Study Guide

CHAPTER 2 ---- Test on October 31, 2013

Name ______________________________________________________ Date ___________________

Lesson 1:
1. __________________________ not formed from living things or the remains of living things
2. What are the five things that are always true about a mineral?
a. ________________________________
b. ________________________________
c. ________________________________
d. ________________________________
e. ________________________________
3. The color of a minerals _______________________________ is called its steak?
4. __________________________________ a property of a mineral that describes it splitting easily
along flat surfaces.
5. __________________________________ a property of a mineral that describes it breaking apart in
an irregular or jagged way.
6. Because a mineral has ______________________________________________________, if I broke a
mineral into tiny pieces, each piece would still be the same crystal structure THROUGHOUT!
7. _______________________ how light is reflected from a minerals surface
8. _______________________ a narrow channel or slab of mineral that is different from the surrounding
rock
9. Some minerals are pure _______________________________. This means they contain only 1 kind
of atom.
10. ______________________________ a solid formed from the arrangement of the particles within a
mineral repeating over and over again.
11. Geologists rub a mineral against a piece of unglazed tile to observe its _____________________. This
can help to identify a mineral.
12. ___________________________________ the process by which atoms are arranged to form a
material with a crystal shape
13. Minerals that form deep inside Earths crust form by _____________________________ of melted
materials.
14. Minerals that from on/at Earths surface form when solutions __________________________.
15. Examples of minerals:
a. Halite: formed by evaporation
b. Diamond: hardest mineral
c. Copper, silver, gold: occur in nature in a PURE FORM not as part of a compound
d. Talc: softest mineral
e. Galena shiny mineral with metallic luster
16. Examples of things that are NOT minerals:
a. Brick
b. Cement
c. Steel
d. Glass
17. ____________________________ a mixture that forms when a mineral dissolves in hot water
Hardness:

The hardest known mineral _____________________________

What would happen if you rubbed a soft mineral with a harder mineral? ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is the softest mineral on Mohs Hardness Scale? __________________________________
What is the hardest mineral on Mohs Hardness Scale? _________________________________
How do we test the hardness of a mineral? __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

18. How is a geode formed? ________________________________

Lesson 2
19. ____________________________________ describes rock where the grains are large and easy to
see.
20. ____________________________________ rock that forms from the cooling of magma below the
surface or lava at the surface.
21. ____________________________________ comes from deep underground WAY below Earths
surface
22. Metamorphic rock is formed from great ______________________ and _______________________
below Earths surface.
23. Examples rock:
a. Conglomerate sedimentary rock with round edges
b. Shale sedimentary rock formed when water deposits tiny particles of clay in very tiny, flat
layers
c. Granite Igneous rock - most abundant intrusive rock in the continental crust
d. Granite was also used in the 1800s to build bridges and buildings
e. Chalk sedimentary, organic rock made of microscopic living things in the ocean
f. Marble and slate most useful metamorphic rocks
g. Breccia sedimentary rock with rock fragments with sharp edges
h. Limestone sedimentary rock used in making cement; made from ancient coral reefs buried by
sediments
i. Coal sedimentary rock formed from thick layers of plant and animal remains
j. Slate metamorphic rock that has a fine-grained texture (particles can be seen only with a
microscope)
k. Marble and Quartzite nonfoliated metamorphic rocks
24. What determines a rocks texture?
a. _________________________________________
b. _________________________________________
c. _________________________________________
25. A rock is made up of a mixture of __________________ and other materials.
Lesson 3
26. Igneous rock that cools ________________________ when it forms may have a texture that is smooth
and shiny.
27. Igneous rocks formed from lava ______________________________
28. Igneous rocks formed from magma ________________________________

29. Igneous rocks that cool slowly __________________________________ forms minerals with large
crystals.
30. _______________________ igneous rock that formed from lava that erupted onto Earths surface
31. _______________________ molten rock below Earths surface
32. _______________________ molten rock at Earths surface
Lesson 4
33. ____________________________ the process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind
carrying it
34. ____________________________ the process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue
particles of sediment together
35. ____________________________ the process by which layer upon layer of sediments are pressed
together
36. ____________________________ the carrying away of rock fragments by water, wind, or ice
37. ____________________________ small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things
Lesson 5
38. ________________________ rocks are classified according to their arrangement of the grains that
make up the rock.
39. ________________________ describes a metamorphic rock that has grains arranged in parallel
40. ________________________ describes a metamorphic rock that has grains arranged randomly this
causes these rocks to NOT split into layers
41. The heat that changes rock into metamorphic rock comes from the heat of the
_____________________.
42. What are the three things that can change a rock into a metamorphic rock?
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
Lesson 6
43. ___________________________________ a series of processes that slowly changes rocks from one
kind to another kind.
44. Possible stages in the rock cycle:
Erosion
Weathering
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Heating/Pressure
Melting
Deposition
Compaction
Cementation
45. In the rock cycle, melted rock from the ___________________________ moves upward when oceanic
plates move apart.

POSSIBLE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

*Explain why metamorphic rock rarely forms at Earths surface

*Compare and contrast the formation of coarse-grained and fine-grained rock. Give an example of each.

*Describe how the three major types of sedimentary rocks are formed.