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Board of Intermediate Education

Junior Inter - Physics
Model Paper (English Version)
Time: 3 Hours SECTION - A I. 1) Answer All the questions. 2) Each question carries TWO marks. 1. 2. 3. 10 2 = 20 Max.Marks: 60

4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

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What are fundamental forces in nature? Distinguish between accuracy and precision. the angle made by the vector with X-axis? State sign of work done by a force in the following. the bucket. b) Work done by gravitational force in the above case. west to east (or) east to west? What is Magnus effect? measured on Centigrade scale (or) Fahrenheit scale? thermodynamics? molecular motion.

The vertical component of a vector is equal to its horizontal component. What is

a) Work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of well by means of a rope tied to

If the polar ice caps of the earth were to melt, what would be the effect of the length of the day?

What is the period of revolution of geostationary satellite? Does it rotate from

Do the values of Coefficient of expansion differ, when the temperatures are

9.

Define thermal equilibrium. How does it leads to Zeroth Law of

10. Name two prominent phenomena which provide conclusive evidence of

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SECTION - B
II. 1) Answer any SIX questions. 6 4 = 24 2) Each question carries FOUR marks. 1 11. Derive an equation x = vot + at2 using graphical method, where the terms have 2 usual meaning. 12. Show that maximum height reached by a projectile launched at an angle of 45 is one quarter of its range. 13. Why is pulling the lawn roller preffered than pushing it? 14. State and prove perpendicular axes theorem? 15. What is orbital velocity? Obtain an expression for it? 16. Explain surface tension and surface energy.

17. Explain the concept of elastic potential energy in a stretched wire and obtain expression for it. 18. Derive a relation between two specific heat capacities of a gas on the basis of first law of thermodynamics?

III. 1) Answer any TWO questions.

19. State and prove Law of conservation of energy in case of freely falling body.

20. Show that motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic and hence derive an equation for its time period. What is second's pendulum? 21. State Boyle's Law and Charles Law. Hence derive ideal gas equation. Which of the two Laws is better for the purpose of thermometry and why?

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SECTION - C
2) Each question carries EIGHT marks.

2 8 = 16

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ANSWERS
SECTION - A
1. What are fundamental forces in nature? A: There are four fundamental forces in nature. They are used to study microscopic and macroscopic properties. They are 1) Gravitational force 3) Strong nuclear force 2. 2) Electromagnetic force 4) Weak nuclear force

Distinguish between accuracy and precision?

A: Accuracy: The closeness of measured value to the true value of quantity is called accuracy.

3.

The vertical component of a vector is equal to its horizontal component. What is the angle made by the vector with X-axis. A: Let A be a vector. Its vertical component is A sin , horizontal component is A cos. sin Given A cos = A sin = 1 tan = 1 = 45. cos

4.

A: a) Work done by man in lifting bucket out of well by means of rope is positive. Angle between lifting force and displacement is 0. W = FS cos 0 = FS b) Work done by gravitational force is negative. Angle between gravitational force and displacement is 180. W = FS cos 180 = FS

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If smaller is the value of error larger will be accuracy. State sign of work done by a force in the following b) Work done by gravitational force in the above case.

Precision: The limit (or) resolution of the quantity measured with given instrument is called precision. If smaller the value of least count, larger the value of precision.

a) Work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of well by means of rope tied to the bucket.

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5. A: If the polar ice caps of the earth were to melt, what would be the effect of the length of the day? Earth rotates about its polar axis. When ice of polar caps of earth melts, mass concentrated near the axis of rotation spreads out, moment of inertia increases. 2 L = I = I T when T increases, length of the day increases. 6. What is the period of revolution of geostationary satellite. Does it rotate from west to east (or) east to west? A: The period of revolution of geostationary satellite is 24 hours. It revolves round

7.

A: The dynamic lift due to spinning is called Magnus effect. 8.

5 A: Yes. Because C = F 9 9. thermodynamics?

A: Any state of system in which thermodynamic co-ordinates (P, V, T) remain unchanged is called thermal equilibrium.

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the earth at a constant speed once per day over equator from west to east. What is Magnus effect? measured on Centigrade scale (or) Fahrenheit scale? concept of temperature. TA = TC, TB = TC TA = TB molecular phenomena.

Do the values of coefficient of expansion differ, when temperatures are

Define thermal equilibrium. How does it leads to Zeroth Law of

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. It leads the

10. Name the prominent phenomena which provide conclusive evidence of

A: 1) Diffusion 2) Brownian motion

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SECTION - B
1 2 11. Derive an equation x = vot + 2 at using graphical method, where the terms have their usual meaning. A: Consider a body moving with an initial velocity 'v'o, after 't' seconds it gains a velocity 'v' . The graph plotted between velocity vo versus time. 'a' is uniform acceleration of the body. Area under v - t graph gives displacement of the body. Displacement x = area of trapezium OABC

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v vo
vo
O t C = Area of ADCO + area of triangle ABD 1 x = [ OC OA] + AD BD 2 1 = t vo + 2 t (v vo) v vo From the def. of acceleration a = t v vo = at 1 x = vot + 2 (at) t 1 2 x = vot + 2 at

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12. Show that maximum height reached by a projectile launched at an angle of 45 is one quarter of its range. A: The maximum vertical displacement of projectile during its journey is called maximum height. u2 sin2 Hmax = 2g The horizontal distance travelled by a projectile during time of flight is called range. u2 sin 2 R = g

13. Why is pulling the lawn roller preffered than pushing it?

A: Pulling: Consider a Lawn roller of mass 'm' on a rough horizontal surface (of statci friction s, rolling friction r). It is pulled by a force 'F' making an angle with the horizontal, resolved into two components 'F cos ' along horizontal and 'F sin' along vertically upwards. Normal reaction N = mg F sin fr = r N = r (mg F sin ) .....................(1) Pushing: A Lawn roller is pushed by a force F, which makes an angle with horizontal, it is resolved into two components F cos , F sin N = mg + F sin fr = r N

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u2 sin2 45 Hmax = 2g u2 1 2 2 = = 2g u2 2g 1 1 u2 = 2 4 g -----------(1)

If = 45

u2 sin (2 45) = g

u2 u2 sin 90 = = ----------(2) g g

from (1) & (2)

1 Hmax = (R) 4

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= r [mg + F sin ] ................(2) fr of eq. (1) < eq. (2) Thus the frictional force is more in pushing than in pulling. Hence pulling is preferred than pushing. N N F sin F F
>

14. State and prove perpendicular axes theorem.

A: The sum of moment of inertia of plane lamina about any two perpendicular axes in its plane is equal to its moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the point of intersection of first two axes. Z I +I =I
x y z

Proof: Consider a rectangular plane lamina. Let 'O' be the origin of the axis. Consider a point 'O' on the plane. r2 = x2 + y2

particle of mass 'm' lying at distance 'r' from

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F cos F mg [Pulling] F sin mg [Pushing]
>

F cos

Force

P(x, y)

moment of inertia of the particle about X - axis is IX = m y2. moment of inertia of the particle about Y - axis is IY = m x2. moment of inertia about Z - axis IZ = m (OP)2 OP2 = r2 = x2 + y2 IZ = m (x2 + y2) = mx2 + my2

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IZ = IY + IX Hence perpendicular axes theorem is proved. 15. What is orbital velocity? Obtain an expression for it? A: The horizontal velocity required for an object to revolve around a planet in a circular orbit is called orbital velocity (vo) (or) the speed of satellite in the orbit is called orbital velocity (vo). Expression: Consider a satellite of mass 'm' revolving round the planet of mass 'M', radius 'R' in a circular orbit of radius r = (R + h), h is height of satellite from the surface of planet. Centripetal force is supplied by gravitational attraction between planet and satellite. Centripetal force mv2 o = Gravitational force. GMm = (R + h) (R + h)2 GM v2 = o R + h vo = GM g= r2 r vo

16. Explain surface tension and surface energy.

A: Surface tension: It is the force per unit length on eitherside of an imaginary line drawn tangentially over the liquid surface. Force being normal to the imaginary line. F Surface tension T = l D.F. = [MT2], Units: N/m Surface energy: It is amount of work done to increase surface area of a liquid. Molecules on the surface film of liquid experience resultant downward force, it try to pull the molecules into the liquid, new molecules move from bottom of liquid to surface to fill the space, do work against downward force, which is stored as Potential energy. Thus molecules on the surface film gets additional P.E. per unit surface area, which is known as surface energy. Surface energy = Surface tension Increase in surface area Units: J/m2, erg/cm2 D.F. [MT2]

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GM = (R + h) GM r R vo = gr h

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17. Explain the concept of elastic potential energy in a stretched wire and obtain expression for it. A: When a wire kept under a tensil stress, work is done against the interatomic forces. This work is stored in the form of elastic potential energy. Let us consider a wire of length 'L', area of cross section 'A' is subjected to a deformation force 'F' along length of the wire. 'l' be the length of elongation of wire, then stress F L Y= = strain A l Y = Young's modulus of material of wire Let 'dW' be the amount of workdone for small elongation 'dl', then

This work is stored in the form of elastic potential energy. The elastic potential energy per unit volume of wire is 1 U = stress strain 2

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YAl (dl) dW = f dl = L from l = 0 to l = l is l The amount of workdone (W) in increasing the length of wire W= 0 YAl YA l2 (dl) = . L L 2 1 l 2 W= Y (AL) 2 L 1 = Young's modulus (strain)2 volume of wire 2 1 W = stress strain volume of wire 2

18. Derive a relation between two specific heat capacities of a gas on the basis of First Law of thermodynamics. A: Relation between two specific heat capacities of a gas is Cp Cv = R. It is also known as Mayer's relation. Consider one mole of an ideal gas having volume 'v' at a pressure 'p' and temperature 'T' in a cylinder with a frictionless piston. When gas is heated at constant volume so that its temperature increases through

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'dT'. Heat supplied is (dQ)v = dU = m Cv dT dU = 1 Cv dT ....................... (1) When gas is heated at constant pressure for same raise of temperature 'dT', this heat is utilised to increase the internal energy and to do the external work. (dQ)p = m Cp dT = 1 Cp dT ....................... (2) The amount of work done to move the piston through the distance 'dx' is dW = F dx = p A dx

19. State and prove Law of conservation of energy in case of freely falling body. A: Statement: Total mechanical energy of a system is constant, if the internal forces doing work on it are conservative and external forces do no work. Proof: Let us consider a body of mass 'm' dropped from a building at a height 'h'. As the body falls freely under gravity its P.E. decreases and K.E. increases. Total energy at A: Kinetic energy (K.E.)A = 0

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Substitute (1), (2), (3) in equation of First Law of thermodynamics dQ = dU + dW Cp (dT) = Cv(dT) + p(dV) [Cp Cv] dT = p(dV) From ideal gas equation p(dV) = R(dT) [Cp Cv]dT = R(dT) dx

dW = p(dV) ................. (3)

Cp Cv = R

SECTION - C

P.E. at A = mgh Total energy (T.E.)A = P.E. + K.E. = mgh + 0 (T.E.)A = mgh ....................(1) Total energy at B: 1 Kinetic energy (K.E.)B = mv12 2

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'v1' be the velocity of the body at point 'B', Potential energy (P.E.)B = mg(h x) 'x' is the distance between A & B, v2 u2 = 2as is applicable, then v12 0 = 2gx (T.E.)B = P.E .+ K.E. 1 = mg(hx) + m(2gx) 2 = mgh mgx + mgx (T.E.)B = mgh ....................(2) v12 = 2gx

20.

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Total energy at point C 1 (K.E.)C = mv2, (P.E.)C = mg (0) = 0 2 (T.E.)C = K.E. + P.E. 1 = mv2 + 0 (Where 'v' is velocity of the body at C) 2 1 (T.E.)C = mv2 2 In between A & C v2 u2 = 2as is applicable v2 0 = 2gh 1 (T.E.)C = m (2gh) 2 h A x B h-x C (T.E.)C = mgh ................... (3) from (1), (2), (3) (T.E.)A = (T.E.)B = (T.E.)C Thus Law of conservation of energy is proved.

Show that the motion of Simple Pendulum is simple harmonic and hence derive an equation for its time period. What is Second's Pendulum?

A: A heavy point sized mass suspended by a massless inextensible, torsionless string is called an ideal Simple Pendulum. The distance between point of suspension and centre of gravity of sphere is known as length of pendulum. Expression of Time period: Consider a Pendulum of length 'l', suspended from a rigid support. 'm' be the mass of the bob. Pendulum is drawn aside by a small angle () and released, bob oscillates along 'BOA'. At extreme position the vertical downward force is weight W = mg; is resolved into mg cos , mg sin . 'mg sin ' is responsible for to and fro motion of the bob. mg cos will balance the tension in the string.

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F = mg sin ..................... (1)
Simple Pendulum

ma = mg sin a = g sin mg cos = T ..................... (2) If is very small, sin a = g sin x a = g = g l l

()

Arc ... Angle = radius

Second's Pendulum: It is Pendulum whose period of oscillation is 2 seconds. T = 2 sec. 21. State Boyle's Law and Charles Law. Hence derive ideal gas equation. Which of the two laws is better for the purpose of thermometry and why? A: Boyle's Law: At constant temperature the pressure (P) of given mass of gas in inversely proportional to its volume (V). 1 P1V1 = P2V2 P PV = Constant V Charles Law: At constant pressure the volume of given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (T). V V T = Constant T V2 V1 = T1 T2

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()
i.e. oscillations of Pendulum are said to be SHM. Time period of a body in SHM is T T = 2 x = 2 g x l g

x - displacement of bob from mean position, the direction of acceleration and displacement wil be opposite to each other. g ax Then a = x l

= 2

displacement acceleration

T = 2

l
g

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At constant volume, the pressure of given mass of a gas directly proportional to its absolute temperature. P2 P1 P P T = Constant = T T1 T2 Ideal gas: A gas which obeys all gas laws at all temperatures and pressures is called an ideal gas. The equation is PV = nRT Derivation apply P1 V1 T1 apply Boyle's Law P2 V Charles Law P2 V2 T1 T2 1 VT P V

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From Boyle's Law P1V1 P1V1 = P2V V = ................ (1) P2 V V2 V2 T1 = V = ................. (2) T2 T2 T1 equation (1) & (2) V2T1 P1V1 = P2 T2 P1V1 P2V2 = T1 T2 PV = Constant (R), T R = 8.314 J/mole/k. mole PV = RT For 'n' moles PV = nRT

Let P1, V1, T1 are pressure, volume, temperature of given mass of a gas. When gas is heated at constant temperature, pressure changes from P1 to P2 volume changes from V1 to V.

When gas is heated at constant pressure, volume changes from V to V2, temperature changes from T1 to T2.

R is called universal gas constant. Its value depends on nature of the gas. For one

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m Where n = M m - mass of gas in gm M - molecular weight Out of Boyle's law and Charles law, Charles law is better for thermometry because with increasing temperature, pressure and volume of a gas also increases.

- R. Sudha Rani

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