 0.20 Aoi = sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof) not including Ao, in m2 Agi = sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope (walls and roof) not including Ag, in m2
Enclosed
Velocity pressure qz
Velocity pressure
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(GCpi)
Open
Partially Enclosed
Note: Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the internal surfaces, respectively.
Enclosed
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Section 6.6
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Building has a symmetrical cross section Building exempted from torsional load cases
Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
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Step 3
Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7
Exposure Category
Height and Exposure Adjustment, Design pressure at 30 ft ps30 shall be determined Topographic amplification factor calculated. Wall and roof pressures calculated. Check Minimum Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
Sec 6.5.6
Fig 6-2 Fig 6-2 Sec 6.5.7 Sec 6.4.2.1.1 or Sec 6.4.2.2.1
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Fig 6-2
Simplified Method
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Applicability
Building is regular-shaped Building is not subject to the following:
Across-wind loading Vortex shedding Instability due to galloping or flutter Channeling effects Buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
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Step 3
Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7
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Velocity pressure
Cylindrical Structures
ASCE 7-05 does not consider buildings with shapes different from rectangular or combinations of rectangular.
The only guidance for cylindrical structures is in the section on Other Structures (Sec 6.5.15). The total lateral load is calculated from equation 6-28
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Other Structures
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Example
Rectangular building Plan dimensions 70 x 70 Height = 60
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Story Heights 12
70
12 12 24
Plan View
Elevation
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Select a = 3, 2a = 6
Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
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PA = 33.4 psf PC = 22.1 psf Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
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1 2 3
4
Total
62.2
12
41.2
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18.8
188.1
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Select a = 3, 2a = 6 Select values of GCpf for zones 1, 1E, 4, 4E GCpf1 = 0.40, GCpf1E = 0.61 GCpf4 = -0.29, GCpf4E = -0.43
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Windward p1 = 59.5(0.40 + 0.18) = 34.5 psf p1E = 59.5(0.61 + 0.18) = 47.0 psf Leeward p4 = 59.5(-0.29 + 0.18) = -6.5 psf p4E = 59.5(-0.43 + 0.18) = -14.9 psf
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1 2 3
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Total
61.9
12
41.0
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18.7
187.3
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Height, z, ft 24 36 48 60
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Total Area, p sqft 56.2 61.4 63.9 65.8 70x12 70x12 70x6
Force kips
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Summary of examples
Calculated Base Shear Forces
Procedure Calculated Base Shear Force, kips 188.1 187.3 250.9 92 for smooth surface, 147 for rough surface % Difference from Simplified Procedure 0 -0.4 33.4 -51.1 -21.9
Simplified Analytical, Lowrise Analytical Cylindrical, other structures, note plan area is not the same
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Figure 26.5-1A: Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Category II Buildings and Other Structures
Figure 26.5-1B: Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Category III and IV Buildings and Other Structures
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Questions?
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