Franke - The Good Shepherd Antef PDF

Egypt Exploration Society
The Good Shepherd Antef (Stela BM EA 1628) Author(s): Detlef Franke Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 93 (2007), pp. 149-174 Published by: Egypt Exploration Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40345835 . Accessed: 01/03/2013 08:48
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
Egypt Exploration Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded on Fri, 1 Mar 2013 08:48:20 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
THE GOOD SHEPHERD ANTEF (STELA BM EA 1628)*

By DETLEF FRANKE+
of theautobiographical of theOverseer of a Troop andinterpretation Translation self-presentation Antef on stelaBritish MuseumEA 1628.Various criteria fordating of SmallCattle of Herdsmen intheThebanareaduring that thestelawasproduced thereign of anditis suggested areexamined, I. Amenemhat
a manin theEleventh seldom coincide. Metaphorand reality When,forexample, of his subordinate no one to have been a claims labourers',1 'shepherd Dynasty herdsman. We knowthatrhetorical wouldassumethathe had beena professional theowner of British Museum andreallife aredistinct. However, Antef, comparison whocaredfor stelaEA 1628(figs byprofession, 1-3,pl. VI),2wasa chief-herdsman of his village. thecommon He was a top hisfamily and served goodin thecouncil in one. and a herdsman goodshepherd (tpi) stela of coloured tallround-topped consists of the oncebeautifully The upper part Belowit,on theleft, a couple orientated to theright. linesof text, horizontal fifteen hand a long-stemmed The womanholdsin herright lotus;the sits,facing right. her on arm is stretched forward and hand rests Her rear to hernose.3 flower points
* I thank hiscomments thenew Marcel Mareefor andproviding for Parkinson Richard correcting my English, them of and The his to Trustees Davies for and Vivian excellent publish (courtesy permission photographs, oftheBritish Museum). 1 inkmniw withCG 20502to an Abydene tomb on CairoCG 20503,which n mr(y)t:f probably belonged der7 -11. Dynastie Schenkel, MHT). A further example, (AA 12; Wiesbaden, 1965),80 (hereafter Agyptens BeniHasanno. 17,according to O. D. Berlev, Trudovoe of Khety, occurs in thetomb in cryptographic writing,
tsarstva naselenie (Moscow, 1972), 115-17. srednego Egiptav epochu
2
Theben:Die epigraphischen Herakleopolis from thereignof kingAntefIII, see W. Schenkel,Memphis Zeugnisse
V (London, 1914), Texts in E. A. W. Budge (ed.), Hieroglyphic Stelae, &c, in theBritish Museum, from Egyptian on the It is reproduced hereas fig.1. The stelawas seen earlier HTBM), whichhas some errors. pis i-ii (hereafter on 23 May 1906 market at Luxor and copied thereforthe BerlinWorterbuch by Ludwig Borchardt antiquities in theBritish VII: Toolsand W. V. Davies, Catalogueof Egyptian Museum, Antiquities (see below). Photograph: I: Axes (London, 1987), pl. xxxvii(fig.1). Weapons, 3 The wholeareahas been restored cracks. The stalkof thewoman's with(modern)plaster, probably concealing armat a right meetsheroutstretched lotusflower angle,and as thedamagedpartsof thatarmwereneverrestored, be led to believethatthestalkmakesa sharpbend,whichof courseit does not. The singleseat shows one might 's back; it is certainly behindAntef witha smallerbackrest two backrests partof the originalcarving.I knowof on two separatechairs,whicheach have only one visible so close together no parallelfora couple represented and only two couples nextto each otheron chairswithtwo backrests leg; stela CambridgeE.9.1922 represents two legs depicted,G. T. Martin,Stelae from Museum,Cambridge, c.3000 bc Egyptand Nubia in theFitzwilliam -ad 1150 (Cambridge,2005), 20-2 (no. 16). Usually,comparablechairsfora couple witha singleelongatedseat There are examplesfora man and a woman seated on two separatechairsrepresented show onlyone backrest. one behindthe other:Turin Cat. no. 1447 fromthe reignof NebhepetraMontuhotepI; Cairo CG 20518 from I. thereignof Senwosret TheJournal 93 (2007), 149-74 Archaeology ofEgyptian ISSN 0307-5133
Registration no. 1913.5.24.1; height: 125.5 cm, width: 51.5 cm. A drawing by E. J. Lambert was published
ISO
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
her husband's rear shoulder. Opposite them is an offering-table on a low stand, and on the rightstands the littlefigureof a son who presents a bird to the couple. There follows a second registerwith the figuresof fourstanding men, Antef on the left,and facinghim threesons. These registersare cut in flatraised relief.Below a raised ridge border follows a thirdregisterwith the incised figuresof eight daughters,facingleft. The main inscriptionreads (figs 1-2): wsirinb d[d]w (1) htp di \n\sw\t\ hntiimntiw(2) nb ibdw wp-wiwtnb tl-dsr inpw tpi-dw:f (3) imi-wtnb tl-dsr prt-hrwhi m ihw ipdw ghs n mnt ht nbtnfr(t)(4) wrb(t) n imihyhr ntr-ri nbpt imi-n t(i)stamntw-htp si in-it:f(5) iqr mir-hrw ink imi-n t(i)st tpi si imi-n t{i)st tpi hr-hitimi-n nb n t(i)st hl(6).kwi m iwrwdiw ink imi-n t(i)st tpi n mniwnb rwyt (7) ink nb bdt (r)di.n:i bdt n hqr iw grts:rnh.n:i (8) [space] s nb n h{i)w{i) :i m hqrwn rdi:i mit qrs.n:(g)i m(w)t m qrsw:i iw hbs.n.i sw m hbsw.i ink (10) rsiihw si rsiihw hl.kwi m diw <n> iwrw ink (1 1) nb riwnb hbswhtyw sid.wn(:i)hr-ir(i) inkgrt tpi n nwt:f ( 12) wp hi m hrwn sh ink tsiwhrwqnbt{t} (13) rrqhrw rrq iw wn rmtnt it{:i) mntw-htp m msw(14) npr m ht it:fm ht mwt:f iw wn rmt:im mitt m ht it:i m ht mwt:i mht (15) ds:i irt.n(:i) mgbi:i prt-hrwhi m ss mnht ht nbtnfr(t)wrb(t) n imihyin-it:fiq<r> mir-hrw
2007
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
151
whichthe [K]in[g] has givenand Osiris,Lord of Busiris, (1) An offering Foremost-of-the-Westerners, (2) Lord of Abydos, Lord of the Sacred Land, Wepwawet, and Anubis,Who-Is-Upon-His-Mountain, Lord of the Sacred Land: (3) The-One-In-The-Wrapping, an invocation-offering (of) a thousandof beef and fowl, gazelle,goose,swallow,4 and everything good and (4) pure before the GreatGod, Lord of the Sky, forthevenerated theOverseerof a Troopa Montuhotep'sson Antef, (5) theexcellent13 (and) vindicated. Overseerof a Troop, I was thefirst Overseerof a Troop, theson of a first to everyOverseerof a Troop, superior heir.c havingdescen(6)dedas thefifth I was thefirst Overseerof a Troop of all Herdsmenof smallcattle.d I gave emmer.e (7) I was a possessorof emmer;(even) to thehungry in periodsof hunger of myrelatives Now, I keptalive (8) everybody (and) I did notlet (anyone)die/ (and) I buried(9) thedead in mycoffin,g (and) I clothedhimwithmy(mummy-)clothes.h theson of one richin cattle,1 I was (10) richin cattle, heir.c havingdescendedas thefifth and a possessorof ploughlands I was (1 1) a possessorof donkeys, threshing-floors, whichweredug forme in them.j man of his town,k Now, I was theleading(lit. 'first') at the day of council;1 (12) who opened theoffice at the I was a decision-maker day (of the session)of theofficials, theoath.m (13) who tooktheoathat theday of taking There werepeople of (my) father Montuhotepn as descendants (14) of thehouse(hold), his mother's his father's from possession, possessionand from likewise were there mypeople (and) father's from possession; mymother's possession,from my whichI had acquiredby my(own) arm. (and) as my(15) own possessions,
Formen unter desAltenReiches (SDAIK 21; spdterer Beriicksichtigung einiger times;see G. Lapp, Die Opferformel
4 The offerings from Old Kingdom ofmeat list arepart ofthedetailed andswallow ofgazelle, offerings goose,
from thetomb slab-stela On an Eighth Dynasty 215 (gooseand swallow). Mainz,1986),218-19(gazelle), 'Three see G. P. Gilbert, as meat a gazelle carries an offering-bearer at Komel-Momanien, of Shemai offering, Tomb of Shemaiat Kom el-Momanien, theEighth Stelaefrom Excavated Qift', Dynasty Funerary Recently of Heqaib,offerings of I in thesanctuary forSarenput formulae 4-5). In theoffering JEA 90 (2004),76 (figs desHeqaibauf Das Heiligtum times: several arementioned Heqaibno.9, 1.(x+20),no. 1,1.5; D. Franke, gazelle inLA I, 319-23. see L. Stork, oflivestock, as part 'Antilope', Antilopinae
Reich(SAGA 9; Heidelberg,1994), 156-7, 216. For imMittleren einesProvinzheiligtums Geschichte Elephantine:
152
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
vili^^t Tnu^&r?w^% res? ftf i
f '
I I
ViCm. i. E. J.Lambert'sdrawing of the upperpartof stela BM KA 1628 HTBM V,pl. i). (copy from
2007
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
153
Fig. 2. The autobiographical selfof Antefon stela BM EA 1628 representation of theTrusteesof the BritishMuseum). (courtesy
154
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
Fig. 3. Stela BM EA 1628 of the Overseerof a Troop of HerdsmenAntef of theTrusteesof the BritishMuseum). (courtesy
2oo7
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
155
and linen, An invocation-offering (of) a thousandof (oil in) alabaster(-vessels) (and) everything good and pure theexcellent forthevenerated Antef, (and) vindicated. Textualnotes by H. G. Fischer, (a) Three examplesof thetitleare citedand translated Egyptian to Wm. Ward'sIndex (2nd edn; New Titlesof theMiddle Kingdom:A Supplement York,1997),8 (nos 4i9a-c), whoalso pointsouton p. 47 (on no. 298) thatW. A. Ward, and Religious Titlesof theMiddle Kingdom Administrative Indexof Egyptian (Beirut, (Wb. V, 402-403.9;5 1982),no. 298 has to be deleted.t(;)st,'troop,crewof workmen' from the rootUzy'to tie,knot',compare Ward,Index,nos 418-19), derivesprobably 'band' and German 'bond', 'Bande', 'Bund', and 'Band', or semantically English and therefore sometimes written with 'leash' and 'Koppel'. It is a feminine collective, in Lambert'sdrawing), as in 11. thepluralstrokes, 4 (omitted 5. The different writings The titleimi-nt{i)st occursseveral of thetitlein 11. 4-6 aresemantically insignificant. in connection with and in the Old times cattle-breeding,6 t())stin the Old Kingdom Ei), not a crew of men. Kingdom usuallymeans a herd of animals (with sign *yR} it designatescrews in With the seated man determinative (^ Ai) added to t(i)sty general(e.g. Urk.I, 102.7), supervisedin thereignof SenwosretI by Overseersand Reisner IV (Boston,1986),pis ix-xii Leaders (tsw),see, e.g.,W. K. Simpson,Papyrus of and cattlemeans In EA drovers, 1628,t(?)st clearly groups herdsmen, (sectionB). and best of several werethe first hands. In 1. 5 it is statedthatAntefand his father otherOverseersof a Troop. thatitis thecomplete indicating (b) 'Antefendswiththeseatedmandeterminative, and 'vindicated'(as in 1. two the m;r-hrwy epithets iqr,'excellent', name,followed by 259-60, is superior 15). This readingof the name, suggestedby Berlev,Trudovoe, followed(for example) by to that of H. R. Hall, in HTBM V, 5 as 'Antefiqer', im Mittleren Reich (HAS 3; D. Franke,Altdgyptische Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen Zu den Hamburg, 1983), 215 (2), 265. For iqr as an epithet,see H. J. Polotsky, 'Une stele 11. der Dynastie(UGAA 11; Leipzig, 1929), 81; J.J. Clere, Inschriften un hieroglyphe de la IrePeriode Intermediatecomportant nouveau', in Miscellanea dalla Fondazionedel Pont. nel I Centenario Raccolta di scritti pubblicati Gregoriana: MuseoEgizio (1839-1939) (MVAA 6; Rome, 1941),455, fig.1, 1.6 (Schenkel,MHT, Studien(BOS 13; Bonn, 1962), 28a; stela 96); W. Schenkel,Fruhmitteldgyptische des MittlerenReiches', Chatsworth 720/12,H. W. Miiller,'Die Totendenksteine MDAIK 4 (1933), 187 (fig. 11); M. Lichtheim,AncientEgyptianAutobiographies
5 The occurrences as 'SteleimHandel <Vari82>' inWb. 11. onEA 1628, V,403.8-9(Belegstellen) 5-7arecited for theBerlin Borchardt wascopiedin 1906byLudwig The stela and*<Var i8i>'; thisis now'Varia182-183'. Nr. with note a and 'Verschiedenes im Nr. 'mR Stele Handel as labelled 40', 'z[ur] Z[eit]in 40' Worterbuch, numbered as 'Varia181-188'.Wb. arecurrently onthefirst Luksor V,403.9 slip;theWorterbuchzettel (23/5.06)' in1.5. My instead ofsiimi-n whoreadtsw incorrectly byBorchardt, (old<Vari8i>, now<Vari82>) wascopied for their kind Worterbuch oftheBerlin andI. Hafemann thanks help. go to S. Seidlmayer 6 See H. G. Fischer, AnIndex Studies Nova(Egyptian Varia ofAncient 1996), 33 (n.g); D. Jones, 3; NewYork, determinative Period stelaCairoCG 20504(with Intermediate alsotheFirst ^ Ai).
and Phrasesof theOld Kingdom (BAR IS 866; Oxford,2000), I, nos 992-7; R. Hannig, Epithets EgyptianTitles, Zwischenzeit und Erste Altes Reich I: (KAW 98 = HL 4; Mainz, 2003), 127-8; compare Worterbuch, Agyptisches
156
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
(OBO 84; Freiburgand Chiefly of theMiddle Kingdom:A Studyand an Anthology in D. Boschunget Altertiimer', Gottingen, 1988),67-8 (no. 26); C. Eder,'Agyptische al. (eds), Die antiken Dunham in Chatsworth sowie in MasseyundWithington Skulpturen Hall (MonArtRom26; Mainz, 1997), 128-30 (no. 166), fig.13,pl. cxv.i. see E. Doret, The is used hereto describea pastcircumstantial event, (c) The stative NarrativeVerbal System (COr 12; Geneva, 1986), 151n. of Old and MiddleEgyptian 1801, 167 n. 2025, 179 n. 3. Berlev, 'leader,commander', Trudovoe, 259-607read tsw, and translated'as I came fromfivecommanders':therewere five 'commanders' A readingof the in the family, and Antefinherited his office fromfiveancestors.8 - 0 D36!) is howeverdifficult to follow termas tsw(~ S24 and withthe forearm but tsw and Antefwas nota subordinate (although suggested by Lambert'sdrawing), of the an imi-n. Schenkelproposed the readingiwrw 'heir'.9From an examination the two signsin 11.6, 1010 versionof the f(i)s-knot are clearlynot a variant original, themeaning (*~<* S24), but are theleg-bonewithadjoiningmeat(^ F44). However, of the phraseis difficult to grasp.Schenkeltranslated 'obwohl (oder: nachdem)ich unter4(?) Erbenhervorgegangen bin', and Doret,Narrative, 148ex. 262: '(though)I had comefrom heirs'.However, Antefdoes notmention (a family with)five anyother heirsin his family. For hH 'to descend', see Wb. II, 472.8 (m 'from')and 21 (m 'to'). A further is suggestedin my translation above, readingthe numbernot possibility as a cardinal('five') but as an ordinal'the fifth'. the different It is not clearwhether and Antef of the number after is and before iwrw position semantically significant, did notexplicitly in hisoffice. Ordinal statehowmanyrelatives he had as predecessors numberswere regularly to the root of the formedby adding the ending -nw/-nwt cardinalnumber, forexampledinw,dinwt'the fifth'. There are,however, examples, with the ordinal where cardinal numberswere used with an ordinal meaningor thenoun (1. 10: 'the fifth Ordinalnumberswerewritten before endingnotwritten.11 while cardinal the noun theymodify heir') and after (1. 6: 'heir five,i.e. the fifth'), heir numbers 's positionas thefifth usuallyfollowthenoun. The emphasison Antef statements of theoffice to thefinal (11.5-6) and thecattle(11. 9-10) thencorresponds in 11.13-15 about his inheritance: his paternal he gotpossessionof 'thepeople' from in the and grandmother and his parents, and his own positionis thefifth grandfather line of possessors. n mniw.w 8 (no. 419b). Antef 's fulltitlewas probably imi-nt(f)st (d) Fischer,Titles, 'Overseer a Herdsmen were of of of Cattle'. Herdsmen Small important rwyt, Troop forcattle-breeding in autobiographies of theperiod.12 and are frequently mentioned
(Moscow, 1978), 321. 8 Fora comparable below. Comments statement on stelaLeidenAP.7(reign of Senwosret I), seetheGeneral 9 'Beitrage zurmittelagyptischen ZAS 92 (1965),62 n. 2; cf.Doret, III: SatzemitPseudopartizip', Syntax, de enEgypte, surV le pouvoir et Videologie Etudes Narrative, administration, 148n. 1763;J.C. MorenoGarcia, VAncien au Moyen Empire 4; Liege, 1997), 40. (AegLeod 10The 1 inHTBMV, pl. i (seefig. in Lambert's as destroyed sketch signin1.10waserroneously reproduced ofthecurrent article). 11See E. Edel, Grammatik I, 409; A. H. Gardiner, Altdgyptische (AnOr34, 39; Rome,1955-64), Egyptian Grammar (3rdedn,Oxford, 1957),196(264). 12See Clere, Miscellanea Garcia, J.C. Moreno Gregoriana, 458-9,462-3;W.Helck,'Hirt',inLA II, 1220-3; du IIP de serfs durant la Premiere sociale dansl'Egypte Periode Intermediaire: Uneetude d'histoire 'Acquisition RdE 51 (2000),126-7(f).See alsotheGeneral Comments below. millenaire',
7 Also O. D. Berlev,Obcestvennye hmww v Egipteepochisrednego tsarstva:SociaVnyjsloj tsarskich otnosenija
2oo7
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
157
Herdsmenforsmallcattlesuch as sheep and mostfrequently goats(called also rnht, and the little are depictedat workin severalMiddle Kingdom rock-tombs,14 wrty)13 rwt.15 Also stela Liverpool SACE E.73 was owned by a late Middle Kingdom mniw no. and imi-n ihw the titles'Overseerof Small Cattle' {imi-nrwt, Ward, Titles, 60) 'Overseerof Cattle and Small Cattle' (Naga ed-Deir stela no. 86 = Chicago rnhwt Museum 16958; see Schenkel, OrientalInstitute MHT, 266) occur. voorhetNieuweRijk De Traditioneele Autobiografie Egyptische (e) See J.Janssen, 161 n. II IV 1938(ink+ nominal Aci4and Bmsi; Doret,Narrative, (Leiden, 1946),I, Moreno Garcia,EtudessurVadministration, thena nominalsdm.n:f); 38-9 sentence, n. in (readingbdt it). This sectionwas also cited by J. Vandier,La faminedans ancienne (RAPH 7; Cairo, 1936), 111. VEgypte of line 8 was probablyneverinscribed.It could be (f) The space at thebeginning coveredwith ancientdamage (some kind of fossil?Compare in 1. 4: im?h[sPACE]y) as was suga phrase*iwsrnh.n:i nwt:i,16 (modern?)plaster;thus,one cannotrestore I, Autobiografie, 215 (2). See Janssen, gestedin Franke,Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen, II Dgio and VI D38 (Doret, Narrative, 136-7 and n. 1617 forn sdm:fasthenegative see For the termhiw,'family, of the initialformiw sdm.n:f). relatives', counterpart (ed.), 211-30; id., 'Kinship', in D. B. Redford Franke,Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen, The final Ancient The Oxford yodhof Egypt(Oxford,2001), II, 246. of Encyclopedia verb of the middle radicalof the triliteral m(w)tseems to resultfroma metathesis > mwtand a sound changew i; comparethe example cited by Edel, Altdgyptische 1?and also the spellingof the noun 'the dead' {mwt> mitt Grammatik, 423^ 145, > mtii)on stela New York MMA 12.184, 1. 4, cited by Janssen, I, Autobiografie, Verse' in thisis a four-stress to therulesof G. Fecht'smetrics,18 II Gai 1. According 'verse' pattern;a further fromthe usual two- or three-stress exampleis divergence and two 's title, filiation, name, epithets. 4-5 withAntef perhapsin 11. it is II Gaio. I, possibleto considerqrs.niias Although Autobiografie, (g) Janssen, to interpret thestateI buriedthedead'), I prefer a nominalform ('In myown coffin Antefkeptalive the livingand iw srnh.n:i: of the foregoing mentas a continuation buriedthedead. This would thenbe an exampleof whatDoret terms'gapping'and main clause form(see Doret, Narrative,133-5, J85). qrs.n:iwould be a non-initial of emphasis:Antefalso With<iw> qrs.niia new coupletalso begins,and witha shift see also Franke, caresforthedead in his family, Heqaib, 189 (15). qrswis thecoffin; sentence by Doret, Narrative,148 ex. 262. The first (h) Lines 9-1 1 are translated it is citedbyJanssen, I, II Bv2, and thematically belongscloselyto the Autobiografie,
13See L. Stork, in Woman an Ailing 'A Goatfor E. E Wente, Wente)', (Ostracon 'Ziege',inLA VI, 1400-1; inHonor P. Der Manuelian (Boston, 1996),II, 855-67;E. Hauschteck, KellySimpson of William (ed.),Studies GM 202 andtheSecondIntermediate theMiddleKingdom 'Goatsin Houseson Elephantine Period', during Bent see e.g.P. E. Newberry, cattle of small couldalsobe part breeding, (andgazelle) (2004),59-70.Antelopes 1893), pl. xiiilower. Hasan,I (ASE 1; London, 14E.g.BeniHasan I, pl. xxxlower; no.794. WbII, 75.5;Ward, Titles, 15A. Amer, 'The StelaoftheHerdsman pl. xvi.3-4. Pepi\JEA81 (1995),210-12, 16AsinR. Anthes, no.24,11. Hatnub von Die Felsinschriften 9-10; 1964), 1928;Hildesheim, (UGAA 9; Leipzig, II I, , Dg9. Autobiografie Janssen, 17Foranother seeJanssen, II, 192. Autobiografie, explanation, 18On which A DarkSideto inMiddle andCulture ofR. B. Parkinson, seetheremarks Kingdom Egypt: Poetry 1 12-17. 2002), (London, Perfection
158
DETLEF
FRANKE
.7^93
previous statementabout the burial of the dead. The 'clothes' are the linen wrappings for the mummy (Wb. Ill, 65.27-8). Doret relates the statement to 'every man' ('I furnishedhim (= every man) with clothes'); the co-text however concerns the treatment of the dead and not the provisioning of the living. The followingm^-statement begins a new section, emphasizing Antef's material wealth in the countryside. (i) For the reading of the term 'cattle' as ihw, see Lapp, Opferformel, 223-5. The has been read as 'goose, fowl' and the twice repeated phrase r& goose-sign usually ihw then explained as faultyand emended, e.g. by Janssen,Autobiografie, I, I K5 and II, 25; Schenkel, ZAS 92, 62; Doret, Narrative, 148 ex. 262 ('I was someone rich in cattle and in fowl,(though) I had come from(a familywith) fiveheirs'); and Moreno Garcia, Etudes sur Vadministration, 40. Berlev, Trudovoe, 260 read s? 'son' (as on slip 'Varia 184' of the Berlin Worterbuch, probably prepared by H. Grapow); with this reading, the whole phrase makes good sense. It recalls the earlier statement in 1. 5, describing Antef as the firstOverseer and the son of a firstOverseer, where the following h?.kwi-phrase also occurs. Antef asserts that he inherited his rank, status and possessions froma line of distinguished ancestors. (j) For the beginningof thisphrase, see Janssen,Autobiografie, I, IV Acio; Gardiner, Eg. Gr3, 423 (addition to 1 15A). See the examples cited by Moreno Garcia, RdE 51 (2000), 126 (e) for comparable statements about donkeys. Donkeys were used for the transportof the harvest fromthe fieldsand to the threshing-floors, forthreshing itself (also cattle), and for the transport to the granaries.19Doret, Narrative, 148 ex. 262 translates: 'I was a possessor of donkeys, a possessor of ploughland (and of) threshing-floors, (and) I had dug (a canal) in it(?) (i.e., the ploughland)'. This translation is inspired by a statement in the autobiography of Khety of Asyut, tomb no. V, 1. 3: '[...], I blocked (?) the water [course] of 10 cubits (width) which I had excavated for it on the ploughland.'20 However, this interpretationinvolves a serious emendation to Antef's text, and there is no need to assume that Antef is speaking about waterworksin his fields.21 Fischer, Titles, 5 (no. 174b) relates hbsw to a hbsw which occurs on a Thirteenth Dynasty stela (Stockholm htyw sequence htyt NME 19, 1. 2).22htywis clearly the threshing-floor, a plain area or terrace used also forother agricultural activities such as binding flax and yarn (e.g. P. Westcar 12,14); it is not clear whetherthe htytof stela Stockholm NME 19 is the same term as htyw, or a rare designation forsome kind of field.While Doret understands the followingas an active sdm.n:f(afterSiut V, 1. 3), the quail chick (G43) seems to indicate that it is a passive participle: Antef did not dig the threshing-floors himself; instead, they were constructed by his subordinates. For the adverb hr-ir{y),lit. 'thereof (< hr:sn 'upon see Gardiner, Eg. Gr.3, 113.2. them', i.e. the /zfozu-fields),
nwmhmdw Die Bewdsserungs[...] .tdbi.n(:i)\it\rw M.n(:i) n:fhrhbs(w):Schenkel, MHT, 57; W. Schenkel, revolution imAlien Agypten 28 (no. 8B). (Mainz, 1984), 30, 32; Lichtheim, Autobiographies, 20
19See W.Guglielmi, inLA I, 1144-5. 'Dreschen',
21However, Doret's is presented as fact inMoreno Etudes surV suggestion Garcia, administration, 13n. 33,40, andid.,RdE 51,127(g),ex.6 ('etj'y ai creuse [uncanal]'). 22For Stockholm NME 19,see B. J.Peterson, Privatstelen aus demMittleren 'Agyptische Reich',OrSu 17 S. Quirke, Titles andBureaux 18 (1968)14(fig. 2), 15(II); compare ofEgypt 50-1yoobc (GHE i; London, 2004), RdE 51,127n. 32. Kingdom (London,1988),174n. 3; Moreno Garcia,
see also G. P. F. Van den Boorn,TheDutiesof theVizier:CivilAdministration in theEarlyNew 63. For /zfow-fields,
2007
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
159
(k) The readingtpiis clear,as notedalreadybyJ.J.Clere in his reviewof Janssen's in Janssen, book in BiOr 4 (1947), 3. The entry I, I Aa38 (readingmnh; Autobiografie, followed by Doret,Narrative, 148 ex. 262, and Moreno Garcia,EtudessurUadministo be deleted.The phraseis to be assignedto Janssen, has tratiotiy accordingly 40, 48) I, 135(III U). Autobiografie, 's role as a councillorand judge23was cited by This statement about Antef (1) in de rechtzaal I, II S16 ('Ik nu was iemand,die richtte Janssen, Autobiografie, op den twophrasesin his study. Janssen's dag van beraad'); he did not includethefollowing howeversupposes a wordingsuch as *wpm hi 'who judges in the office*. translation of wpi 'to open' should be retained;Moreno Garcia, Perhapsthe basic denotation Etudessur Vadministration, 54 n. 193, 74 n. 260, 97 n. 307, translates accordingly: Antef 'un qui ouvraitle bureaule jour (de reunion)de la Chambredes dignitaires'. in frontof the others. councillorwho enteredthe council-chamber was the first recallsthe themeof judgement('to make up (a quarrel),to judge wp immediately and it is followedby the relatedkey-words sh, 'council-chamber', (contestants)')24, and rrq, 'oath'. of officials', 'assembly qnbt, (an activeparticiple)is cited in Wb.V, 329.21 ('Ob richtig?') (m) The termts;w25 Borchardt's with EA 1628 as the only example,following copy (Worterbuchzettel <Varia i84>, now 'Varia 185'). It was groupedby the compilersof the Worterbuch I is called 'smasher thetermtsi,'to split,smash' {Wb,V, 329.17-20). Senwosret after twofold in SinuheB55, and theGermanlanguageprovidesa comparable of foreheads' fallen' a 'eine verb 'fallen': for the connotation ('to pass judgement, Entscheidung to decide') and 'einen Gegnerfallen'('to fellan opponent'). ts{i)is probablyrelated off to Us,'limit,border, (an area)' boundary'and 'to fixthe limit,to divide/partition {Wb. V, 236-7), usually used spatially.In Pyr. 797 (spell 437), wpi and Us occur in a juridical context:'You judge the gods, you set bounds to the celestial together could perhaps expanses...' {Wb. V, 237.2). Used in parallelto wpi, 'to judge', ts?/Us judgement'as the conveythemeaningof 'to decide' about a case, 'to givethe (final) one withthe castingvote.However,a temporal meaningof Usw'to fixthe limits(of and Antefwas theone who clinchedarguments thesessions)'also seemsconceivable: in such after The final action sessions. the council finished and thus matters sessions, is used here as a juridical of the oaths. was the rrq probably taking hearing petitioners, tobe wise'. For example, notin themoregeneral terminus meaning'to know, technicus, wererepositioned Nile floodand before theyearly after boundarymarkers planting, who swore that theboundaryelders and village of a boardof officials in thepresence andvillagetroubles cause for lawsuits A further wereintheir stones might place.26 right
23Fortheroleof a councillor, surV Etudes see Moreno administration, Garcia, 53-5,96-109,and D. Franke, SAK und im Mittleren Zwischenzeit in der Ersten und Patronat Reich', 34(2006),166n. 30.The title 'Fiirsorge for food here a room shdesignates tojuridical no relation shhashowever preparation. matters; hrp 24S. Jin, undwdr Termini Uberdiealtagyptischen und,,Richten": , SAK 31(2003), 225-33. wpi \,Schlichten" themore is modelled after which 'to the the also frequent wpi Land(s)', (Two) wpiti(wi) judge phrase Compare inWadiHammamat twopersons', 'to make snwi 6, 11,15,A. Gasse, 3042,11. judge(between) up (a quarrel)/to de Sesostris sousle regne unporte-parole Ier',BIFAO 88 (1988),83-94,% x>pi-vl> 'Ameny, 25The reading surV Etudes Vetaitmoiun heureux inkrsw, administration, Garcia, 54 n. 193, (?)', byMoreno 74 n. 260,97 n. 307,is incorrect. 26As shown und-vermessung seeW.Helck,Feldereinteilung inEighteenth , inLA II, 150-1. tombs; Dynasty RIDA 42 (1995)* enEgypte autonome etadministration S. Allam, 44 n-7>49 n-80 pharaonique', '"Quenebete"
160
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
see Moreno Garcia, have been rights of pasture.For the meaningof the termqnbt, EtudessurVadministration, ofEgyptin the 73-4 n. 260, S. Quirke,TheAdministration Late Middle Kingdom:The HieraticDocuments (New Maiden, 1990), 54-7 ('a group of officials to deal with a variety of miscellaneousaffairs' ), and Allam, RID A 42, formed'une pluralitede personnageshaut 11-69 ('un groupement generalement courtsof justiceand no professional places dans leursociete'). There wereno formal is that Antef 's profession in judges or magistrates the Old and Middle Kingdoms.27 in and judge or arbitrator of a chief-herdsman, councillor and he became a respected his abilities in his townor village,or of his lord,onlythrough the councilmeetings and reputation as an influential memberof a distinguished family. The meaning translated (n) This is the mostfrequently partof the inscription.28 is best conveyedby translating had father people ...' and 'and 'My Montuhotep likewiseI had people' (cf.Gardiner, Eg, Gr.3, 115). Possessionof these'people' was of his from withthe inheritance inherited Antef 's parents,29 probablyin connection The servants father's office. were part of the householdover the course of several The of thehousehold'.30 and their children werebornthenas 'children generations, themeof 'actingwithhis own arm'31 (gbr> usuallyhps)and theacquisitionof wealth, including 'people', has been muchdiscussed.32 General commentsand date his office, Antefwas a proud chief-herdsman of small livestock, who had inherited rank, and status, which were demonstrated by his economic wealth, from his did not belongto the and his father He certainly paternalgrandfather Montuhotep.
from and 51 n. 84 notesa long-term in theroleplayedbyeldervillage-men in local affairs thePharaonic continuity to theGraeco-Romanperiod(irpeafivTepoL). 27 See J.-M. Kruchten,'Law', in Redford(ed.), Oxford Egypt,II, 277-82, esp. 280-1; Encyclopedia ofAncient S. Allam, 'Richter',in LA V, 254-5; Quirke,Administration, 54-7; Allam, RIDA 42, 13; J.C. Moreno Garcia, 'Elites provinciates, transformations sociales et ideologic a la finde l'Ancien Empire et a la PremierePeriode Intermediaire', Travaux in L. Pantalacciand C. Berger-el-Naggar aux Montouhotep: (eds), Des Neferkare en courssur la finde la Vie dynastie et la premiere actesdu colloqueCNRSarcheologiques periodeintermediaire; Universite withtheterm 2, tenule 5-j juillet2001 (TMO 40; Lyon, 2005), 216. For some epithets Lumiere-Lyon see also D. M. Doxey,Egyptian in theMiddleKingdom: A Social andHistorical Analysis qnbt, Non-RoyalEpithets (PdA 12; Leiden, 1998), 165-6. H. G. Fischer,'Nubian Mercenariesof Gebelein duringthe First Intermediate Period', Kush 9 (1961), and Some Contemporaneous Texts', WZKM 57 54 (the translation by id., 'Notes on the Moralla Inscriptions desAlien (1961), 72 withn. 34 is fromBM EA 1372); Berlev,Trudovoe, 259ff.;W. Helck, Wirtschaftsgeschichte im3. und2 . Jahrtausend v. Chr.(HdO I/1/5;Leiden, 1975), 162; Franke,Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen, Agypten iw wn,oc265; Moreno Garcia,EtudessurVadministration, 37 n. 105; id., RdE 51, 129 (13). For theconstruction curingtwice,see Gardiner, Eg. Gr?, 107.2. 29 See thestudyof thetermrmt by Berlev, Obcestvennye otnosenija, 35-48. Montuwoser gaveall his possessions, his mr(j;)-labourers, to his son by an imyt-pr transfer including document',stela Florence6365, 1. 7: 'inventory H. G. Fischer,'Shi.sn (Florence 1774)', RdE 24 (1972), 69; Berlev,Trudovoe, 101-2. 30 Berlev,Trudovoe, 259ff.(and id., Obcestvennye 304; otnosenija, 40); Franke,Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen, Moreno Garcia,RdE 51, 131n. 50, 135n. 70. 31 Wb.V, 163.12 ('Var 185' is presently 'Varia 186'); Janssen, I, II F176 and II, 76; Polotsky, Autobiografie, Zu denInschriften, GuterHirte": Zum Konigsbilddes Mittleren Schiitzer, 73e; see also D. Franke,',,Schopfer, zur dgypundRealitdt:Aktendes Symposiums Reiches', in R. Gundlach and C. Raedler (eds), Selbstverstdndnis tischen inMainz, i5.-ij.6.igg5 (AAT 36/1= BAK 1; Wiesbaden,1997),207-9. CompareNeferti, Konigsideologie 1. 10: ndspwqn [n]gb;:f(reignof Amenemhat I or SenwosretI). 32 Berlev, Obcestvennye otnosenija, 36-7 n. 105; id., RdE 51, 39-41, Moreno Garcia,EtudessurVadministration,
SAK 34, 162-5. Franke, 123-39;
2oo7
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
161
and scribalelite of Egypt;he was more likelya memberof the oldadministrative who transmitted theirpracticalknowledgein cattle-herding establishedpeasantry to generation. and herding was an important from Cattle-breeding partof generation for next to cattle were fundamental the and life, grain, country's economy agricultural of theeliteownedlargeherdsof cattle, The King and thehighmembers and wealth.33 and the templeshad large herds of cattle.35 supervisedby overseers(imi-n ihw)3* forfood-production, as Sheep and goats (and also pigs) were of similarimportance from small benefited the of the these care were fortransport; quadrupeds donkeys small While cattlewerea preciousand valuablepossessionof highprestige, officials. cattlecould also be ownedby people of lesserrankand wealth. to the early Twelfth from the late Sixth Dynasty36 Several autobiographies, of herdsmen focuson theacquisitionof (small) cattleand theappointment Dynasty, > or alone and and of fortheherds sheep (rnht, (rwt rwyt) goats wrty), goatstogether ...' said Ninebshemau,37 and Rehui, 'I acquiredcattle, goats,and herdsmen donkeys. the Overseerof Priestsof the Theban templeof Amun,declared:'I appointed(iri) a herdsmanin chargeof the cattleand a herdsmanin chargeof the goats ...\38'I in chargeof each herd. I acquired ten herdsof goatsand herdsmen grouped(nhb)39 and I acquired everykind of small two herds of cattleand one herd of donkeys, cattle' said Iti fromRizeiqat (Cairo CG 20001, 11.5-6).4 Heqaib fromGebelein to to a hundredhead of cattle,and herdsmen likewisestated:'I placed a herdsman
33See thefundamental de vaches tachetees ... Betail, lespdturages Garcia, 'J'ai rempli byJ.C. Moreno study RdE 50 (1999),241-57. au Moyen de l'Ancien enEgypte, etideologic economie Empire', royale 34Or 'Overseer rb whmt andScale {imi-n ofHorn, and'Overseer Animals' ofHorned Hoof, Feather, rb) (imi-n in Der Manuein the Middle On Titles and and Feather see S. swt Scale, Kingdom', 'Horn, Ships: Quirke, nsmt); inD. officials owned ofthese lian(ed.),Studies Eder, stelae, 720/12, e.g.:Chatsworth II, 668-70.Several Simpson, HunteinChatsworth, etal. (eds),Die antiken (no. 166),fig. 13,pl. cxv.i;Glasgow 128-30 Skulpturen Boschung andOxyrhynkhos Tombs Courtiers D. 1922. Museum rian (BSAE 37; London, 1925), pl. ofthe 13,W.M. F. Petrie, - An Inventory', in S. Meyer Texts andOther 'MiddleKingdom seeD. Franke, Sundry Religious Hymns xxiv,
- Temple StudiesinHonourofJanAssmann (SHR 97; Leiden and Boston,2003), of theWholeWorld: (ed.), Egypt Museumof NaturalHistory Ancient 1990), 22-3 (no. (Pittsburgh, Egyptat The Carnegie of Greatness: Reflections
areof first-rate stelae Z9-497,D. CraigPatch, quality: e.g.LouvreC 15;Pittsburgh 103-4(8); someof these
MontuMuseum Kestner II, year12);alsothesteward 2927(Amenemhat 14);TurinCat.no. 1534;Hannover on of Cattle wasexcavated ofan Overseer A statue MMA 12.184). I (NewYork of Senwosret inthereign woser see Franke, Heqaib, 58 n. 181. Elephantine; 35See ingeneral 'Overseer of for thetitles andcompare, LA VI, 365-76, D. Kessler, example, 'Tempelbesitz', Lordof Herof Thoth, BlackCattle 'Overseer of theGoodly at Old Kingdom Herdsof SacredCattle' Elkab, thegod'soffering, seeS. Aufrere, ofthegodHerishef/of Herder' or'Cattle (hri ihw) (CairoCG 20025), mopolis' = BIFAO Inv. de Seine-Maritime du MuseedesAntiquites d'unbasde stele 'Apropos 1857.4)', (Rouen Aeg.348 n. w. 85 (1985),37-4O 3 Probably states of Pepi I. Qerenintomb thereign is from record theearliest proudly Q15 at el-Hawawish ElRock Tombs N. The nourished who 200 female of fertile his acquisition Kanawati, of donkeys, donkeys, 108ex. 198. VI (Sydney, TheCemetery Hawawish: Narrative, 2ob-c;Doret, 1986), 47,fig. ofAkhmim, 37Clere, arecited statements Miscellanea by MHT, 96. Further comparable 455-66;Schenkel, Gregoriana,
rural 161; J.C. Moreno Garcia,Hwt etle milieu 462-4; Helck, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Clere,MiscellaneaGregoriana, territoriale etorganisation administration du Hie millenaire: (BEHE SHP 337; Paris,1999), 102 Economie, egyptien
et de la XIime PeriodeIntermediate de la Premiere Dynastie(BAe 10; Brussels,1948), 7 (hereJ.Vandier,Textes
n. 129;id.,RdE 50 (1999),244~538Manchester 11. Museum (BSAE 16;London, 1909), pl. x; J.J.Clereand Qurneh 4-5: W.M. F. Petrie, 5052,
ofAmun. tothetemple after belonged MHT, 18.The cattle probably TPPI); Schenkel, 39A key-word seeJ.C. Moreno 'toappoint, is theterm statements ofthese Garcia, nhb, provide', assign, equip, avant au troisieme millenaire de l'espaceen Egypte et organisation territoriale 'Administration J.-C. (V): gs-pr\ cited theexamples andcompare ZAS 126(1999),129-30, byid.,RdE 51,126-7n. f. 40Lichtheim, Dynasty. 31-2(no. 10);Ninth/Tenth Autobiographies,
16a
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
of myown goatsand to donkeys'(BM EA 1671,11.7-8).4I 'I equipped a herdsman with(my) goats' said another man at Dendera.42 Also the low-ranking hm-ntr-priest who lived in cattle: the of Senwosret owned 'Now,thoughI had I, Montuhotep, reign become an orphan,I directed(hrp) cattleand acquired cattle,and I developedmy business(ssm:i)withmy(male?) goats(wrti) ...\43 In the late EleventhDynasty, in all Upper Henenu even organizedcattle-herding 'I cattle and small the of with horned Egypt: equipped provinces Upper Egypt In thereign cattle...\44 of Senwosret Amenemhat and mayor I, thenomarch (Ameny) of Beni Hasan managedcattle-breeding of the 'King's in his provinceforthebenefit house' (pr-nswt), theroyaleconomy: 'Then theTroop-overseer (imi-nt(})st)of (n) the of (nw) herdsmen of the Oryx-nome royalestatesections(gs.w-pr) gave me (rdin:i) three-thousand head of cattleas theirtaxablecattle(nhbw:sn)y so thatI was praised forit in the King's house in everyyearof the cattle-census This is almost (zrzu)'.45 a description of the scene in Amenemhat' s tomb (Beni Hasan I, pl. xiii bottom), wherehe is shownwatching the countingof the cattle,goats (includingantelopes), and donkeys.46 An unnamedimi-nt(})stmakesa bow in front of his lord. He is the chiefof the herdsmen and droverswho lead the animalsto a groupof accountantscribeswho register the numbers.47 to Amenemhat The royalscribeBaqet presents
41H. J.Polotsky, 'The StelaofHeka-yeb', JEA 16(1930),194-9;Ninth Dynasty. 42G. Daressy, 'Une stele de l'Ancien maintenant ASAE 15(1915),207,1.4; Moreno Garcia, detruite', Empire RdE 51 (2000),124. Daressy's a of theofferings, therecipient copyhas n ki n in themaintextto introduce feature in contradiction to a pre-Twelfth date.H. G. Fischer, IV, GM 210(2006),28-33 'Marginalia Dynasty a photograph First that a correct a phrase inconcord with thestela's published w, clearly suggests reading prt-hrw Intermediate Period style. 43Stelaof Montuhotep, E.9.1922, 1.4: Martin, andNubia Stelae , 20-2(no.16);Doret, Cambridge from Egypt 128ex.218. Narrative, 44NewYorkMMA 26.3.2177, 1.4: W. C. Hayes,'Career under of theGreatSteward Henenu Nebhepetre' RdE 50,254-5. Mentuhotpe', Garcia, JEA 35(1949),43-9; Schenkel, MHT, 389;Moreno 45Beni HasanI, pl.viii, 11. C. Obsomer, follows Breasted; VII, 15.15-18. 16-17;Urk. Mytranslation Newberry; Le nomarque sous le regne de Sesostris Ier (Achet A2; Berlin, 2000),201;andN. Favry, 2004),242, (IEA 1; Paris, 350. It was translated differently by A. H. Gardiner, (Oxford, 1961),129; Lichtheim, Egypt of thePharaohs Periode Intermediate: 'De l'Ancien a la Premiere Autobiographies, 139(no. 60); J.C. Moreno Garcia, Empire L' autobiographic de Qn d'Edfou, 'Das Grab entre tradition etinnovation', RdE49 (1998),156;andS. M. Rabehl, desAmenemhet in BeniHassan,oderDer Versuch PhD thesis, einer (Jmnjf) Ludwig-MaximilianSymbiose', on-line at < <http://ed0c.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005073/01/ Universitat, Miinchen, 2006,346,available as 'cattle Amenemhat as actor andtheverbis rhr.n rdi.mi. The translation of nhbw Rabehl_Silvia_Maria.pdf>: tax'wassuggested also W. Helck,'Viehwirtschaft', inLA VI, 1037:'Steuerrinder', by WbII, 293.14;compare Moreno RdE 50,255. Garcia, 46Compare theOld Kingdom tomb of Ibi at Deirel-Gebrawi oftheOverareshown): (noanimals 'Bringing seersof Herds(?)forthegreat account' r hsb<V), N. de G. Davies,TheRockTombs (intimiw-n t(?)st of Deir I (ASE n; London,1902),pl. viii.For thecattle-census see S. Allam,'Taxe surle betail el-Gebrdwi, (irw), dansl'Egypte inStato, D. Valbelle, 'Les lavoro nelvicino oriente antico ancienne', economia, (Milan,1988), 52ff.; recensements dansl'Egypte des troisieme et deuxieme CRIPEL 9 (1987),33-49;W. millenaires', pharaonique vom Mittleren Reich biszurSpdtzeit in LA Vogelfangs (TAB 1; Bonn,1973),120-43;W. Helck,'Viehzahlung', D. Franke, 'Anch-Userkaf unddas Nildelta: in N. StatueFrankfurt/M. VI, 1038-9; Kloth, Liebieghaus 1629', Geburtstag (BSAK 9; Hamburg, 2003),126n. 35. 47Compare theearlier sceneintomb15,P. E. Newberry, BeniHasan,II (ASE 2; London, 1894), pl. vii.The of officials andprofessions becomes intomb II (Beni more thereign of Senwosret hierarchy transparent 3 from Hasan I, pl. xxxbottom): theregional cattle-census wasperformed followed imi-n ihwy bya imi-n bya single Several herdsmen ofa Thousand small anddonkeys) and'Foremen and'Overseers' t(i)st. (mniw) (ofcattle, cattle,
K. Martin,and E. Pardey(eds), Es zverde Altenmuller zum65. als Schriftstiick: niedergelegt Festschrift furHartwig desFisch-und derLandwirtschaft, Reden,RufeundLiederauf altdgyptischen Guglielmi, Viehzucht, Darstellungen Sesostris Ier:Etudechronologique et historique du regne Die hbchsten (Brussels,1995), 591-2 (no. 50); W. Grajetzki, Beamtender dgyptischen zur Zeit des Mittleren Titelund Titelreihen Reiches:Prosoprographie, Zentralverwaltung
2007
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
163
the resultsof the accountof the cattle'comingfromthe pasturage'(pri m si-pr)on a writing-tablet (BentHasan, I, pl. xxi.3): Baqet had received(hi) the (ideal) total of 30,000 head of cattle,300,000 small cattle,and 3000 donkeys, accordingto the own estateand the government-owned account(hsb)of the stablesof Amenemhat's stableof theprovince.48 and of Henenu and Amenemhatare revealing.Cattle-breeding The statements for the herdingwere organizedlocally by the town or provincialadministration of the royaleconomy:theherdswereowned by the King's of the institution benefit to the privately in contrast house (pr-nswt), possessed herdsof the nomarch'sown The local provincialadministration household(pr-dt).49 appointedoverseersto the These herdsmen troopsof herdsmenwho were in chargeof (m-si)these herds.50 and the royalherdswere attachedto local sectionsof the royalestate,the so-called gs-pr,'sectionof the royalestate',supervisedby the mayorsof the townsor a imiMontuwoserin the reignof SenwosretI describesin detail his different n gs-pr.51 as a Majordomo or Stewardof an 'economicunit' or estate{imi-n responsibilities of the King's house: '...I was Overseerof People in pr), who workedforthebenefit Overseerof excessof thousands.I was Overseerof Cattle,Overseerof Goats {rwt)y Antefof EA Donkeys,Overseerof Sheep, and Overseerof Pigs ...\52Presumably, who himselfwas supervised of a troopof herdsmen, 1628 was one of the overseers and controlled by an overseerof cattle,and who workedwithherdsowned by the He worked,then,forthe cattleof others; a temple,or a high official. government, his own he owned nevertheless (horned) cattle and donkeys,and must have had to feedhis animals. places and fields grazing whichhad been able to hand down of herdsmen of a family He was a descendant Two sons of Antef and possessionsoverseveralgenerations. theirprofession, office,
their Scribes numbers, bya 'Scribeof the supervised register hi) leadtheanimals. {imi-n /hit (headof cattle)' a member at BeniHasanfor title occurs The lastmentioned ofthedlt.t\ anda 'Steward Documents' only Royal the cattle-census at with theimi-n heco-operated Asanaccountant-scribe, household. nomarch's ofthe prnpr-dt in the and at thegrain-account xxxvfourth and droving right) register right, (BeniHasan I, pis xviibottom ispr); nor'estate' is sptt) doesnotmean'nome'(which (which di(t).t topright). (BeniHasan I, pl. xxix granaries See of the nomarch's Officials of Board of the 'Steward Quirke, Trudovoe, ff.; Berlev, 233 estate)'? (didn, perhaps 48BeniHasanI, pl. xxi.3;Urk. Sesostris Ier, Trudovoe, 593n. k. 198;Obsomer, VII, 23.1-9;Berlev, 49See P.E. Newberry, camefor I (ASE 3; London, El Bersheh, Djehutihotep pl. xviii top:The nomarch 1895), inthebottom intheHare-nome; ofhisherds census' the'great register, bytheKingandhisownherds rit) (tnwt Estate' ofthePersonal of [the oftheKing'sHerds'andan 'Overseer were leadbyan 'Overseer thecattle Herds?] of he found an increase and counted ruler n cattle, (my) '(My) Earlier, reported: Heqaib (imi-n [idrwt] pr-dt). RdE 50,245 (4); another 1. 10),see Polotsky, Garcia, JEA 16,194-9,Moreno (BM EA 1671, (my)possessions' inUpper thecattle-lists 'whocontrolled wasKhety ontheKing'sbehalf (Cairo such Egypt' (ipn-idr.w) inspector Theban a Much-Travelled 'The Tomb of A. H. see 11. Official', JEA 4 (1917), Gardiner, JE45058, 4-5, 9-10), MHT, 476. 33-4,pl. viii;PM I, 617;Schenkel, 50Probably andFischer, BeniHasan I, pl. xiii, theimi-n Titles, 30-1;Newberry, Egyptian (Newberry, prnspit El-Bersheh rwt ihw andimi-n imi-n subordinate andtheir xxvii I, pl. El-Bersheh (Newberry, bottom) I, pisxviii, aswere'controlled, flock andtheir herdsmen between they why explains probably xvii).The closerelationship of the takes stock 'One who indicate: statue Sixth his late on of the as sessed' Dynasty together, epithets Hotepeni and Varia ihw:Berlin of menandcattle' Nova,32-3andpl. vi). Workers (sic);see Fischer, 1/83 (ip t(?)st troops theOld Kingdom from texts state as several of wealth, source to land,thefundamental on; attached were cattle RdE 50,242,244. Moreno for Garcia, example, compare, 51Already to (hr-hit) are'superior imi.w-n intheSixth 0-7). (Weni:Urk.1, 102. t(!)st-crevjs gs-pr Dynasty, 52NewYork inthecattleoccur 11. MMA 12.184, , 104(no.44). Theseanimals Autobiographies 6-7; Lichtheim, at El TheTomb andF. LI. Griffith, of Paheri: tomb intheEighteenth scene ofPaheri census J.J.Tylor Dynasty RdE 50,251-4. seeMoreno Forpigs, left. Kab (MEEF 11;London, Garcia, pl. iiibottom 1894),
Administration, 55 n. 17.
164
DETLEF FRANKE
JEA93
that recalls were ina posture which alsoherdsmen: probably Itjyleanson a longstaff of a herdsman a curved hisflock,53 and Montuhotep carries stick, perhaps watching a shepherd's for such a transstaff A (seebelow). roughly example contemporaneous the mission ofoffice is thereport ofthe'Scribeof Fields'Antefiqer onhisstelafrom of Senwosret as Scribeof theFieldsin theregion I: 'Now,there had served reign of of theThinite sincethetime (mmw)s* Abydos (already) myfather's grandfather, at least HorusWahankh, and of of Re and Lower Son Antef, King Upper Egypt, three of ancestors are on stela.55 generations depicted Antefiqer's of A boastof nobledescent other occursin several inscriptions autobiographical theTenth, from one'sparents Inheritance andearly Twelfth Eleventh, Dynasties.56 a man wasa cultural for was not adhered norm, however, to; example, which, always from at Naga ed-Deirclaims: thepossession of myfather wastaken me,I Although a wasableto buildthis, of limbandwith actedas one sturdy myowntomb, having arm(hps)evenas a child'.57 he wasexceptiontells us that sonof Tjefi, Antef, strong tohisposition inhisyouth, andata time hewasstill allyappointed bytheKingwhen when theKingusedtoputa maninhisoffice when themanacceded (also)tothe only office of his father.58 The sameroyal favour was experienced Reporter bytheroyal in thereign was probably of Senwosret I. His father (whmw) Ameny Montuhotep I to bornlatein thereign of Montuhotep I, andwaslater byAmenemhat appointed theoffice of wr-mdw-smrw I to the office in all UpperEgypt andthen Senwosret by of a member of (state) m in After officialdom the whole Ameny's (nti sryt) country. father had spentfifty-four I gaveAmeny, Senwosret yearsin office, just eighteeen twooffices, while hisfather wasstill alive.59 old,hisfather's years
53Compare, for theposture oftheOverseer ofa Troop(with determinative example, Ai) on CairoCG 20504; for similar seeB. Dominicus, Reiches Gesten und Gebdrden inDarstellungen desAlten und Mittleren scenes, (SAGA of from theOld Kingdom owner in theposture thetomb canbe found 10;Heidelberg, 1994),143-7.However, seeY. Harpur, Decoration inEgyptian ConTombs Studies inOrientation andScene OldKingdom: watching, ofthe tent in alsothat of Nakhty on stelaChatsworth (London,1987),127-8, Eder, 323-6;compare 720/12 topright, D. Boschung etal. (eds),Die antiken inChatsworth, (no.166),fig. Skulpturen 128-30 13,pl. cxv.i. 54Compare therepeated statements about therepositioning the water ofboundary-stones and'causing toknow because theofficials andtowns 'do not know intheinscription II: Newberry, their water' ofKhnumhotep (rh mw)y - Grenzen BeniHasan I, pisxxv-xxvi, 11. und 'Amarna VII, 27.15,32.5,etc.;see also D. Franke, 43, 148;Urk. Stadt imAlten in M. Jansen andP.Johanek undStadt(Aachen, Agypten', (eds),Grenzen 1997), 31ff. 55LeidenAP.7(often II cited as V3). If there Antef is anytruth inthis ancestor served statement, Antefiqer's after theconquest ofAbydos. to regnal I (c.1921 this The stelais dated bc). Between year year 33 of Senwosret andthereign ofAntef II (c.2112-2061) This interval arec.140-190 thereigns ofseven years, kings. comprising couldhardly be covered three of myfather' of as thetranslation andthefather byonly generations, 'myfather inherited hisoffice Gardiner, Eg. Gr.3, 507.3andLichtheim, Autobiographies, 73-4(no.30) proposes. Antefiqer of 'Scribeof Fields'from hisgreat-grandfather, the'Scribeof Fields'Ameny Imsuandhisgrand(hisfather father hadinstead thetitle shn tin?, 'Scribe oftheMat',andimi-n 'Overseer of Fields'intheThinite Ameny iht, The office, washanded down over four with an average of 35-40years nome). then, pergeneration. generations, 56See D. Franke, - Geschopf inder des "Ersten zurStatuserhohung 'Qrht Tages":EineAssoziationstechnik 10. und 11. Dynastie', GM 164(1998),63-70;Moreno in Pantalacci and Berger-el-Naggar Garcia, (eds),Des auxMontouhotep, Neferkare 224ff. 57StelaBoston MFA 25.629, 11. Narrative, 2-4: Doret, 158ex.279;c. Tenth/Eleventh Dynasty. 58mdd nswt s r in:f/m ha s mst it:f,New YorkMMA 57.95,1. 5; Lichtheim, Autobiographies, 50 (no. 20) didnotinherit hisoffice from hisfather: he was,likee.g.Sarenput novus. I). Antef (Montuhotep I, a homo My follows alsoFranke, interpretation Berlev, Trudovoe, ff.; 185 compare Heqaib,10-14. 59WadiHammamat Sesostris Ier, 3042: Gasse,BIFAO 88, 83-94,fig.1, pl. vi; Obsomer, 691-3(doc. 148); D. Farout, 'La carriere du whmw et l'organisation au Moyen des expeditions au Ouadi Hammamat Ameny BIFAO 94 (1994),143-72; P. Vernus, 'L'Intertextualite dansla culture Empire', pharaonique: L'Enseignement de Ptahhotep etle graffito n3042)',GM 147(1995),103-9. (OuadiHammamat d'jmny
2oo7
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
165
not appointedto his office Antefof EA 1628 was,however, by the King; he omits above him. His pride derivesmainlyfrom the factthat of an authority anymention his rankand status.Antefinherited 'people' from his parents he was able to inherit he does not fifth in names as the a sequence and his grandparents (whose mention),60 of heirs,and it can be assumed thatthisworkforce, augmented by his own acquisiwithhis own cattleand fields. was thesourceof his wealth,in combination tions, themostprominent member of his family,61 Antefwas probably proudof beingof and at his considerable wealth and prestigehaving disposal distinguished parentage goods such as cattleand fields.In facthe is almostthe onlyOverseerof a Troop of a stela.62 He belongedto a 'middleclass of Herdsmenso farknownwho could afford and prosperous and showsthatin minorofficials, servants', craftsmen, professionals, andenterprise, was roomfor Middle KingdomEgypt'there interests, property, private and theirservants'. . . 'There were evenwithinthe householdsof extendedfamilies and villageto templeand the royal economiclevelsfromfamily variousinterwoven economicmodes in coexistence, rangingfromredistribution palace, with different meet.He 's life,the statesectorand privateenterprise In Antef to freecommerce'.63 him to create wealth allowed in his was superiorto his colleagues office; surplusto of his family, and he could loan his cattleand provideforeven the poorerrelatives esteemed who thenwereindebtedto him. He was highly to others, threshing-floors and was a truly'good in his village as a memberof the local council of elders,64 shepherd'.65 and of reliefwere withmanyhieraticintrusions, Althoughthe stylesof writing, and his autobiographical the inscription notproducedby a first-rate artist, certainly It consistsof seven parts,beginningwith a are well structured. self-presentation
60The names filiation. andthere is noms.n remain andgrandparents ofAntef 's mother unknown, 61His wife of the with a masculine of a woman Renefankhu name)wasa /m^-wr-pnestess example (an early on stelaCairoCG with thesametitle namesake Twelfth is an early there Hathor. Dynasty Curiously, goddess 12 and TheOffering Godat Abydos: TheTerrace see W. K. Simpson, Chapels ofDynasties of theGreat 20546, as a title of ladiesof of Hathor' pl. vi (ANOC 2). Triestess 1974), 13 (PPYE 5; New HavenandPhiladelphia, Twelfth andearly in theFirstIntermediate occurs theelite Eleventh, Dynasty, e.g.BM EA Period, frequently of Renefankh The Turin no. C Cat. Louvre CG Cairo imihyt 1, 1534. epithet 20780, xxxiv), II, pl. 152(HTBM inthis alsooccurs Studien, 16b),anditwasusedlessfreFruhmitteldgyptische (see Schenkel, period frequently sons(Itjy, hadthree C 3). Antef I (e.g.on Louvre of Senwosret thereign Montuhotep (orfour) during quently a secondImu, andeight andAntef) Satmontu, Senet,Imu,Renefankhu, Montusenet, (Sobeksenet, daughters and...-Renefankhu). 62Except an imi-n tst stela CairoCG 1632, Period Intermediate oftheFirst theowner for (ofherds?). b3D. Franke, 'MiddleKingdom 11,395-0.Hornakht Egypt, Encyclopedia ofAncient (ed.),Oxford , inRedtord see Franke, of thesamesocialstratum, I was a member of Montuhotep (CairoJE 46048)in thelaterreign iv. SAK 34,167-72, pl. 64A man's mentioned ofhislord, is frequently oras a councillor inthecouncil, ofofficials, roleintheassembly as an impartial himself notes1,m. Montuwoser see textual of theperiod; texts in autobiographical presents wholeansnotto himwhocanpay r wn-m?r) in very deed(sdmw 'I aman examiner of strife: in matters listener I who Neheri 11. MMA 12.184, bythenomarch expressed 13-4).The sameideais probably (NewYork (nbdbwoy 'whowasnotknown as someone theofficials with tothecouncil wassummoned by court) together (attheroyal outside nos25,1.3 = 26,1.5), i.e.as a manfrom inrmt: hnr thepeople'(in.frsh Hatnub, Anthes, rh:f qnbt/iwtw inhisjudgement. whois neutral tobe an arbitrator supposed 65The goodshepherd see D. Miiller, in Old Kingdom first as a comparison occurs Texts, Pyramid metaphor ForMiddle ZAS 86 (1961),126-44. zurGeschichte EinBeitrag Hirte: 'Der gute Kingdom Bildrede', agyptischer I: Die PhrasedesMittleren zumdgyptischen see E. Blumenthal, Retches, Konigtum Untersuchungen attestations, und and Raedler in Gundlach (eds),Selbstverstdndnis 1970),323 G4.36-8;Franke, (ASAW61.1; Berlin, ologie andCulture, seeParkinson, itsuseinliterary 124,209. Poetry texts, Realitdt, I92>andfor 175-7,
166
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
formula longeroffering (10 verses),and endingwitha shortcall forthe invocationoffering (3 verses). Antef 's narration is in fivesectionsor 'stanzas' (comprising 22 verses),and is not introduced The sectionsare bound together by by the usual dd or dd:f, 'he says'.66 whichis and content.It begins withan ink tpi phrase,'I am the first', repetitions in thefourth 's leadingposition section.Whilethefirst sectionis aboutAntef repeated in his professional the the fourth section herdsmen, group, emphasizeshis leading as a councillorin the council meetings.Both sections positionin his community and Antef 's first-class forthe administration 'official' and 'public' activities, present forhis village.The second,third, 's 'private'role and fifth sectionsemphasizeAntef within his household:thecare forhis relatives as a landlordin at home,his activities and his legal possessionof his own work-force. agriculture, Three timesAntefstatesthathe is memberof a prominent who inherited family his professional rankand his material in the first and third wealthfromhis family: sectionwitha termof filiation Overseerof a Troop' in ('I was ... the son of thefirst 1. 5, and 'I was ... the son of one richin cattle' in 11.9-10), and in the finalsection abouttheinheritance of his dependants. The same themeis addressedwiththetwice five heirs'(11.5-6, 10: hi.kwi repeatedexpression 'havingdescendedas thefifth/from m iwrw diw)y usinga stative. Somewhatmonotonously, and typically of the period,he forself-representations uses sevenm/s-sentences67 to expresshis positionand possessionof grain, doncattle, and threshing-floors. The fifth sectionends withthe proud statement keys,fields, of acquisitionof 'people' withhis own means (11.14-15). Only the second section, wherehe speaksaboutprovisioning his family and burying thedead, has a morepronouncednarrative structure withthenominalsdm.n:f in rdi.n:ibdtn hqr(1.7) and the 68 initial forms iwsdm.n:f is as follows of his biography "(11. 7-9). The generalstructure are underlined): (repeatedelements
I 4 3 inkimi-n-tst-tpi s[ imi-n-tst-tpi ht.kwi m iwrw diw 1 inkimi-nt(i)sttpi ... 1 ink nb-bdt + nominal rdi.mi-bdt ... 1 iw-grt-srnh.n:i ... + negation n-rdi:i... 2 qrs.n:i... iw-hbs.n:i ... 2 inkrs?-ihw s[ rh-ihw hi.kwi m diwjwcw 2 ink nb ... 2 inkgrttpin-nwt:f 2 inkt&w... in his profession First-ranking
II
Status:Materialwealthand care
III 4
Status:Wealthin cattleand land
IV 4
Rank: Firstin his community-council
66As alsoon stelae NewYork MMA 57.95(reign of Montuhotep and C 1,C 34,LeidenAP.7, I), andLouvre Berlin n 99 (reign of Senwosret I). 67Compare, forexample: BM EA 1203,TPPI, 23; LouvreC 1, C. Obsomer, 'La datede Nesou-Montou C 1)',RdE 44 (1993),123;NewYork MMA 12.184, BM (Louvre Lichtheim, Autobiographies, 104-5(no44); esPEA 581,Lichtheim, , 110-11 Autobiographies (no.47). Doret, Compare Narrative, 142,161n. 1938,130-2.
2007 V 6
THE GOOD SHEPHERD ntit:i ... rmt 3 iw-wn rmt:i ... 3 iw-wn
ANTEF
167
Status: Possessor of dependants
a dateforEA 1628 Towards of thestelaarechronologically relevant: thepalaeography and phrasing Manyfeatures the and of of theoffering the formula, palaeography idiosyncrasies autobiographical of the the several and the text, style details, writing, iconographic generaldesignand style. H. R. Hall dated EA 1628 to the EleventhDynasty(in HTBM V, 5), and this date has been widelyaccepted,e.g. by J.Vandier,Manuel d'archeologie egyptienne, architecture n. II: Les grandes (Paris, 1954), 475 1, and, earlier, funeraire) epoques(V H. G. Fischernoted the manyhieraticintrusions as a criterion for also by myself. EA 1628 with 'stela' EA 1724, a date 'afterthe reunionof Egypt',and, comparing which'can hardlybe earlierthanthe veryend of Dyn. XP, statedthatEA 1628 'is probablythe same date'.69A date earlierthan the TwelfthDynastywas takenfor System of Old by E. Doret,and he includedEA 1628 in his NarrativeVerbal granted Period and Middle Egyptian(1986) amongthe sourcesfromthe First Intermediate to Trudovoe Berlev, (1972), 259 datedthestelamorecautiously (see p. 137n. 1617).70 the Eleventh-Twelfth (1997), Dynasty;Moreno Garcia, Etudessur Vadministration of Middle London UC as sources the with Kingdom 14333, 92 (28) citesit,together not EA to be from Schenkel did consider Xlle W. 1628 Xle-debut dynastie'). ('fin Theben and did not include it in his MemphisHerakleopolis the EleventhDynasty, Studien(1962) (FmdS Fruhmittelagyptische (1965). In Schenkel'searlierdissertation in thelisting Dynasty(e.g. on pp. 33, 38 'etwa below),he dateditto theearlyTwelfth in favour of thisdate.Of themanysignificant Ses. P) and adduced severalarguments studiedin a widercontext, and of EA 1628, not all have yetbeen properly features fora to balance and assess them. Featuresthatare inconclusive it is oftendifficult decisionbetween(late) Eleventhand earlyTwelfthDynastyare: in ntrrinbpt (FmdS, 4b; examples of the r*-sign (1) The verticalarrangement occurevenlate in thereignof SenwosretI).71 ties (=^=Y2) stilloccursin the reignof Senwosret (2) The papyrusscrollwithout II.72 as a merespace filler use of thestroke (FmdS, 5d). (3) The frequent of tpi-dw of imi-n(FmdS, 7), and thewriting :f (FmdS, 9). (4) The writing
69H. G. Fischer, in R. Caminos andH. G. Fischer, andPalaeography', of Epigraphy 'Archaeological Aspects andPalaeography Ancient by (New York,1976),43 and n. 56. BM EA 1724is published Epigraphy Egyptian Intermediate StelaeoftheFirst T. G. H. James, Period', 89,pl. xxx.b. BMQ 20 (1955-6), Funerary 'Egyptian 7 He alsoincludes from both theTwelfth E.9.1922andLondonUC 14333, certainly Dynasty. Cambridge 71The 'new'horizontal ofMontuhotep lateinthereign inntr-r? nbibdw occurs ofther;sign very arrangement TT 240;cf.J.Allen, 'Some of Merufrom CairoJE45057and45058andon thecoffin on stelae I attheearliest inDer Manuelian MiddleKingdom', oftheEarly ThebanOfficials I, 10n. 43. Simpson, (ed.),Studies 72See Schenkel, andEpi211-12;D. Spanel, Talaeographic Studien, Heqaib, 2; Franke, Fruhmittelagyptische in Twelfth Period andtheEarly First Intermediate Textsoftheso-called between Distinctions Dynasty', graphic in1.3 inHTBM ofthescroll Lambert's Der Manuelian copy II, 779-84.Unfortunately, Simpson, (ed.),Studies with a single tiewas The reproduction theinscription. as throughout hasnoties, itdefinitely V,pl. i is incorrect: Twelfth of thestelato theearly of Schenkel's in favour a strong (Schenkel, Dynasty dating argument surely still valid. criteria adduced are,however, bySchenkel Studien, 12952a). The other Fruhmittelagyptische
168 (5) (6) (7)
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
The additional feminineending afterthe determinativenwt(FmdS, iod) (cf. no. 10). The determinativeof wt in imi-wt(FmdS, 11). The sign of the seated man (Ai, also in a unique variant), used as the first person singular suffixpronoun (also in the stative) and in the independent pronoun ink (FmdSy i3d-e, g-h). The sound change w > i (FmdS, i4d: rwt> rwy, also in Anthes,Hatnub,no. 22, 1. 18; FmdS, 16b, i8d: imihw> imihy). The formula imihyhr ntr-<inb-pt, which occurs frequentlyin the Eleventh Dynasty but disappears on stelae during the early Twelfth Dynasty.73
(8) (9)
(10) The double feminineending in qnbt(1. 12) (FmdS, 22b) (cf. nos 5 and 12). (11) The phrase t hnqt n h:k, 'bread and beer for your spirit!' Comparable labels occur as a recitation accompanying the presentation (or preparation) of food to the stela or tomb owner,or in frontof him and next to a table with offerings in the Eleventh and early Twelfth Dynasty.74 On EA 1628, however, offerings, the text is 'spoken' by the son in front of his standing father,without any immediate co-textwith a scene of food-presentation;the main textcontains no 'n k?nyphrase. (12) The addition of a seemingly superfluous feminine ending in the otherwise masculine kinship term hiw (1. 8) could be significant, compared with the examples provided by Schenkel, Fruhmitteldgyptische Studien, 22d, which are attested only from the early reign of Senwosret I (compare nos 5, 10, 20). However, the occurrence of the term in the certainlyearlier autobiography of Merer fromGebelein/Edfu shows a similar spelling.75 (13) The epithets iqr m^-hrw afterthe name occur in the tomb of Ankhtifi(pillar VII, 1. 2), and fromthe reign of Wahankh Antef (TPPI, 18, 1. 9) to early Senwosret I (stela Miinchen AS 33; see Schenkel, Fruhmitteldgyptische Studien, and above textual note 28a, b).76 (14) The design of the stela with a round top occurs in the Eleventh Dynasty dur73Chatsworth New YorkMMA 57.95;Berlin1197;New YorkMMA 16.10.327 720/12; (R. Freed,'Stela of Early the from Workshops 12',inDer Manuelian Dynasty I, 301fig. (ed.),Studies Simpson, id) areexamples Eleventh CairoJE36420(Freedin Der Manuelian Dynasty; I, 313fig. (ed.),Studies Simpson, 5c) andCairoCG 18 arefrom theearly Twelfth 205 Dynasty. 74See also D. Franke, 'The MiddleKingdom Formulas-A Challenge' ,JEA 89 (2003),54. Variant Offering versions of these recitations areon stelae BM EA 1671, Berlin MosandBM EA 614,CairoCG 20543, 14334, cow1.1.a.1137andI.i.a.5603from thereigns ofAntef II - III, andBM EA 152,Louvre MMA C 15,NewYork andCairoJE45058(PM I, 617) from thelater 26.3.217 (Hayes, JEA 35,44 fig. 1,pl. iv),TurinCat.no. 1447, Eleventh from thereign ofSenwosret I areonstelae CairoCG 20024, andLouvre Dynasty. Examples C3, 20516, alsoperhaps BM EA 52881(HTBMV, pl. iii;PM I, 650)andCairoCG 20552. 75StelaCracow 1.11:h(i)w.t:f seeFranke, MNK-XI-999, (Ninth Dynasty), 215 Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen, occurrence ofthefully inthetomb of Shemai andIdi at Komel-Momanien from (1). The earliest term, spelled theEighth is however without a -tending: TextB, 1. 11,M. F. Mostafa, 'Erster Vorbericht Dynasty, masculine, - Teil 1',ASAE 70 (1984-5), iiber einen Ersten Zwischenzeit Textaus Komel-Koffar 419-29, pl. ii; id.,'Kom Teil II: Datierung undhistorische desTextes el-Koffar, B', ASAE 71(1987),169-85, Interpretation pl. i. On the stela ofMontuwoser, ofSenwosret MMA 12.184, 1.10),h(?)w:f with omission isspelled ofthe I, (NewYork reign i (Aleph), as with Merer andAntef, andwith thesuffix before thedeterminatives, as with Antef. pronoun 76Alsoonthecoffin ofladyMytfrom theearly ofMontuhotep I (Brooklyn PM II, 386-7). reign 52.127;
2007
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
169
first at Abydosand partof thereignof MontuhotepI, probably ingtheearlier laterat Thebes.77 is thestaff withan upturned end carriedby Antef's (15) A further peculiarfeature son Montuhotep;curved sticksappear severaltimes on stelae fromThebes the Eleventhand earlyTwelfthDynasty.78 from Dendera) from (and rarely features: are thefollowing Also noteworthy (16) Antefcarriesa battle-axe.79 lotus.80 (17) His wifesmellsa long-stemmed (18) Her hairand the clothesof the womenshow a peculiarwavy 'zigzag' pattern to indicatecurlsor pleats.81 moresignificant: be chronologically The following might arguments 1. 13) occursonlyin theearlyTwelfth ntit(:i)y noun (rmt as a feminine Dy(19) rmt cites Leiden Studien,26b, AR67, 1.9; nasty(Schenkel,Fruhmitteldgyptische Cairo CG 20516,1.6; New YorkMMA 12.184,1. i6f.; Siut I, 11. 223, 225). (20) The peculiarspellingof the toponym'Busiris' (ddw) in 1. 1, witha feminine onlyon statueAswan Museum 1339 (Heqaib no. 4) ending,occurselsewhere
77 The earliestround top stelae are the stela of Nakhty(surelyfromAbydos; now at Chatsworth 720/12), thesecondhalfof Turin Cat. no. 1513,Pittsburgh Z9-497, CopenhagenJEIN 963 (boughtat Luxor), and, from Abydos). From the same reign Montuhotep'sreign,Turin Cat. no. 1447 and Louvre C 14 (both probablyfrom Manuel d'archeologie foundat el-Tarif:PM I, 596 (12); TPPI, 30; Vandier, is Cairo TR 3/6/25/1, II, egyptienne Edfu) is notdated. Fromtheend of the 475 n. 1, 477 (fig.293). Stela Florence6364 (fromLuxor; said to be from 'The Stela of Rudj^ahau',j^ EleventhDynastyare BM EA 159 (R. O. Faulkner, 37 (1951), pl. vii) and EA 152 (HTBM II, pl. xxxiv)from Abydos. 78 See D. Franke,in E. BayerAlterPlastik: Agyptische Niemeieret al. (eds), Liebieghaus-Museum Bildwerke, am Main, 1993), 97~ioi (on Cat. no. 24). SeventeenoccurIII: Skulptur, Malerei,Papyriund Sdrge(Frankfurt the tombof Khetyfrom from to whichshould be added a scene withhunters renceson stelaeare knownso far, thereignof MontuhotepI, TT 311: W. C. Hayes, The Scepterof Egypt(New York,1953), I> 165 (fig.101); PM nos 1 and 2 (in Der Manuelian (ed.), Studies I, 387). Severalof the stelaeare includedin R. Freed's workshops BM EA 1201 (HTBM II, pl. xiii),Berkeley I, 299-307). EarlyTwelfthDynastyexamplesare probably Simpson, in the collection 5-351,Cairo JE 45625, ClandeboyeHall no. 1, Vienna AS 202, Berlin 19582,a stela-fragment An earlier of A. Brundagein Santa Barbara,and others. variant, holdingthestickwitha curvedend is shownon aus Gebelein',MDAIK 56 (2000), 256-60, pl. stelaCairo CG 1651(S. Kubisch, 'Die Stelender I. Zwischenzeit xxxiii)and BM EA 1203. 79 See Davies, Axes, 37, pl. xxxvn(fig.2). Khetyankh/Heni and carriesbattleor a warrior wearsthegarment IV: The EarlyTwelfth axe and bow,W. K. Simpson,'Studies in theTwelfthDynasty, DynastyFalse-Door/Stela Shams (Heliopolis)',JARCE 38 (2001), 11-15 (figs2, 3b right), from of Khety-ankh/Heni usurped Matariya/Ain in the earlyTwelfthDynasty?;also Henenu on a stela fromthe Wadi el-Hudi quarryarea fromthe reignof the South-Eastern Desert', ASAE 39 (i939)> SenwosretI (Cairo JE 71899), A. Rowe, 'Three New Stelae from withbow and of warriors earlierdepictions is of coursecomparableto themorefrequent pl. xxvib.This feature on stelaefrom, arrows 720/12). e.g., Naqada and Gebelein,or on thestelaof Nakhty(Chatsworth 80 Z9-497, Berlin1197, Turin Cat. no. 1513, Louvre C 15, 1unn Cat. no. 1447, See, forexample,Pittsburgh BM EA 152; held by males: Copenhagen^)IN 963, New YorkMMA 57.95, Cairo CG 20514,20507; cf.C. Obde datationdans les textesdu Moyen Empire',in commecriteres et la filiation ms(t).n/ir(t).n somer, 'Di.fprt-hrw etcopte:Melanges dansVEgypte etspiritualite societe and J.-M.Kruchten C. Cannuyer pharaonique (eds), Individu, Twelfth From the Theodorides Aristide au Dynastyare: early 186-9. (Ath, 1993), offerts Professeur egyptologiques stela Cairo CG 20516; 20559; 20756; Durham N.1932; Leiden EG-ZM10, cf. Freed, in Der Manuelian (ed.), stela720/13, Eder,in Boschunget al. (eds), StudiesSimpson, 7d), 320; Louvre C 32; C 166; Chatsworth I, 319 (fig. and 20408, withstanding Cairo CG Stelae cxv.2. in Die antiken 20291 167), pl. Chatsworth, 131 (no. Skulpturen as is Cairo CG 20552, showing the TwelfthDynasty, men smelling lotus,are probablyalso from long-stemmed earlierstelaCairo CG 20012). withlong-stemmed papyrus(also on theslightly standing figures 81 half of the first the from stela reignof MontuhotepI, and also on Cairo CLr Z-9497 Pittsburgh Compare theearlyTwelfthDynasty. 20014,20664, Berlin22820, and Florence6378 from
170
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
thereignof of Hapi, thefather of SarenputI, and on stela Louvre C 34 from Senwosret I.82 variant as ^ 'zt*(O34 in an abbreviated of theterm (21) The spelling s?t, 'daughter', + Xi) in the name 'Satmontu'of the sixthdaughter is in the bottomregister, a writing typicalin thereignof SenwosretI.83 in periods of famineis typicalforthe so-called (22) The themeof provisioning First Intermediate Period (Ninth/Tenth and early Eleventh Dynasty); the of theseearliertexts, such as tswor rnpt are,howkey-words (qsnt)ntsnb-iby dated no There are as i28ff. ever, yet securely missing(Schenkel,FrndS, 52). about famine from thereignof MontuhotepI.84The accountsof proreports at Hatnub fromthe time of viding forthe hungryin the rock-inscriptions and thetermtswalso NeheriI date probablyfrom theearlyTwelfthDynasty, occurshere(Anthes, 9-10). In the Hatnub,nos 20, 11. 8-9, 11; 23, 11. 5-6; 24, 11. in the reign of a famine tombof Amenemhat at Beni Hasan, thereis mention of SenwosretI, and contemporaneous occurrences of the themeincludethe stelaof Montuhotep(London UC 14333) and in theHeqanakhtPapyri.85 A possibleaid to datingEA 1628 might Bennett be themethoddevelopedby John and laterrefined It is, however, based only on variablesof by Helmut Satzinger.86 the offering formula. withmy enhanced Accordingto this method,and re-checked EA dates to the Eleventh 1628 database, unequivocally possiblyevento the Dynasty, theunification of Upper and LowerEgyptinthereign of MontuhotepI. periodbefore Relevantfeatures are: of the god's name Osiris withdeterminative (23) The writing (Bennett'scriterion no. 2). of the god's name/epithet hnti-imntiw withdeterminative (24) The writing (Bennett'sno. 3). of Osiris' epithet nbddw(Bennett'sno. 4). (25) The occurrence
82Alsoattested on theundated sandstone stelaMiinchen AS 34. Thereareoccurrences on coffins, e.g.from
Blatt 8: BH8, BH14,andAsyut, Blatt 18:S22, S29, S76,probably from theTwelfth 1993), Dynasty. 83See D. Franke, inLA VI, 611; theearliest dated areon: Louvre C 3, Simpson, 'Tochter', Terrace, examples I year I year pl. xv(ANOC 6), Senwosret Terrace, 9; CairoCG 20542, 24. pl. xi (ANOC 4), Senwosret Simpson, Other occurrences from theearly Twelfth areon CairoCG 20314, earlier A probably occurrence Dynasty 20592. is onstelaCairoCG 20012, b intheowner's wife's name z(i)t-sbk. 84As noted 'The Nomarchs of theHareNomeandEarly MiddleKingdom already byH. Willems, History', from tothelater whose steladatesprobably of MontuJEOL 28 (1983-4), 99 n. 138.Hornakht Dendera, reign ofprovisioning hiscity times ofwaras a pastevent: CairoJE46048, seeFranke, SAK 34, I, speaks hotep during 167-72, pl. iv. 85Forthe date ofLondon UC 14333, seeW.Schenkel, 'Eineneue 6-12;Berlev, Weisheitslehre?',^^ 50(1964), intheTwelfth 'Studies Obcestvennye 96-100;Willems, otno&nija, JEOL 28,99 n. 138;W.K. Simpson, Egyptian III: Year25 in theEra of theOryxNomeand theFamine Yearsin EarlyDynasty Dynasty, 12',JARCE 38 seeJ.P. Allen,TheHeqanakht (2001),8. Forthedateof theHeqanakht (PMMA 27; NewYork, Papyri, Papyri See J.Bennett, 'Growth of thehtp-di-nsw in theMiddleKingdom', Formula JEA 27 (1941),77-82;id., 'Motifs and Phrases on Funerary Stelaeof theLaterMiddleKingdom', JEA 44 (1958),120-1;H. Satzinger, 'Die Abydos-Stele desJpwy aus demMittleren MDAIK 25 (1969),125-6;id.,'Beobachtungen zurOpReich', ferformel: Theorie undPraxis', andmyreview: LingAeg 5 (1997),184-8, Franke, JEA 89,56-7.
2002), 127-33.
Beni Hasan, G. Lapp, Typologie der Sdrgeund Sargkammern von der 6. bis 13. Dynastie(SAGA 7; Heidelberg,
2oo7
11).87
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
171
hnti-imntiw nb-ibdw dka; Bennett'sno. (abbreviation (26) Osiris' epithetsnb-ddw (Bennett'sno. i).88 (27) The 'bare' prt-hrw of the deceased withn irmhy (Bennett'sno. 6). (28) The introduction of an earlydate is the peculiarsequence of epithets The mostobvious indication no. 26), whichis as yet attestedonly once on a dated stela of Osiris (dka, criterion datedsourcesfrom I.89Since thereis a lackof explicitly from thereignof Senwosret theveryend of the EleventhDynastyand the reignof Amenemhat I, it is uncertain was really absentduring thisperiod, the'earlier'sequenceof Osiris' epithets whether on stelae90 There were probablymanyfeatures and whichsequence was preferred. withlate Eleventh and otherinscribed objectsthatwerecongruousand overlapping when the kingstill earlier Amenemhat's reign especiallyduring Dynastyproducts, I does a radicalchangebecome thereignof Senwosret residedat Thebes; onlyduring observable.91 of Heqata fromQubbet el-Hawa, The sequence dka occurs also on the coffin a good parallelto EA 1628 withregardto datingproblems. offers Aswan.This coffin are clearlyfromthe Eleventh Althoughthe models forthe decorationof the coffin and stela(whichshowsthesame Dvnasty(coffins T^C, GiT), Heqata's burial,coffin, probablybeforethe reign sequence dka) can be dated to the earlyTwelfthDynasty,
87 EleventhDynastyoccurrences, in chronological order,are stelae Cairo JE 41437, TPPI, 18; Clandeboye Excavationsat Deir el-Bahri', Hall no. 2, I. E. S. Edwards,'Lord Dufferin's JEA 51 (1965), 22-3, pl. xi.i; Cairo CG 20543; BM EA 614; New YorkMMA 14.2.6, TPPI, 22; Moskau I.i.a.5603; and BM EA 1164, TPPI, 33; k: hnti-imntiw, are d: nb-ddw, used fortheepithets Louvre C 14; BM EA 159; Cairo CG 20514.The abbreviations a: nb-ibdw. n: ntr-ri, 88 The earliestdated stelae withdi:f/sn ... are Los Angeles 50.33.31 (old no. A.5141.50-876), R. O. prt-hrw 'The Stela of the MasterSculptorShen',JEA 38 (1952), 3-5, pl. i; and Cairo CG 20515,20516. Faulkner, 89 W. K. Simpson,Inscribed at Abydos Excavations thePennsylvania-Yale Materialfrom (PPYE 6; New Haven and Philadelphia,1995), 42-3 (fig.70, C13). It occurs also in the earlyTwelfthDynastyon the stela (Cairo JE (Cairo CG 28127; sigleAiC) of Heqaib-aa/Heqata(see below); on Cairo CG 20374,20408, 36420) and thecoffin 'Notes on Some Stelae',RT on Louvre C 169 (E 3107), A. H. Gardiner, 720/13; 20410,20488,20552; Chatsworth tableCairo JE 91220, Simpson,Inscribed Material,43, 45, (fig.72, C15); and only 19 (1897), 85 (II); on offering II on stelaBM EA 567, Simpson,Terrace, in thereignof Amenemhat once later, pl. xxii(ANOC 13). In thereign hnti-imntiw ntr-r? and a usual sequence is nb-ddw after was oftenintroduced of SenwosretI ntr-r? hnti-imntiw, nb-ibdw (dkna): e.g. Louvre C 1, C 3, C 34, Turin Cat. no. 1534,and alreadyon the late EleventhDynastystela Cairo JE 45058; or dna: Cairo CG 20024, 20515; also alreadyon BM EA 1203, TPPI, 23; E. R. Russmann(ed.), Museum(London, 2001), 81 (no. 12); also Cairo JE theBritish Artfrom EternalEgypt:Masterworks of Ancient e.g. Cairo CG 20518, Leiden AP.67, Louvre C 2; already (and nb-ibdw): 45057 and BM EA 1724; or hnti-imntiw on Turin Cat. no. 1447. 90 A good exampleis stela Cairo CG 20003, see Freed,in Der Manuelian (ed.), StudiesSimpson, I, 302 n. 17, slab-stelaBM EA 1724 and Spanel, in Der Manuelian(ed.), StudiesSimpson, repellent II, 773 n. 25. The rather mixture of 'early' and showsa fascinating BMQ 20, pl. xxx.b) has an unusual 'biographical'inscription (James, For inkwithdeterminative m swt:fnbt)and 'late' (horizontalriin ntr-rs, Ai, dna) features. nt,imihw, (prt-hrw nt ..., whichhas a parallelonly on Cairo CG 20480, see Spanel, in Der Manuelian ... nfrt its formula prt-hrw invocatoire d'offrande de la formule septentrionale II, 768 n. 11; L. Postel,'Une variante (ed.), StudiesSimpson, aux a la PremierePeriode Intermediate:prt-hrw (eds), Des Neferkare nt\ in Pantalacciand Berger-el-Naggar combines Inscribed from of Dedu the stela Also Material, fig. 70) 43 Abydos(C13: Simpson, 255-78. Montouhotep, it would 'old' (Geb Osiris dka) with'new' (di:fprt-hrw) formula in its offering elements;if it had no cartouche, be datedto thereignof SenwosretI. hardly 91 See Spanel, in Der Manuelian(ed.), StudiesSimpson, thesechangesto thereign II, 771-2, 767; he attributes of Senwosret from thereign I, I. Most of thesourcesSpanel adduceson pp. 779-86 date,however, of Amenemhat the reign nonThere are no single-dated withhis father. royalstelaefrom assumingthattherewas no coregency Museum 37.1346E, of Amenemhat I; stelaesuchas Cairo JE 45625,45626, BM EA 52881 (PM I, 650), Brooklyn date to his reign. or Berlin22820 might
172
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
of SenwosretI.92The sequence dka of Osiris' epithets occurs,forexample,also on thestelaof Renu at Chatsworth 'early'stelaCairo (no. 720/13)and on theapparently datealso to CG 20408, which, Bothmight has the'late' feature however, di:fprt-hrw. thisperiodexistwhich thereignof Amenemhat severalotherstelaefrom I. Certainly of about in thisshortinterval haveonlyresisted to datethemmoreprecisely attempts forty yearsbetweenthe late reignof MontuhotepI (c.2053-2002 bc) and the early the I (c.1983-1954 bc). The rockinscriptions at Hatnub from reignof Amenemhat I.93 timeof NeheriI are also datedby Willemsto theearlyreignof Amenemhat All otherfeatures of the offering formula on EA 1628 notedabove stilloccuralso of Eleventh Fs reign.94 On theotherhand,certain duringSenwosret typicalfeatures 'in all his places (of worsuch as the phrasem swt:fnbt> Dynastystelaeare missing, or love to eat'.96 mrrt 'whichthespirits ihwwnm imy ship)',95 theformula listedabove, EA 1628 seems to be these arguments and the criteria Considering such as of a date laterthansome inscriptions from theend of the EleventhDynasty, thetwo stelaeof Khety97 and the finestelaof Meru (Turin Cat. no. 1447),and pertheworkshops haps olderthanstela London UC 14333 and manyof thestelaefrom in Der Manuelian Studies I, 297-336. There are, presented (ed.), by Freed, Simpson, also severalsimilarities earlierstelae,such as Cairo withseemingly however, slightly of CG 20012 and BM EA 1724. Earlyfeatures, such as the sequence of the epithets Osiris(no. 26) and theepithets (no. 13),are outweighed by latefeatures,98 iqrm?-hrw such as the writing of ddw>'Busiris', and s?t,'daughter'(nos 20-1). As yetthereis no no 'hard' evidencefora date of EA 1628 in theearlyTwelfth admittedly Dynasty, laterthantheend of thefirst decade of the reignof SenwosretI.
92Forcoffin FunerTheCoffin AiC, seeH. Willems, ofHeqata (Cairo ofEgyptian JdE36418): A CaseStudy derSdrge, aryCulture of the EarlyMiddle (OLA 70; Leuven,1996);also Lapp, Typologie 600. For Kingdom thestelaof Heqaib-aa(sonof Mesenu)> Heqata(CairoJE36420),see Freed, in Der Manuelian (ed.),Studies date inview ofthe'oscillating' tonote 2. It is interesting I, 312-3, Simpson, fig. 5c,andWillems, Heqata,chapter in ofEA 1628, between thesameproblems andearly Twelfth that Willems encountered (late)Eleventh Dynasty, theburial I ('Ein bemerkenswerter ofHeqata.Initially, ittothereign hedated ofMontuhotep dating equipment aus demfriihen Mittleren GM 67 (1983),83,85-6),butlater, inhisHeqata,21-5,heconcluded Reich', Sargtyp 'that into thedating criteria areall thereign ofAmenemhat a certain oferror since Heqatalived I', with margin rather indirect. See alsoPostel, in Pantalacci auxMontouhotep, and Berger-el-Naggar 269, (eds),Des Neferkare I -texts' is thediscussion oftheso-called 'Neheri about thedateandsetting 274-5.A further comparable example atHatnub (seenext note). 93Anthes, nos 14-30;seeWillems, of Kay, thesonof Neheri I, Hatnub, JEOL 28,80-102.The offering-table hasthesequence dkna butno di:f(CairoCG 23069);in Neheri's no.4, only tomb at Deir el-Bersha, dk[...]reF. LI. Griffith andP. E. Newberry, El Bersheh, II (ASE 4; London, mained, 1895), pl. xi.6. 94Formany on sites thecharts of Lapp,Typologie formulae derSdrge, Blatt1-35,with copiesoftheoffering theeastern sideofa large intheuseoftheepithets ofOsiris number ofcoffins, show a clear (front) development from 'older' dkatodkna to 'younger' dna(often with combined ...),e.g.at BeniHasan,Meir, Asyut prt-hrw di:f theTenthDynasty thetypical shows (Tomb IV from dna),andThebes.At Deir el-Bersha, 'already' sequence is invariably dkna. Thesevariations no clear for a more note that indication dating; Lapp'stypes provide precise coincide review with theperiod intheir seealsoH. Willems' indicated only roughly names, chronologically type of Lapp,Typologie derSdrge, BiOr 54 (1997),112-22. 95mswt:fnbt still occurs inthereign of Senwosret I: CairoCG 20756, in Der Manuelian Freed, (ed.),Studies Hunterian I, 308 (fig. Simpson, 3c); BM EA 162; CairoCG 20546and LouvreC 35 of ANOC 2; Glasgow Museum D. 1922. Tombs 'Notee proposte 13,Petrie, Courtiers, ofthe pl. xxiv;LeidenAP.67.See alsoG. Rosati, dellestele delMedioRegno', Or Ant19(1980),271. perla datazione 96Replaced ntr a godlives', thereign of Senwosret I. im,'onwhich byrnht during 97Gardiner, 114, Studien, JEA 4, 33-6.(CairoJE45057and45058;PM I, 617;Schenkel, Fruhmitteldgyptische in Pantalacci aux and Berger-el-Naggar Des Montou42g;Schenkel, MHT, 476-7);Postel, (eds), Neferkare hotep, 272-3. 98Compare thestatements of Fischer, cited byFranke, JEA 89,56.
2007
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
173
it shows features of both rectangular stelae The layoutof EA 1628 is remarkable; it was obviouslycarvedfrom it is round-topped, stelae.Although and round-topped corner was notcut away, and it whose limestone block a highrectangular upperright and the undecorated to a wall." It has onlya narrow to be fixed was intended lunette, The second and lines of inscriptions.100 restof the top is coveredby the horizontal own: on theleft standsthe sceneof their form a complete'rectangular' third registers a long stickand a battle-axe(he is thus depicted ownerof the stela,Antef, carrying Rows his daughters. and (in thebottom his sons him stand in front of register) twice); stelaefromthe late Eleventh of rectangular of standing people are a typicalfeature and secondregister are in raised of thefirst The figures Twelfth and early Dynasty.101 and are divided fromthe thirdregister (like a torusby a raised borderline relief, The as in sunk relief. bottom is carved register moulding),while the thirdregister the stela's base looks like an additionto the 'complete' (i.e. surrounded by a broad stelaabove.102 divisionline) round-topped withthesomewhat withthemanyhieratic of writing The style intrusions, together may be explainedby the provincialqualityand the styleof carvingthe figures103 stelae the to that in comparison produced by royal craftsmen many hypothesis at Thebes and Abydos (forwhichcompareFreed, in Der Manuelian (ed.), Studies or residenceI, 297-336)- thestelawas notproducedby a royalworkshop Simpson, in a kindof 'afterglow', thatthestela'imitates', I havetheimpression artist.104 trained itis certainly Eleventh of earlier thestyle Z9-497;105 stelae,suchas Pittsburgh Dynasty 'canonic' 's stela is not touchedby northern Antef deeply rootedin this tradition. Antef himselfexplicitlystands in a traditionthat reaches backwards influences. thatis to the reignof MontuhotepI. of his grandfather, at least to the generation Because of the 'Theban' curvedstickfeature (no. 15) and the factthatthe stelawas was seen in 1906 at Luxor,the stela perhapsproducedat Thebes, or at least in the 's tomb,and in theverylastyearsof theEleventhDynastyor, Theban area,forAntef I. moreprobably, duringthereignof Amenemhat wouldalso explainwhyAntefdid notdrawon thestockof otherwise These factors he employsseveral themes well-known phrases,althoughin his self-presentation the FirstIntermediate thatwerein vogue during Period,Eleventhand earlyTwelfth and caretheme. and theprovisioning rankand status, suchas hisoutstanding Dynasty,
99Compare CairoCG 20458and20033, stelae (ANOC 24). Terrace, pl. xxxvi Simpson, 100 Manuel11, stelae Eleventh for early Thisis typical 293),andsome 477rig. (Vandier, round-topped Dynasty in Der Manuelian I, 325(fig. o.d) Twelfth Simpson, (ed.),Studies stelae, e.g.:CairoCG 20033,Freed, Dynasty Terrace, pl. xi (ANOC 4). Simpson, (ANOC 24); andCG 20542, 101 Twelfth theearly Terrace, pl. lv Simpson, Dynasty, e.g.,stelaeLeidenAP.70and AP.71from Compare, not this from is York MMA stela New the Also period, from 193-33 probably rectangular painted (ANOC 55). TheScepter W.C. Hayes, II, 18-19(fig. 7); PM I, 625.On theSeventeenth 1959), (Cambridge, ofEgypt Dynasty, inthebottom areusually ofstanding therows stelae register(s). represented people round-topped 102 ot raised and a comparable ManuelII, 476. StelaCairoCG 20012shows See alsoVandier, juxtaposition relief. sunk 103 inthebottom ofthewomen bodies slender theelongated register. high-waisted Especially 104 is bad orprovincial that so-called noted 112 quality 21-2, already Studien, Schenkel, Fruhmitteldgyptische for nota validcriterion dating. 105 older or banderol bands models, of thefigures, relief , recalls The raised bylabelsin raised accompanied Antef (ed.), 182.3)and BM EA 1203(Russmann suchas theThebanstelaof Wahankh (New YorkMMA 13. is CairoCG 20555. Twelfth 81 no. 12);a later, Eternal example, Dynasty Egypt,
174
DETLEF
FRANKE
JEA 93
He adds new phrasings, the local counciland forexamplein the sectionconcerning and he sounds a new accent in the sectionabout 'his people'. He thus councillors, seemsto be narrating his achievements in his own words.The unique variant partly has a noteworthy used to describehis own acquisitions, irt.n(:i)m gbl:iy parallelin theearlyTwelfth wherethewise textknownas the Words Dynastyliterary ofNeferti, Neferti was characterized as: Lector-priest a strong armed'littleman' (ndspw qn [n]gb;:f)> a scribewithcleverfingers; he is a richman,who has greater possessionsthananyof his equals' 11.10-n).106 (Neferti, The chief-herdsman Antefwas no priest, and we do notknowhow 'clever'he was in but he would almostcertainly have welcomedsuch a flattering writing, description.
106 See W.Westendorf, 'Die Qualitaten desWeisen Neferti (zu Neferti io-ii)', GM 4 (1973), 41-4.
Plate VI
JEA 93
Stela of the Overseerof a Troop of HerdsmenAntefon stela BM EA 1628 of the Trustees of the BritishMuseum). (courtesy
THE GOOD SHEPHERD ANTEF

Franke - The Good Shepherd Antef PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Franke - The Good Shepherd Antef PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Egypt Exploration Society

THE GOOD SHEPHERD ANTEF (STELA BM EA 1628)*

Theben:Die epigraphischen Herakleopolis from thereignof kingAntefIII, see W. Schenkel,Memphis Zeugnisse

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

vili^^t Tnu^&r?w^% res? ftf i

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

19See W.Guglielmi, inLA I, 1144-5. 'Dreschen',

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

SAK 34, 162-5. Franke, 123-39;

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

et de la XIime PeriodeIntermediate de la Premiere Dynastie(BAe 10; Brussels,1948), 7 (hereJ.Vandier,Textes

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

Status:Wealthin cattleand land

Rank: Firstin his community-council

Status: Possessor of dependants

168 (5) (6) (7)

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

THE GOOD SHEPHERD

THE GOOD SHEPHERD ANTEF

You might also like