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Holy Bible, King James Authorized Version, The Book of Revelation, chapter 12
them all. For each spectator and beholder of the human drama, the common world they knew was coming to an end, the end of times. William Butler Yeats gathers all their fear, all their wonder, their confusion and their chaotic feelings into a vortex, a universal one. In that state of disorder, the human beings were just turning and turning in the widening gyre. Many others went through this before- it was not the first war, but the First World War. The history repeating itself on a larger scale seems to be prefiguring the end of the actual world, and its transfiguration into a new, obscure one. As well as Christians perceived (and still perceive) it, the end was nothing else but a beginning in Butlers vision- a dangerous one though. The poet used the image of the gyre (two conical spirals, one situated inside the other) in order to define the succession of two distinct periods in history, delimited by an unprecedented, unparalleled event- the war. The European warlike symbol, the falcon, is invoked from the very beginning of the poem. Hallucinated, the bird (the only being that seems to possess some sort of control in the whole chaotic tableau) rises above an unrecognizable world, in full process of destruction and disintegration: Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold. Everything is dissipating. The distance is increasing, the falcon cannot hear the falconer anymore; the soar reveals the inside desire of each war participant to escape from the continuous whirl that keep them captives on the ground of a murderous, cruel history. The war equals the reversal of the moral values. The iniquity and the evildoing are released all over the world: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, / the blood-dimmed tide is loosed. The red color of the blood stains every pure thing: Everywhere the ceremony of innocence is drowned. In these catastrophic times, the power lies within the wrongdoing, the worst are full of passionate intensity while the best lack all conviction. During a conflict on such a large scale, the crisis is a physical one, as well as it is a spiritual, a psychological one. Under the supremacy of death and hate, the human being cannot be the same anymore. It is permanently turned upside down. And there comes the only possible explanation the poet can give to the world: Surely some revelation is at hand; / Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The cause of all these twisted and uncontrollable happenings seems to be located on a higher level, superior to the
human, palpable and touchable experience. Incomprehensible forces are at work in de-creating and re-creating worlds. Suddenly, the trembling voice starts to draw a potential image of the future world, which is on the verge of being brought into existence: a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi/ Troubles my sight. It is not a pleasant panorama, but each individual mind can grasp the gravity of the moment, because of the Spiritus Mundi- that single vast intelligence to which everyone in linked. Thus, making use of universal symbols, the poet succeeds in imaginarily representing a mystical picture, which might also be shaped in the mind of the reader. The image of the Egyptian sphinx captures the attention in the second stanza, being rather described than named: a waste of desert sand; / A shape with lion body and the head of a man,/ A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,/ Is moving its slow thighs. The ancient monumental figure, lacking human, compassionate and kindly features, can be seen on its way to Bethlehem, after twenty centuries of stony sleep. Again, making use of the biblical symbols, William Butler Yeats unveils his vision regarding the confusing and mixed-up events the world around him is actually facing. 2000 years- a stony sleep- passed as a dream. A creature is about to be born again, after all this time, in Bethlehem, but not in the same magic, divine atmosphere. Its birth is not announced by a choir of angels, but by the shadows of the indignant desert birds. It is not sought by the Wiseman, in order to receive the gifts a prince must receive. It is a Second Coming, but not the one of Jesus Christ, as some may expect. The child is not the Son of God, but a rough beast, materialized through the image of the Egyptian sphinx. The nightmare has begun; caused by the rocking cradle. It is the end of times, the beginning of another world. The gyre is still whirling, the new age has come, and the question that rises in the heart of the world remains unanswered: what happens next? The indefiniteness defines the future. The uncertainty is the key word of the new era. Apart of being a musical poem, because of the incantatory repetitions and echoes, The Second Coming is also a symbolical poem, embodying the dramatic image of a world in a tumultuous process of destructiveness, under the supremacy of war. War is a poor chisel to carve out tomorrow. (Martin Luther King, Jr. )
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