Cherry blossoms (sakura), often

simply called blossoms (hana) are

a common spring kigo.
Kigo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kigo ( "season word") (plural kigo) is a word or phrase
associated with a particular season, used in Japanese poetry.
Kigo are used in the collaborative linked-verse forms renga
and renku, as well as in haiku, to indicate the season referred
to in the stanza. They are valuable in providing economy of
expression.
Contents
1 History of kigo
2 Kigo and seasons
2.1 Japanese seasons
3 Saijiki
4 Common kigo in Japanese haiku
4.1 Spring
4.2 Summer
4.3 Autumn
4.4 Winter
4.5 New year
4.6 Dispute on attribution
5 Kigo outside of Japan
6 Kigo and haiku: an example
7 Must haiku include a kigo?
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
History of kigo
Although the term kigo was coined as late as 1908,
[citation needed]
representation of and reference
to the seasons has long been important in Japanese culture and poetry. The earliest anthology of
Japanese poetry, the mid-8th century Man'ysh, contained several sections devoted to the
seasons. By the time of the first imperial Japanese anthology, the Kokinsh a century and a half
later (AD 905), the seasonal sections had become a much larger part of the anthology. Both of
these anthologies had sections for other categories such as love poems and miscellaneous (z)
poems.
The writing of the linked-verse form renga dates to the middle of the Heian period (roughly AD
1000) and developed through the medieval era. By the 13th century there were very set rules for
the writing of renga, and its formal structure specified that about half of the stanzas should include
a reference to a specific season, depending upon their place in the poem. According to these
rules, the hokku (the opening stanza of the renga) must include a reference to the season in which
the renga was written.
A lighter form of renga called haikai no renga ("playful" linked verse) was introduced near the end
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The moon is associated with
autumn in Japanese poetry.
of the 15th century.
[citation needed]
Haikai was the linked verse practice followed and elevated by
Matsuo Bash and others until the Meiji period (18671912). Near the end of the 19th century, the
hokku was completely separated from the context of haikai no renga by Masaoka Shiki and
revised and written as an independent verse form which he named "haiku", though retaining the
kigo. In the Taish period (19121925) a movement began to drop the kigo entirely. Today most
Japanese haiku include a kigo, though many haiku written in languages other than Japanese omit
it (see for example Haiku in English).
Kigo and seasons
The association of kigo with a particular season may be
obvious, though sometimes it is more subtle. Pumpkins
(kabocha) are a winter squash that is associated with the
autumn harvest.
It may be less obvious why the moon (tsuki) is an autumn kigo,
since it is visible year round. In autumn the days become
shorter and the nights longer, yet they are still warm enough to
stay outside, so one is more likely to notice the moon. Often
the night sky will be free of clouds in autumn, with the moon
visible. The full moon can help farmers work after the sun goes
down to harvest their crops (a harvest moon).
Japanese seasons
In the Japanese calendar, seasons traditionally followed the
lunisolar calendar with the solstices and equinoxes at the middle of a season. The traditional
Japanese seasons are:
Spring: 4 February5 May
Summer: 6 May7 August
Autumn: 8 August6 November
Winter: 7 November3 February
In categorizing kigo, each season is divided into early, middle, and late periods, as follows:
[1]
Early spring: 4 February5 March
Mid-spring: 6 March4 April
Late spring: 5 April5 May
Early summer: 6 May5 June
Mid-summer: 6 June6 July
Late summer: 7 July7 August
Early autumn: 8 August7 September
Mid-autumn: 8 September7 October
Late autumn: 8 October6 November
Early winter: 7 November6 December
Mid-winter: 7 December4 January
Late winter: 5 January3 February
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A sunflower, a typical summer
kigo.
Saijiki
Main article: Saijiki
Japanese haiku poets often use a book called a saijiki, which
lists kigo with example poems. An entry in a saijiki usually
includes a description of the kigo itself, together with a list of
similar or related words, and some examples of haiku that
include that kigo.
[2]
The saijiki are divided into the four
seasons (and modern saijiki usually include a section for the
New Year and another for seasonless (muki) words). Those
sections are divided into a standard set of categories, and then
the kigo are sorted within their proper category. The most
common categories (with some examples of Japanese
summer kigo) are:
Summer
The Season: midsummer, dog days
The Sky and Heavens: drought, rainbow, the Pleiades at
dawn
The Earth: waterfall, flood, summer field (i.e. the
abundance of summer wildflowers)
Humanity: midday nap, sushi, sunbathing, nudity, swimming pool
Observances: Boys' Day (May 5), A-Bomb Anniversary (August 6)
Animals: jellyfish, mosquito, snake, cuckoo
Plants: lotus flower, orange blossoms, lily, sunflower
Although haiku are often thought of as poems about nature, two of the seven categories are
primarily about human activities (Humanity and Observances).
Common kigo in Japanese haiku
Main article: List of kigo
Japan is long from north to south, so the seasonal features vary from place to place. The sense of
season in kigo is based on Kyoto and its vicinity, since the classical literature of Japan developed
mainly in this area, especially up to the early part of the Edo period (the early 17th century).
[Note: An asterisk (*) after the Japanese name for the kigo denotes an external link to a saijiki
entry for the kigo with a sample haiku from the "Japanese haiku: a topical dictionary
(http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/saijiki/index.html)" website.]
Spring
Spring (haru): the name of season is a kigo or season word. Other combinations are spring
begins (Haru tatsu), signs of spring (haru meku), sea in the spring (haru no umi), spring is
gone (Yuku haru). Higan of spring (T, haru higan, literary beyond the border of this
world), a week around the time of the Spring Equinox (shunbun) is a period set aside for
Buddhists to soothe their ancestors' souls and for visiting graves. This recurs during the
Higan of autumn.
February (kisaragi or nigatsu), March (yayoi or sangatsu) and April (uzuki or shigatsu). The
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The cicada (semi) is a common
late summer kigo.
fourth month (shigatsu) in the Japanese calendar is equivalent roughly to April in the
Gregorian calendar. Therefore end of March (yayoijin) is equivalent to end of spring (haru no
hate).
Warm (atatakashi or nurumu): all spring. As the weather changes from the cold of winter, any
warming is noticed. Water also becomes warm (mizu nurumu).
Spring mist or spring haze (kasumi): all spring. The daytime haze of spring. The nighttime
haze during spring that can obscure the moon is called oboro. Haruichiban, the first strong
southerly wind of spring, is used as a kigo in modern haiku.
Ume blossom: early spring
Uguisu (\, Japanese bush warbler (sometimes translated as Japanese nightingale), Cettia
diphone): early spring. The bird is used as an example of sweet sounds. Uguisu were
mentioned in the preface to the Kokinsh. It is often associated with ume blossoms and new
growth in early Japanese waka and is regarded as a harbinger of spring (T),
harutsugedori, literary "bird that announces the arrival of spring").
cherry blossoms (sakura) and cherry blossomviewing (hanami): late spring (April). For the
Japanese, cherry blossoms are such a common topic that in just mentioning blossoms
(hana) in haiku it is assumed they are cherry blossoms. Blossom-viewing is an occasion for
partying with friends or coworkers.
Hanamatsuri (Blossom Festival), Buddhist festival celebrating the birth of Buddha, on 8 April.
Frogs (kawazu): all spring (FebruaryApril). Noted for their loud singing
Skylarks (hibari): all spring. Noted for their songs in flight, swallows (tsubame) mid-spring,
twittering (saezuri): all spring. The chirping of songbirds
Hinamatsuri (Girl's Day) Doll Festival and Hina (doll): a traditional Japanese festival for girls
on 3 March.
Summer
Summer (natsu); other combinations are: summer has
come (natsu kinu), end of summer (natsu no hate).
Summer holidays (natsu yasumi) means mainly the
school holiday.
May (satsuki or gogatsu), June (minazuki or rokugatsu),
July (fumizuki, fuzuki or shichigatsu)
Hot (atsushi), hotness (atsusa) and hot day (atsuki hi);
also, anything related to the heat, including sweat (ase)
and in contemporary haiku, air conditioning (reib)
Wisteria (fuji), hana tachibana (wild orange blossoms)
and iris (ayame): early summer (May), lotus (hasu or
hachisu): mid and late summer.
Rainy season (tsuyu): the Japanese rainy season,
usually starting in mid June.
Hototogisu (Little Cuckoo: C. poliocephalis)all summer
(MayJuly)the hototogisu is a bird of the Cuckoo family noted for its song
Cicada (semi): late summer (July)known for their cries
Tango no sekku traditional festival for boys on May 5. Festival (matsuri) is applied to summer
festivals of Shintoism for purification. Traditionally it meant the festival of Kamo Shrine in
Kyoto. As a kigo it can be applied to each local Shinto festival.
Autumn
Autumn (aki); other combinations are: autumn has come (aki tatsu), autumn is ending (aki
tsuku), autumn is gone (yuku aki).
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koinobori: ornament of Tango no
sekku. Early summer.
Grapes (bud) are a fruit typically
harvested in autumn.
August (hazuki or hachigatsu), September (nagatsuki or
kugatsu) and October (jgatsu or kannazuki). The ninth
month (kugatsu) in the Japanese calendar is equivalent
roughly to October in the Gregorian calendar. Therefore
the end of September (kugatsujin) is equivalent to end of
autumn (kure no aki).
Typhoon (taif or nowaki), thunder (kaminari)
Milky Way (amanogawa, literally, "river in the heaven"),
because in the autumn it is most visible in Japan. It is
associated with Tanabata.
Moon (tsuki): all autumn (AugustOctober), and
moon-viewing (tsukimi) mid-autumn (September): the
word "moon" by itself is assumed to be a full moon in
autumn. (Moon-viewing and leaf-viewing (momijigari) in
autumn (along with snow-viewing (yukimi) in winter and
cherry blossom-viewing (hanami or sakuragari) in spring)
are common group activities in Japan.)
Insects (mushi) implies singing insects. Also crickets
(krogi): all autumn (AugustOctober)noted for the
singing of the males
Nashi pear (* nashi), Chaenomeles (boke no mi), peach
(momo), persimmon (kaki), apples (ringo) and grapes
(bud) are examples of fruit that are used as autumn
kigo.
Colored leaves (momiji): late autumn (October)a very
common topic for haiku along with related topics such as
the first colored leaves (hatsu momiji) mid-autumn,
shining leaves (teri momiji) late autumn, leaves turning
color (usumomiji) mid-autumn, and leaves start to fall
(momiji katsu chiru) late autumn. Leaf-viewing
(momijigari) is a common group activity.
Scarecrow (kakashi), rice cropping (inekari): rice harvest
and related activities are significant in Japanese life.
Autumn Festival (akimatsuri): autumn festival is mainly a
thanksgiving for the harvest. Other feasts in the autumn,
including Tanabata (the festival of the weaver maiden
and the herdsman in the Heavenly Court), Grave-Visiting
(haka mairi), and Bon Festival (ancestors' spirits come
home to share the ceremonial and festival time with
descendent family, urabon-e)all early autumn
(August)are kigo as well as associated ornaments and
activities like small bonfires called mukae-bi
(welcome-fire for ancestors' spirits) and folk dancing (bon
odori).
Winter
Winter (fuyu), using "winter" in a haiku adds a sense of
chilliness (literally and figuratively), bleakness, and
seclusion to the poem.
November (shimotsuki or jichigatsu), December
(shiwasu or jnigatsu) and January (mutsuki or ichigatsu)
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scarecrow in early autumn paddy
field.
Fallen leaves (ochiba), a symbol
of winter.
New Year fireworks in Bratislava.
Cold (samushi) and Coldness (samusa).
Fallen leaves (ochiba) and dry leaves (kareha): all winter
(NovemberJanuary)just as colored leaves are a clear
sign of autumn, fallen leaves are a sign of winter.
Snow-viewing (yukimi): late winter (January)a popular
group activity in Japan. Also first snow (hatsu yuki) mid
winter, snow (yuki) late winter, and ice (kri) late winter.
Fugu soup (fugujiru), anglerfish or sea-devil stew (ank
nabe), oyster (kaki): seasonal dishes.
Christmas: this is a modern kigo. It was not used in the
Edo period, when Christianity was forbidden.
Calendar vendor (koyomiuri): preparation for the new
year.
New Year's Eve (misoka or toshi no yo, literally "The
end of the year"), and the New Year's Eve party
(toshiwasure).
Kan (kan), days from 5 or 6 January until 4 or 5 February
(literally coldness): derived originally from the Chinese 24 seasonal periods. Also Daikan
("great coldness"), a day around 20 January, or Beginning of Kan season (kan no iri, 5 or 6
January).
New year
This group of kigo is a modern invention. Before Japan began
using the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the Japanese New Year
was at the beginning of spring.
Japanese New Year ( shgatsu) *
(http://hatbox.lib.virginia.edu/servlet
/SaxonServlet?source=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu
/japanese/haiku/HigHaik.xml&style=http:
//etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/long.xsl&clear-
stylesheet-cache=yes&entryid=ganjitsu) As in many
other cultures, the Japanese New Year is an important
time of year for celebrations and there are many
activities associated with it that may be mentioned in haiku, including some "firsts": first sun
(hatsuhi), first laughter (waraizome), and first calligraphy (kakizome). There is also New
Year's Day (ganjitsu).
First sparrow (hatsu-suzume) * (http://hatbox.lib.virginia.edu/servlet
/SaxonServlet?source=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/HigHaik.xml&style=http:
//etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/long.xsl&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes&entryid=hatsu-
suzume) the first sparrow helps welcome the New Year.
New Year's Day customs: kadomatsu * (http://hatbox.lib.virginia.edu/servlet
/SaxonServlet?source=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/HigHaik.xml&style=http:
//etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/long.xsl&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes&
entryid=kadomatsu) (a traditional decoration usually made of pine and bamboo that is place
on the gate or outer doorway), otoshidama (the custom of giving pocket money to children),
toso (a ritual mulled sak only drunk on New Year's Day).
Osechi (traditional Japanese New Year's Day food): Zni * (http://hatbox.lib.virginia.edu
/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/HigHaik.xml&
style=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/long.xsl&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes&
entryid=zoniiwau) (a traditional vegetable broth with mochisticky rice cakes. The
ingredients for zni vary greatly between regions in Japan), seven herbs (nanakusa) and rice
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A large Jacaranda tree in full
bloom.
porridge with seven herbs (nanakusa gayu), eaten in the evening of 7 January (jinjitsu).
Dispute on attribution
Switching from the old Japanese calendar to the Gregorian calendar in 1873 brought about
numerous changes in life in Japan. Even traditional events have been affected by this change.
One typical example is the case of Tanabata. Traditionally the date of Tanabata is seventh day of
the seventh month of the Japanese calendar. The exact equivalent in the Gregorian calendar
varies from year to year, but it is usually in August. Today in many places it is celebrated on 7 July;
hence there is a dispute as to how Tanabata should be treated as a kigo.
Since kigo are affiliated with seasonal events, several modern haiku poets have had to reconsider
the construction of kigo and their attribution to the seasons. One of biggest changes was the
creation of the New Year as a seasonal section for kigo.
Kigo outside of Japan
Haiku started as a Japanese poetry form, and is now written around the world in many different
languages. William J. Higginson's Haiku World (1996), which is the first international saijiki,
contains more than 1,000 poems, by over 600 poets from 50 countries writing in 25 languages.
The writing of haiku around the world has increased with the advent of the internet, where one can
even find examples of haiku written in Latin, Esperanto, and Klingon, as well as numerous
examples in more common languages.
International haiku poets have adapted the idea of kigo to their local conditions and culture. Many
phenomena that might be used as kigo are similar throughout much of the world, such as the
blooming of flowers and trees in the spring, and the migration of birds in the spring and autumn.
Even if the trees and birds are not the same as in Japan, the concepts are still the same.
On the other hand, climatic conditions can often be very different from what the Japanese are
used to. The tropics, for example, are very different from the temperate climate of Japan and
usually only have a wet or Monsoon season, and a dry season. Tornado Alley area of the United
States has its tornado season (peaking from late winter through mid summer, depending upon
latitude). Areas with a Mediterranean climate, such as Western Australia, coastal California, and
Spain have their summer Fire Season. On the other hand, in the Caribbean and the east coast of
North America and surrounding areas, it is Hurricane Season during the summer and autumn
months.
There are many local cultures around the world, with similarities and differences. One similarity is
that many areas have harvest festivals with bonfires. One difference between locations is that
migrating birds will be present in different locations at different times of year.
Here are some examples of kigo from southern California:
Heaven: Santa Ana winds (hot, dry winds that usually
happen in winter), June gloom (heavy overcast that is
usually found on the coast), Smog (an inversion layer
over the Los Angeles basin makes the smog worse
during the summer)
The Earth: "Fire season" and Forest fires (from the very
dry months of July and August through the early rains of
winter there is the danger of fires in the hills and
mountains)
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An Australian frog (kawazu).
Humanity: Surfing, Beach volleyball, Rollerblading, and Skateboarding (although these are
activities that are now done around the world, their popularity started in southern California)
Observances: Easter sunrise services in the Hollywood Bowl, Tournament of Roses Parade
(on New Year's Day morning before the Rose Bowl college football game). El dia de los
muertos (the Mexican Day of the Dead celebration on 1 and 2 November)
Animals: Grunion (a sardine-sized fish that spawns by laying its eggs in the sand at high tide
near midnight), Whale watching (Pacific Gray Whales can be seen from the coast or on
whale-watching boat trips as they go to and from their breeding lagoon in Baja California.)
Plants: Jacaranda (an introduced ornamental tree found in many older neighborhoods that
has an abundance of blue-purple flowers in mid-spring), desert wildflowers (the nearby
deserts such as Joshua Tree National Park can be a carpet of wildflowers after a good rainy
season)
Kigo and haiku: an example
In the famous haiku by Matsuo Bash below, "frog" (
kawazu) is a kigo for spring. Haiku had been traditionally
written about the singing of mating frogs, but Bash chose to
focus on a very different sound.

Furuike ya
Kawazu
tobikomu
Mizu no oto
The old pond;
A frog jumps in,
The sound of the
water.
[3]
Must haiku include a kigo?
In the pre-Meiji era (before 1868), almost all haiku contained a kigo. For example, Japanese
experts have classified only about 10 of Matsuo Bash's (1644-1694) hokku in the miscellaneous
(z) category (out of about 1,000 hokku). As with most of the pre-Meiji poets, Bash was primarily
a renku poet (that is, he composed linked verse with other poets), so he also wrote plenty of
miscellaneous and love stanzas for the interior lines of a renku. Usually about half the stanzas in a
renku do not reference a season.
The Meiji era poet Masaoka Shiki (18671902), who recommended several major reforms to the
writing of hokku and tanka, including an expansion in subject matter and vocabulary, still included
kigo in his revision of hokku, which he renamed haiku. Experts have classified a few hundred of
Shiki's haiku in the miscellaneous category (out of the few thousand that he wrote). His follower
Takahama Kyoshi, who was the most influential haiku poet in the generation after Shiki, also
emphasized kigo. In the early part of the 20th century, there were a number of Japanese poets,
such as Kawahigashi Hekigoto, Ogiwara Seisensui, Noguchi Yonejiro, Taneda Santka, Ozaki
Hsai, Nakatsuka Ippekir, and Ban'ya Natsuishi who were less concerned about some traditions
of haiku such as the inclusion of kigo. Some, like Hekigoto and Seisensui, actively opposed the
insistence on kigo, but even they often included kigo in their haiku.
Most Japanese and many western haiku written today still follow tradition by including a kigo.
Many haiku groups and editors of haiku publications insist that haiku include a kigo. For some
haiku traditionalists, anything that does not have a kigo is something else, either senry (comic
haikai) or zappai (miscellaneous haikai). Until a few modern saijiki added the miscellaneous
category, no seasonless haiku would have been included as examples in saijiki, which are the
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8 of 10 2013-09-23 9:47
A Tree Sparrow (suzume).
major references for haiku poets in Japan.
There are some reformers who have made suggestions such
as using the idea of keywords (which would include kigo as a
subset). Keywords are words such as dawn, birthday cake,
ocean wave, beggar or dog, with strong associations, but
which are not necessarily associated with a particular season.
Birds that do not migrate, such as pigeons or sparrows, are
additional examples of non-seasonal keywords.
See also
Culture of Japan
Haiku
Haiku in English
List of kigo
Renku
Renga
Hanami
Season
Notes
^ Higginson, William J. Kiyose (Seasonword Guide), From Here Press, 2005, p.24 1.
^ Gill, Robin D. The Fifth SeasonPoems to Re-Create the World: In Praise of Olde Haiku: New Year
Ku; Books 1 & 2, Paraverse Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-9742618-9-8, p.18
2.
^ Translation by R.H. Blyth in Sato, Hiroaki. One Hundred Frogs: from renga to haiku to English.
Weatherhill, 1983 ISBN 0834801760 p154
3.
References
Print
/[[|9fv)L ISBN 4-04-063000-9. [Title:
"Introductory Saijiki", editor: "no Rinka", Publisher: Kadokawa Shoten]
Haiku World: An International Poetry Almanac by William J. Higginson, Kodansha
International 1996 ISBN 4-7700-2090-2 (An international haiku saijiki with over 1,000 haiku
from poets in 50 countries covering 680 seasonal topics)
The Haiku Seasons: Poetry of the Natural World by William J. Higginson, Kodansha
International, 1996 ISBN 4-7700-1629-8 (a companion book to Haiku World discussing the
development of haiku, and the importance of the seasons and kigo to haiku)
Kiyose (Seasonword Guide) by William J. Higginson, From Here Press, 2005 ISBN
089120041X24pp. (A pocket kiyose listing over 700 Japanese kigo in English, ordered by
season and category)
Online
Japanese Haiku a Topical Dictionary (http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/saijiki/) at
the Univ. of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative (http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/) a work-in-
progress based on the Nyu-mon Saijiki by the Museum of Haiku Literature in Tokyo, most
translations by William J. Higginson and Lewis Cook
Haiku in Twelve Months (http://www.kyoshi.or.jp/12month/12month-1.htm) by Inahata Teiko,
Kigo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigo
9 of 10 2013-09-23 9:47
on the Kyoshi Memorial Museum website
Online lists of season words
The Yuki Teikei Haiku Season Word List (http://www.youngleaves.org/poetry
/The%20Yuki%20Teikei%20Haiku%20Season%20Word%20List.htm) from the Yuki Teikei
Haiku Society (Northern California)
Kiyose from the Shiki Internet Haiku Salon:
spring kigo (http://web.archive.org/web/20110722071448/http://haiku.cc.ehime-u.ac.jp
/~shiki/kukai/kiyose-spring.html)
summer kigo (http://web.archive.org/web/20110722071456/http://haiku.cc.ehime-
u.ac.jp/~shiki/kukai/kiyose-summer.html)
autumn kigo (http://web.archive.org/web/20110722071506/http://haiku.cc.ehime-u.ac.jp
/~shiki/kukai/kiyose-autumn.html)
winter kigo (http://web.archive.org/web/20110722071518/http://haiku.cc.ehime-u.ac.jp
/~shiki/kukai/kiyose-winter.html)
Alaska Haiku Society Saijiki (http://home.gci.net/%7Ealaskahaiku/saijiki.html), with pictures
and commentary for some kigo
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