Shakil Shrestha Probability and Counting Rules:

1. A box contains 24 transistors, 4 of which are defective. If 4 are sold at random, find the probability that: a. Exactly 2 are defective. b. None is defective. c. All are defective. d. At least 1 is defective. Solutions: Defective transistors = 4; Non-defective transistors = 20. The total number of ways to select 4 defective transistors is C (24, 4) = 10,626. a) P( Exactly 2 are defective) = b) P(None is defective) =
C(4,2) C(20,2) (24,4)

190 1771

(20,4) (24,4)

1615 3542

c) P(All are defective) = (24,4) =

(4,4)

1 10626

d) P(At least 1 is defective) = 1 P(None is defective) = 1 - 3542 = 3542

1615 1927

2. A football team consists of 20 each freshmen and sophomores, 15 juniors, and 10 seniors. Four players are selected at random to serve as a captains. Find the probability that: a. All 4 are seniors. b. There is 1 each: freshman, sophomores, junior and senior. c. There are 2 sophomores and 2 freshmen. d. At least 1 of the students is a senior. Solutions: Freshmen Sophomores Juniors Seniors Total 20 20 15 10 65

a. P (All 4 are seniors) =

(10,4)

b. P (There is 1 each) =

3224 (20,1)(20,1)(15,1)(10,1) (65,4)

= (65,4)

= =

250

2821

. .

c. P (2 sophomores and 2 freshmen) =

(20,2)(20,2) (65,4)

1805

33852

d. P(At least 1 is senior) = 1 - P(None is senior) =1(55,4) (65,4)

1723 3472

3. Find the probability of getting a full house (3 cards of one denomination and 2 of another)
when 5 cards are dealt from an ordinary deck of cards. Solutions: There are 4 suits. In each suits there are 13 cards. So the total number of ways to get 3 cards of one denomination is 13* C (4, 3). Also Since we assume that cards (none- replacement), so the total number of ways in which we choose two cards of another with 12 denominations is 12 * C (4, 2). Hence P (Full house) =
13(4,3)12(4,2) (52,5)

= 4165.

4. Find the value of n. C (n+2, 4) = 6*C (n, 2). Solution:

(+2)! 4!(2)

=6
432!

! 2!(2)!

or,

(+2)(+1)!

= 6 2!

or, ( + 2)( + 1) = 72 or, n2 +3n 70 = 0. or, (n+10) (n-7) = 0. So, n = -10 and n = 7. Since n cannot be negative, so n =7.