Reverse Circulation Requirements

The key to any successful Ammonia process application is the circuit design. All piping should be installed in such a way as to permit any trapped gas to migrate into the recirculator tank.

This is specially designed to minimize cavitation which occurs during the transfer of saturated vapor pressure liquid as liquefied gas like Ammonia,LPG,LNG.,etc. Minimization of the cavitation is accomplished by the pressurized inner structure.

REVERSE CIRCULATION The fluid which escapes from the pump returns to the tank through the so-called recirculation line. This line shall be piped as per the layout and notes below. Teikoku strongly recommends this particular pipe design to avoid any gas from being trapped in any part of the reverse flow line. This also applies for the case, that the pump is frequently shut down and started again. It must be assured, that dissolved or flush gas can return to the suction tank even if the pump is not running.] NOTES TO THE PIPING LAYOUT (1) Piping must continuously rise all the way to the return point. Avoid the dotted line piping. (2) Do not connect the reverse circulation line to liquid filled zone of the tank. (3) Orifice must be installed in a vertical line. (4) Do not install a check valve on the reverse circulation line.

REMARKS 1. The Teikoku data sheet will speicfy the available total head at the pump reverse flange at the required reverse flow rate. In other words, HR is the net pressure available to get the reverse circulation flow back to the suction tank. 2. Reverse line layout and sizing should be made in such matter, that the total flow loss HRL and the static head HRS will satisfy the equation, or 3. Teikoku must be advised of the estimated total loss, i.e. HRS + HRL in advance of final engineering work in order to investigate, whether the pump can generate enough pressure to return the flow to the suction tank. 4. Reverse piping is required for all pumps in parallel service.

The above diagram shows the typical piping of a reverse circulation HRC Series pump. Although the HRC reverse circulation pumps are designed to remove entrained gas from the fluid, careful adiabatic analysis of the entire system is required for successful operation. In addition, the following recommendations are

very important for efficient operation and maximum service life of the product. We recommend that the tank and piping be designed to provide the pump 1.5 times more NPSH availability (NPSHA) than that required by the pump (NPSHR). To maintain NPSHA, it is highly recommended that the selected suction piping should be twice the diameter of the pump suction all the way from the tank to the pump inlet, and that elbows and bends should be minimized as much as possible. Carefully consider the size and selection of valves and filters used in the suction pipe since these are typical sources of flow disruptions that increase flow resistance and cavitation effects. To prevent the formation of gas pockets, minimize horizontal piping and eliminate sharp bends and dips. Be careful not to mechanically stress the pump inlet and outlet. Use properly supported piping with stress buffers like expansion joints or other means to support the weight of piping and reduce the possibility of thermal pipe expansion strain. Where excessive pump discharge capacity is expected, the careful use of an orifice plate on the pump discharge can resolve the problem. Make a positive confirmation that each piping connection is leak free before full system startup.