Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROJEKT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION BASIC INFORMATION ON PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE OF TOWERS CONDUCTOR ARRANGEMENT ON THE TOWER TOWER HEAD TYPES OPTIONS FOR MODELLING TOWER HEADS TOWER TYPES AND STRENGTH CAPACITY TOWER TYPES TABLE WITH DRAFTS AND DATA ON ADMISSIBLE TOWER LOADS NAH2 NAL2 NAP2 ZAE2 ZAH2 ZAJ2 ZAL2 ZAM2 EXAMPLE OF SELECTING AND MONITORING TOWERS FOR CERTAIN LOAD CONDITIONS RECOMMENDED SELECTION OF TOWERS (APPLICATION TABLES) 21
3 3 5 5 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
4.3.
5. 5.1.
MOST COMMON STRUCTURE AND CROSS SECTIONS FOR NON INSULATED CONDUCTORS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATE CONDITIONS CONDUCTOR SUSPENSION SETS CONDUCTOR TENSION SETS ORDERING INFORMATION AND STRUCTURE TAKEOVER ASSEMBLING THE STRUCTURE TOWER FOUNDATION
21 23 32 34 36 38
5.2. 5.3. 6. 7. 8.
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
1. INTRODUCTION
In order to comprise all requirements of distributors, and at the same time use the simplest possible storage solutions and to reduce maintenance costs i.e. to unify the construction, a suitable group of steel lattice towers was designed for assembling 20 (10 and 35) kV distribution lines. Towers were designed between 1980 and 1983 for the requirements of the Elektroprivreda company, as part of the medium voltage tower standardisation program for ZEOH at that time, and are now part of the DALEKOVOD d.d. Zagreb manufacturing assortment. By using extensive experience in design, production and construction of transmission line towers and data on their use, 3 suspension (N NAH, NAL and NAP) and 5 tension (Z ZAE, ZAH, ZAJ, ZAL and ZAM) towers were designed, in line with the Regulation on Technical Standards for Construction of Overhead Power Lines of Nominal Voltage Between 1 and 400 kV Ocial Gazette 65/88 (O.G.RH 55/96), where each of them can be used in dierent conditions present on the transmission line route. For each tower type a structure prototype was made and it was tested under test load. Based on the examination of the project documentation (calculations and manufacturing blueprints), examination of the prototype structure, testing results and by participation in tests, IGH as the authorised organisation issued attests on testing. Over 25 years of experience in using towers indicated all structural advantages, precisely because of the possibility of their dierentiated use, their suitability to most common situations and deployment requirements. Accordingly, new types of accessorises and new manufacturing technology improvements were made to: the structure itself, presentation of acceptable loads and methods for control and selection of the structure model for the relevant load of each single tower design type group. To the names of towers the additional mark 2 was added, (N NAH2, NAL2 and NAP2) and (Z ZAE2, ZAH2, ZAJ2, ZAL2 and ZAM2). For each single tower type a project documentation was prepared according to the currently valid technical regulations and professional HEP standards (Steel Lattice Tower Standardisation for 20(10) kV Network, mark N.022.03, class no. 4.08/92). These instructions are intended for designers, builders and contractors of medium voltage transmission lines, as also to employees in charge of their maintenance, and are to insure quick and simple reference in selecting and deploying structures, i.e. in reaching the optimum solution.
in all climate conditions: nominal wind load 500 1100 (1300) N/m2 additional load coecient 1 to 4 x 0.18.d daN/m on all terrains, without regard of the conguration for earth wires with dierent cross-sections: AL/ between 35/6 mm2 and 150/25 mm2 other types of insulated and non insulated conductors, that put weight on the tower with the corresponding resulting tension force and wind facing surface for connecting post type, long rod, string insulators (directly to the cross-arm, over hinges, shackles, extension links and spacers) for one, and for two systems with, or without earth wire for use of additional equipment without requiring customisation of the structure: overhead and underground cable tap-os, overhead-underground transition line disconnectors (with or without remote control), malfunction detection, etc. as gantries
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Asymmetrical heads formed by one sided cross-arms J, JU jela [r] (J without, and JU with the earth wire)
Cross-arms are mounted on the upper section of the tower with the possibility of connection on every 0.85 m of the section, where necessary. For the central conductor of the head D and for the earth wire on heads BU and JU, the top frame structure is mounted at the top of the tower, hereinafter named only as top. Besides cross-arms for types of tower heads, it is also possible to attach on towers suspension equipment and structures (frames, cross-arms, etc.) customised for suspending insulated conductors, cables, devices, etc.
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
G - GAMA D - DELTA
CROSS-ARM LENGTH
SPACING BETWEEN CROSS-ARMS HEAD HEIGHT USEFUL TOWER HEIGHT DESIGNATION OF THE HEAD SHAPE G, D, B, T, J = towers without earth wire BU, JU = towers with earth wire
x=0 x = n x 0.85
J, JU - JELA [FIR]
6
TOP
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
4. 1. TOWER TYPES
Basic purpose: suspension line towers in the transmission line route: NAH2, NAL2, NAP2 tension: ZAE2, ZAH2, ZAJ2, ZAL2, ZAM2 The order of towers corresponds to the tower weight order and their implementation from lighter conditions towards the heavier load on the transmission line route. Tension towers for transmission lines, besides their main purpose to decrease the load, angle-tension, end-tower and towers with tap-os, can also be used as suspension ones (in case larger medium spans and/or higher towers are required). Nominal height: 9 m, 11 m, 13 m, 15 m all towers (tower NAH2 up to 13 m for standard use) 17 m, 19 m and 21 m additional height for tension towers Nominal heights are specic for all tower types, and they should be used when placing orders. The actual height from bottom to top, according to the manufacturing documentation is equal to nominal height with tolerance between 0.5 m and + 0.25 m, depending on the tower type and height. It is indicated on the sketch of each tower, above the nominal height indicated in brackets. Tower height from the connection point on the tower top to the ground is equal to the real height of the structure, according to the sketch of the tower + height of the foundation. Overall standard increase of height from the foundations amounts to 30 cm and can be increased for certain tower locations if necessary. To reduce the costs of solving property issues when constructing transmission lines, additional tower heights were designed. They make possible to use towers with longer spans and to reduce the number of towers in the transmission line route.
4. 2. TOWER TABLES
According to the table of allowed tower loads it is possible to select, i.e. to monitor the tower for dierent types of the head and for dierent load combinations (standard use, additional tap-os, during reconstruction, repairs, etc.). Tables also state the recommended dimensions of the foundation for specic tower heights in relation to the characteristic soil bearing capacity, and approximate weight of the tower structure without cross-arms.
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Tower type mark NAH2 Nominal voltage 20 (35) kV Nominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13 m Nominal load Rx, Ry (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the tower height) Basic load safety factor 1.5 Exceptional load safety factor 1.1 Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
1.
500
600
750
900
1100
Nominal load for Vz = 8kN Rx (Ry=0) Ry (Rx=0) art. load 68.1b art. load 68.1c kN 5.5 3.3 4.8 2.5 4.6 2.1 3.7 1.4 5.4 3.1 4.6 2.2 4.4 1.7 3.5 1.0 5.2 2.7 4.3 1.9 4.1 1.3 2.4 0.6 5.0 2.5 4.0 1.5 3.7 0.9 4.7 2.0 3.6 0.9 1.8 0.4
2.
Admissible load on the cross-arm top: Hy Vz art. 69.1 art. 68.1a, 69.1. kN 3.25 7.00 2.70 5.00 2.30 3.40 1.90 2.80
Foundation
Tower weight kg
part L cm
Soil dop kN/m2 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500
TOWER FOUNDATION
9
EXCAVATION PERIMETER EXCAVATION PERIMETER
290
139
11
360
141
13
420
146
Foundation dimensions A T cm 80 190 60 180 80 170 60 160 60 150 80 200 60 190 80 180 60 170 60 150 80 200 60 190 80 180 60 170 60 150
10
Tower type mark Nominal voltage Nominal tower height(s) Nominal load (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the tower height or 10.3 m) Basic load safety factor Exceptional load safety factor Wind force on the structure
1.
Nominal load for Vz = 10.6kN Rx (Ry=0) Ry (Rx=0) art. load 68.1b art. load 68.1c kN 6.8 3.7 6.5 6.7 6.3 6.4 5.9 6.1 5.5 5.7 5.0 2.9 3.4 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.6 1.6 2.0 1.3
600
750
900
1100
2.
Cross-arm length a, b, c m 0.95 1.20 1.45 1.60 Nominal tower height m Tower weight kg
Admissible load on the tower peak: Hy Vz art. 69.1 art. 68.1a, 69.1. kN 5.2 11.0 4.4 8.9 3.8 6.3 2.7 5.2
Foundation
part L cm
Soil dop kN/m2 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500
320
138
TOWER FOUNDATION
11
EXCAVATION PERIMETER EXCAVATION PERIMETER
425
144
13
490
111
15
620
144
Foundation dimensions A T cm 80 210 80 180 80 190 80 160 80 150 80 220 80 190 80 200 80 170 80 150 100 220 100 190 100 200 100 170 100 150 100 230 100 200 100 210 100 180 100 150
11
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Tower type mark Nominal voltage Nominal tower height(s) Nominal load (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 8.5 m section) Basic load safety factor Exceptional load safety factor Wind force on the structure Basic wind load - W N/m2 500 Nominal tower height m 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15
600
750
900
1100
Nominal load for Vz = 8kN Rx (Ry=0) Ry (Rx=0) art. load 68.1b art. load 68.1c kN 8.2 7.0 10.7 6.9 5.5 7.9 6.8 10.5 6.5 5.1 7.5 6.2 10.3 5.8 4.3 7.0 5.5 10.1 5.0 3.4 6.1 4.7 9.8 4.1 2.5
2.
Cross-arm length a, b, c m 0.95 1.20 1.45 1.60 Nominal tower height m Tower weight kg
Admissible load on the cross-arm top: Hy Vz art. 69.1 art. 68.1a, 69.1. kN 8.3 11.0 7.8 8.0 6.9 6.0 6.4 5.2
Foundation
part L cm
Soil dop kN/m2 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500
390
124
TOWER FOUNDATION
EXCAVATION PERIMETER EXCAVATION PERIMETER
11
575
177
13
650
101
15
785
185
Foundation dimensions A T cm 100 220 100 190 100 200 100 170 100 160 120 220 120 190 120 200 120 170 120 160 120 230 120 200 120 210 120 170 120 160 120 240 120 200 120 220 120 180 120 160
12
Tower type mark Nominal voltage Nominal tower height(s) Nominal load (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 8.8 m section) Basic load safety factor Exceptional load safety factor Wind force on the structure Allowed load 1. Reduced to the tower top Load situation R=Rx+Ry
2. At the point of action on the structure Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Mt=0 Hx Hy kN 19.5 19.5 15.0 19.5 17.5 19.5 19.5 14.0 19.5 17.0 19.5 19.5 Mt=8.6 9.0 9.0 Mt=5.2 Hx Hy kN 11.5 11.5 8.0 11.5 9.0 11.5 11.5 7.5 11.5 8.5 11.5 11.5 Mt=10.7 7.6 7.6
Art. a 68.1 b c 68.2 69.2 Exceptional Cross-arm length a, b, c m 0.95 1.20 1.45 1.60
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for: Hy=0 kN kN 11.8 8.9 6.3 5.2 Hy=5.3 kN kN 11.3 8.3 6.1 5.2 Hy=7.7 kN kN 11.0 8.0 6.0 5.2 Hy=10.42 kN kN 10.7 7.7 5.7 4.7
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satised Nominal tower height m Tower weight kg Foundation part L cm Soil dop kN/m2 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 Foundation dimensions A T cm 140 200 120 180 140 180 120 160 120 160 140 220 140 180 140 200 140 160 140 160 160 220 140 190 140 210 140 170 140 160 160 230 160 190 160 200 160 170 160 160
390
112
11
500
168
TOWER FOUNDATION
13 585 106
15
715
183
13
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Tower type mark Nominal voltage Nominal tower height(s) Nominal load (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 8.8 m section) Basic load safety factor Exceptional load safety factor Wind force on the structure Allowed load Load situation 1. Reduced to the tower top
2. At the point of action on the structure Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Mt=0 Hx Hy kN 28.0 28.0 26.0 28.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 25.0 28.0 26.0 28.0 28.0 Mt=12.5 19.0 19.0 Mt=7.5 Hx Hy kN 16.0 16.0 14.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 13.0 16.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 Mt=15.0 14.0 14.0
R=Rx+Ry
Art. a 68.1 b c 68.2 69.2 exceptional Cross-arm length a, b, c m 0.95 1.20 1.45 1.60
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for: Hy=0 kN kN 11.8 8.9 6.3 5.2 Hy=5.3 kN kN 11.2 8.3 6.1 5.2 Hy=7.7 kN kN 11.0 8.0 6.0 5.2 Hy=10.42 kN kN 10.7 7.7 5.7 4.7
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satised Nominal tower height m Tower weight kg Foundation part L cm Soil dop kN/m2 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 Foundation dimensions A T cm 140 230 120 200 140 210 120 180 120 180 140 240 140 200 140 220 140 180 140 160 160 240 160 200 160 220 160 180 140 160 160 250 160 210 160 230 160 190 160 160
570
112
11
EXCAVATION PERIMETER EXCAVATION PERIMETER
730
168
TOWER FOUNDATION
13 860 106
15
1045
183
14
Tower type mark Nominal voltage Nominal tower height(s) Nominal load (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 8.8 m section) Basic load safety factor Exceptional load safety factor Wind force on the structure Allowed load Load situation 1. Reduced to the tower top
2. At the point of action on the structure Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Mt=0 Hx Hy kN 39.0 39.0 36.0 39.0 37.0 39.0 39.0 35.0 39.0 36.0 39.0 39.0 Mt=17 26.0 26.0 Mt=7.5 Hx Hy kN 23.5 23.5 19.0 23.5 20.0 23.5 23.5 18.0 23.5 19.0 23.5 23.5 Mt=21.5 18.0 18.0
R=Rx+Ry
Art. a 68.1 b c 68.2 69.2 Exceptional Cross-arm length a, b, c m 0.95 1.20 1.45 1.60
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for: Hy=0 kN kN 11.8 8.9 6.3 5.2 Hy=5.3 kN kN 11.2 8.3 6.1 5.2 Hy=7.7 kN kN 11.0 8.0 6.0 5.2 Hy=10.42 kN kN 10.7 7.7 5.7 4.7
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satised Nominal tower height m Tower weight kg Foundation part L cm Soil dop kN/m2 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 Foundation dimensions A T cm 160 240 120 220 160 210 120 200 120 170 160 250 140 220 160 230 140 200 140 170 160 260 160 220 160 240 160 200 160 170 160 280 160 230 160 250 160 210 160 170
730
114
11
EXCAVATION PERIMETER EXCAVATION PERIMETER
935
170
TOWER FOUNDATION
13 1140 106
15
1390
183
15
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Tower type mark Nominal voltage Nominal tower height(s) Nominal load (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 10.45 m section) Basic load safety factor Exceptional load safety factor Wind force on the structure Allowed load Load situation 1. Reduced to the tower top
2. At the point of action on the structure Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Mt=0 Hx Hy kN 55.0 55.0 50.0 55.0 52.0 55.0 55.0 49.0 55.0 51.0 55.0 55.0 Mt=22 41.0 41.0 Mt=7.5 Hx Hy kN 35.0 35.0 30.0 35.0 31.0 35.0 35.0 29.0 35.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 Mt=29 26.0 26.0
R=Rx+Ry
Art. a 68.1 b c 68.2 69.2 Exceptional Cross-arm length a, b, c m 0.95 1.20 1.45 1.60
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for: Hy=0 kN kN 11.8 8.9 6.3 5.2 Hy=5.3 kN kN 11.2 8.3 6.1 5.2 Hy=7.7 kN kN 11.0 8.0 6.0 5.2 Hy=10.42 kN kN 10.7 7.7 5.7 4.7
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satised Nominal tower height m Tower weight kg Foundation part L cm Soil dop kN/m2 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 Foundation Dimensions A T cm 180 240 140 230 180 220 140 200 120 180 180 260 140 240 180 230 140 210 140 180 180 270 160 240 180 240 160 210 160 180 180 280 160 250 180 260 160 220 160 190
1035
130
11
EXCAVATION PERIMETER EXCAVATION PERIMETER
1305
183
TOWER FOUNDATION
13 1485 189
15
1825
183
16
Tower type mark Nominal voltage Nominal tower height(s) Nominal load (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 12.5 m section) Basic load safety factor Exceptional load safety factor Wind force on the structure Allowed load 1. Reduced to the tower top Load situation R=Rx+Ry
2. At the point of action on the structure Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Mt=0 Hx Hy kN 68.0 68.0 65.0 68.0 66.0 68.0 68.0 64.0 68.0 65.0 68.0 68.0 Mt=27 50.0 50.0 Mt=7.5 Hx Hy kN 40.5 40.5 35.0 40.5 36.0 40.5 40.5 34.5 40.5 35.5 40.5 40.5 Mt=38 31.0 31.0
Art. a 68.1 b c 68.2 69.2 Exceptional Cross-arm length a, b, c m 0.95 1.20 1.45 1.60
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for: Hy=0 kN kN 11.8 8.9 6.3 5.2 Hy=5.3 kN kN 11.2 8.3 6.1 5.2 Hy=7.7 kN kN 11.0 8.0 6.0 5.2 Hy=10.42 kN kN 10.7 7.7 5.7 4.7
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satised Nominal tower height m Tower weight kg Foundation part L cm Soil dop kN/m2 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 120 + PV 150 200 + PV 250 500 Foundation dimensions A T cm 200 250 160 230 200 220 140 210 120 180 200 260 160 240 200 240 140 230 140 200 200 280 160 260 200 250 160 230 160 190 200 290 160 270 200 260 160 240 160 200
1260
130
11
1600
183
TOWER FOUNDATION
EXCAVATION PERIMETER EXCAVATION PERIMETER
13
1850
189
15
2260
183
17
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Rx, Ry, load reduced to the tower top Hx, Hy, Vz, load at the point of action on the structure
Rx = (Hx1 h1+Hx2 h2+Hx3 h3+Vz2Vz3 .a) /hR Ry = (Hy1 h1+Hy2 .h2+Hy3 h3) / hR Rx + Ry dopR MT = Hy2 - Hy3 a
Hx = Hx1 + Hx2 + Hx3 dopHx Hy = Hy1 + Hy2 + Hy3 dopHy Vz = Vz1 + Vz2 + Vz3 dopVz
18
EXAMPLE
conductors: earth wire: semi-sum of adjacent spans: weight span: wind pressure (load): additional load: purpose of the tower on the route: line route deviation angle: selected head type: 3 x Al/ 95/15 mm2, = 95 N/mm2 III 35 mm2 , = 240 N/mm2 aW = 200 m agr = 400 m w = 900 N/m2 dt = 1.6 x 0.18 d daN/m angle-tension = 150 JU22
Hypothetical tower ZAJ
Load in line with the Regulation on Overhead Power Lines of Nominal Voltage Between 1 and 400 kV (Ocial Gazette no. 65/88, OG no. 55/96). Vx kN 5.4 6.1 3.6 1.8 P.V. N.V. 69.2 Pzu Nzu 5.4 6.8 2.1 8.0 4.2 2.7 5.4 Vy kN 0.7 6.7 10.1 Vz kN 6.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 6.8 6.8 Zx kN 4.3 4.3 2.9 1.4 4.3 Zy kN 0.4 5.3 Zz kN 4.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.2 Sx kN/m2 2.6 x 0.9 Sy kN/m2 2.6 x 0.9 -
19
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
MT = 6.7 x 1.45 = 9.7 kNm < 10.5 kNm Hy = 5.3+3x6.7 = 25.4 kN < dop Hy = 28.5 kN za MT = 10.5 kNm Hx = 1.4+3x1.8 = 6.8 kN < dop Hx = 28.5 kN za MT = 10.5 kNm control for load situation art. 68.1.b. Hx = 22.6 kN < dop Hx = 36 kN Load situation art. 69.2. MT = 10.1x1.45 = 14.7 kNm < 17 kNm Hx = 4.3+2.7+2x5.4 = 17.8 kN < 26 kN za MT = 17 kNm Hy = 10.1 kN < 26 kN za MT = 17 kNm control of the vertical load on the cross-arm Vz = 6.8 kN, Hy = 10.1 kN 10.42 kN za a = b = 1.20 m dop Vz = 7.7 kN > 6.8 kNm za c = 1.45 m dop Vz = 5.7 kN < 6.8 kNm THE LOWER CROSS-ARM IS TO BE REINFORCED BY STAYS (OR PROPS) za MT = 0
20
5. 1. MOST COMMON STRUCTURES AND CROSS SECTIONS FOR NON-INSULATED CONDUCTORS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATE CONDITIONS
The application tables dene the recommended types of towers and appropriate purpose of the tower in the route, for certain conductor cross sections and specic max. working stress, conventional shapes of tower head type and when used in dierent climate conditions,. For suspension towers the allowed wind span is stated (semi-sum of the adjacent spans), as also for the tension towers the allowed route deviation angle is present. Towers are selected based on the most appropriate wind span relevant for the construction of the tower, and the allowed electric span. Electric spans dened in tables refer to use of post type isolators (string 0.00m), on the adjacent towers with equal spans of conductor suspension i.e. equal tower head type. Actual electric spans should be precisely dened and controlled depending on the suspension equipment and head forms of adjacent towers. The working stress of conductors does not inuence the admissible wind spans for suspension tower structures. Still it conditions the required tower height (inuence on the conductor sag) and the possibility of using the tower in case of exceptional load (inuence on the breaking strength). The allowed wind spans stated for conductor suspension sets are equal for a specic tower head type, conductor cross section and basic wind load without regard to the quantity of the conductor working stress. The allowed sum of vertical forces relates to vertical load of conductors and suspension equipment and electrical devices (disconnectors, etc.) placed on the tower. ELEMENTS DEFINED BY THE TOWER HEAD TYPE MARK
distance between upper cross-arms, i.e. between the top and the upper cross-arm:
21
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
22
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 115 96 79
B21 72 60 50
107 89 73
Vz (kN) 8,0
tower type 9 11 13 9 15
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 315 330 350 320 330 170 235 195 180 265 215 200
NAH2* NAL2
10,6
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 113 94 78
B21 70 59 49
105 87 72
Vz (kN) 8,0
tower type 9 11 13 9 15 9 15
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 250 260 270 250 260 130 185 190 157 145 200 220 170 155 225 430
10,6 13,6
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans
23
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 111 92 76
B21 69 57 48
102 85 71
Vz (kN) 8,0
tower type 9 11 13 9 15 9 15
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 185 195 205 185 195 130 205 100 145 115 105 160 165 130 115 180 335
10,6 13,6
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G4 144 120 99
D11 109 91 75
B21 68 57 47
101 84 70
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 220 170 155 235 190 150 120 210 205 160 130 265 225 105 80 60 115 115 90 65 145 125 240 135 100 70 165 140 275
145 225
10,6 13,6
24
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G4 142 118 98
D11 108 90 74
B21 67 56 46
100 83 69
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 155 120 55 170 165 125 60 180 145 110 175 155 155 120 190 165 340 80 55 95 45 150 90 60 110 50 190 165 195 140 310 260 100 70 125 65 220 185 225 145 360 300
NAH2*
NAL2 NAP2
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans (W = 1300 N/m2)** satises all stated electric spans (W = 1300 N/m2)**
=>
Tower type NAH2 with cross-arm length 1.45 m (J21, J22, B) and 1.6 m (G4), does not satisfy the required mechanical resistance and stability requirements in case of exceptional load i.e. in case of conductor breaking. Allowed wind spans are dened for the higher wind area due to the fact that towers have over 15 m. For the dened wind it is also necessary to use adequate electric spans.
**
=>
25
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
B21 74 62 52
110 93 77
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 260 270 285 260 270 170 145 140 190 160 150 210 175 160 260 235
10,6
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 116 98 82
B21 72 61 51
108 91 76
Vz (kN) 8,0
tower type 9 11 13 9 11 15 9 11 15
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 200 210 225 200 280 230 220 330 300 140 115 110 160 155 125 115 175 180 140 125 210 190 340
10,6 13,6
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans
26
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 113 95 80
B21 71 60 50
105 88 74
Vz (kN) 8,0
tower type 9 11 13 9 11 15 9 11 15
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 150 160 225 180 165 240 195 160 150 220 210 170 160 235 80 120 95 85 140 125 230 135 105 95 160 140 260
10,6 13,6
115
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 111 94 78
B21 70 59 49
103 87 73
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 165 130 120 165 180 140 125 220 195 155 125 100 190 170 165 130 105 205 180 85 65 50 105 95 95 75 50 115 100 190 200 160 110 80 55 135 115 220 225 180 365 295
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans (W = 1300 N/m2)** satises all stated electric spans (W = 1300 N/m2)**
27
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 110 92 77
B21 69 58 48
102 86 72
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 125 95 45 155 135 135 105 50 165 145 120 90 145 120 130 95 155 135 65 45 80 35 70 50 90 40 155 135 290 220 140 110 160 115 270 225 80 55 100 45 175 150 180 120 295 255
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans (W = 1300 N/m2)** satises all stated electric spans (W = 1300 N/m2)**
=>
Tower type NAH2 (for all head types) and tower NAL2 with cross-arm length 1.6 m does not satisfy the required mechanical resistance and stability requirements in case of exceptional load i.e. in case of conductor breaking. Allowed wind spans are dened for the higher wind area due to the fact that towers have over 15 m. For the dened wind it is also necessary to use adequate electric spans.
**
=>
28
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
B21 89 76 64
108 92 77
Vz (kN) 8,0
tower type 9 11 13 9 11 15 9 11 15
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 220 230 245 220 275 245 235 310 120 165 135 130 205 180 325 185 150 140 230 210 350
10,6 13,6
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans
170 300
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 116 99 83
B21 87 74 62
104 88 74
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 180 250 205 195 215 185 175 230 195 185 260 90 135 110 100 165 150 267 155 120 110 190 165 300 310 240 480 380
NAH2* NAL2*
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans (W = 750 N/m2)** satises all stated electric spans (W = 750 N/m2)**
135
NAP2
29
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 111 95 80
B21 84 72 60
99 85 71
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 180 145 135 200 195 155 145 235 215 165 135 130 205 190 180 145 135 225 200 90 75 70 100 105 80 75 125 110 210 380 310 190 155 210 170 115 90 80 145 125 235 240 195 380 320
NAH2 NAL2*
NAP2
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans (W = 900 N/m2)** satises all stated electric spans (W = 900 N/m2)**
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 108 92 78
B21 83 70 59
96 82 69
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 145 115 105 155 155 120 110 190 165 135 105 85 165 145 145 115 90 175 155 75 55 40 90 80 80 65 45 100 90 170 310 295 155 120 170 140 280 220 95 70 50 116 95 195 195 155 320 265
NAH2* NAL2
NAP2
satises all stated electric spans satises all stated electric spans (W = 1100 N/m2)** satises all stated electric spans (W = 1100 N/m2)**
30
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
G2
ADDITIONAL LOAD
D11 106 90 76
B21 81 69 58
94 80 67
Vz (kN) 8,0
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span) 110 85 40 135 120 230 115 90 40 145 125 250 255 185 125 110 220 235 180 135 115 235 255 185 55 70 30 125 105 120 90 60 75 35 135 115 140 95 220 190 85 35 155 130 165 100 265 220
.10,6 13,6
8,0
10,0
=>
Tower type NAH2 (for all head forms) and tower NAL2 with cross-arm length over 1.20 m does not satisfy the required mechanical resistance and stability requirements in case of exceptional load i.e. in case of conductor breaking. Allowed wind spans are dened for the higher wind area due to the fact that towers have over 15 m. For the dened wind it is also necessary to use adequate electric spans.
** =>
31
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
TOWER TYPE
aw=(l1+l2)/2 (m) G2, G4 (G1, G3) ZAL2 ZAJ2 ZAL2 Ka 90 KR 120 180 KR 145 180 Ka 90 KR 120 180 KR 130 180 Ka 90 KR 120 180 Ka 90 i D12, D22 (D32, D42) ZAJ2 KR 120 124 260 200 320 160 ZAJ2 210 370 130 180 230 160 KR 125 129 220 280 KR 130 139 KR 140 180 ZAL2 J11, J21 KR 130 134 (J21*) ZAJ2 KR 135 180 ZAL2 Ka 90 KR 120 180 KR 125 129 J22 (J22*) ZAJ2 Ka 90 KR 120 180 200 260 270 320 165 220 200 260 380 170 185 240 210 KR 130 139 270 340 KR 140 180 280 350
W (N/m2)
1100
1100 1100 900 1100 1100 900 750 1100 900 750 1100 900 1100 1100 1100 900 1100 900 1100 1100 900 750 1100 900 750 1100 900
ZAL2
32
Maximum conductor working stress, = 95 N/mm2 Conductor suspension sets IN THE TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE ALLOWED WIND SPANS FOR THE STRUCTURE
(CONTROL ELECTRIC SPANS)
TOWER TYPE
aw=(l1+l2)/2 (m) B21 (B31) ZAM2 ZAM2 = 70 N/mm2 ZAM2 B22 (B32) ZAM2 = 80 N/mm2 ZAL2 ZAM2 KR 155-180 Ka 90 i KR 120-180 KR 150-180 Ka 90 i KR 120-180 R 180 KR 125-180 230
W (N/m2)
1100 150 250 130 160 200 300 135 175 220 170 B23 (B33) ZAL2 ZAL2 = 80 N/mm2 KR 165-180 KR 125-180 ZAM2 = 80 N/mm2 Ka 90 i KR 120-180 210 270 330 140 180 225 1100 110 900 750 1100 1100 900 750 1100 900 750 1100 1100 900 750
Vertical forces must not exceed the allowed vertical forces for certain load scenarios and for specic cross-arm lengths, as dened by the strength capacity table i.e. by the allowed load for a specic tower. The dened wind spans allowed for the sharpest route deviation angle, is increased for other angles and can be controlled according to the tower strength capacity table Head types marked with * (J21*, J22*) are applied in cases when the torque at the basic load exceeds the values from the strength capacity table. In this case the MT value relates to the length of the higher, and not lower cross-arm.
33
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
34
ADDITIONAL PLATES FOR DOUBLE SUSPENSION (delivery with note - for double suspension)
TENSION TOWERS
Standard suspension over hinges (Delivery without notes)
35
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
The foundation part of the structure is placed within the foundation excavation, it is centred and xed, and then the concrete is cast in the foundations. Further assembly is made after the concrete solidies. The structure can be mounted element by element (one element at the time), in parts (sections) or in one piece (complete). Sections of the towers are composed of main legs of max. length 6m connected with diagonals, and the same section is used for towers of dierent heights without requiring additional works on the structure as such. In this way the storage (number of positions) and assembly of towers is simplied. It makes possible to very simply use them on dierent locations in case the existing tower is to be disassembled, as also makes possible to use then for lower heights, that is the foundation section can be used for both equal and for higher towers.
36
FOUNDATION SECTION
SECTION 2
SECTION 1
FOUNDATION SECTION
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
8. FOUNDATIONS
l => useful length of the foundation extension L => foundation part of the structure d 20 cm (as required) The foundation dimensions are recommended for each type of tower, according to the nominal load and height of the tower in question. Foundations are calculated according to the Sulzberger method for several dierent characteristics of bearing, non-aggressive and stable soil. Soil characteristics are established according to the abovementioned Regulation for Overhead Power-lines obtained by geo-mechanical tests used in designing transmission lines over many years of experience for: gravel and gravel-sand soils, sandstone, ysch, etc. free of groundwater, dop = 250 kN/m2 with groundwater, dop = 200 kN/m2 clay and clay-sand soils free of groundwater, dop = 150 kN/m2 with groundwater, dop = 120 kN/m2 for foundations on solid rock the strength capacity, dop > 500 kN/m2 the minimum dimensions are conditioned by the geometry of the foundation, tower structure and method used in making the foundations. The foundation is made for simple structure as a not-reinforced concrete block without shoe, into which is placed the foundation part of the structure. To insure simpler installation in cases of deep foundations, the construction of foundation extensions is proposed, in this case it is possible to use smaller proles than the dimensions of tower main legs. It is required to use concrete, pressure strength class C20/25, that does not lose strength by ageing. By standard the foundation is made with crown d = 20 cm over the ground. If required (ood water, increased security height of the conductor, construction on inclined plateau, etc.) the structure is made with appropriate heightening of the foundations. For soils of lower/poorer characteristics and conditions, deviating from the defaulted ones, as also for dierent technology used (e.g. shallow foundations), the adequate foundations shall be recalculated. In this case it is also necessary to take into consideration the standard length of the foundation part of the structure (L) characteristic for each tower, or consult the manufacturer of the structure for possible manufacturing of customised foundation section (e.g. for anchoring screws).
38
ROCK
EXCAVATION PERIMETER
EXCAVATION PERIMETER
EXCAVATION PERIMETER
END TOWER, Ka 90
EXCAVATION PERIMETER
EXCAVATION PERIMETER
EXCAVATION PERIMETER
39
EXCAVATION PERIMETER
EXCAVATION PERIMETER
President of the Management Board: Davor urevi Project Designer: Branka Podobnik Collaborator: Tomislav Stojevi DALEKOVOD-PROJEKT d.o.o. design, control, consulting and engineering 10000 Zagreb, Marijana avia 4 e-mail: dalekovod.projekt@dalekovod.hr Tel: +385 1 24 11 100 - Operator Fax: +385 1 24 52 381
www.dalekovod.com