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M E S

Mechanical

Engineering Science
Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 1

Mechanical Engineering Science

Part A Part B

Thermal 1. Properties of steam 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Steam boilers Steam turbines Refrigeration I. C. Engines Lubrication

Production 1. Transmission of power 2. Machine tools 3. Casting 4. Forging 5. Welding 6. Milling machine 7. Shaper 8. Grinding machine

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Instructions
Mark distribution: Test = 40 marks Assignment / surprise test = 10 marks End Sem Exam = 50 marks Test: 40 marks There will be 2 Tests. Each test is of 20 marks Assignment / surprise test: There will be 2/3 assignments / surprise tests. Each assignment / surprise test is of 10 marks. To award 10 marks, all are considered.
Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 3

Reference books
1. Mechanical Engineering Science:
Gopalakrishna, Subhas Publications K.R.

2.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering:

Roy & Choudhury, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd

3.

Mechanical Engineering Science:

Mishra, Kumar & Kumar Publishers Pvt. Ltd

B.K.

4.

Mechanical Engineering Science:

Rajput, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

R.K

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Chapter 1:

PROPERTIES OF STEAM
Steam:
Vapour form of water is called STEAM. Water in solid phase: We call it as ICE Water in liquid phase: We call it as WATER Water in gaseous phase: We call it as STEAM

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

Application of steam
Food processing industry Cooking: hotels, restaurants etc Used as working fluid in steam engines and steam turbines Used in industries for heating process Petrochemical industries Washing, drying, sterilizing in hospitals Health clinic and gym
Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 6

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FORMATION OF STEAM EXPERIMENT

(Constant Pressure)

Consider 1 kg of water at 0oC taken in a cylinder fitted with a freely moving frictionless piston as shown in figure.

Cylinder

Pressure P

I kg of water at O oC

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

The initial condition of water at 0oC is represented by the point A on the Temperature Enthalpy graph

Temperature Temperature (ToC)

A
Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

Enthalpy (h)
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A
W

B
W W

C
W

D
W

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4 D

Fig. 5

TSup DOS TSat

Temperature Temperature (T)oC

hf Sensible heat

hfg Latent heat

AOS

Enthalpy (h)
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Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

Definitions
Sensible heat (hf): (Enthalpy of water) It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 0 0C to the saturation temperature Tsat0C at a given constant pressure P.

hf = m x Cp x Tsat kJ/kg
Where, m = mass of water in kg. Cp = specific heat of water = 4.1868 kJ/kg0K
Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 10

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Saturation temperature (Tsat): It is the temperature at which the water begins to boil at the stated pressure. Latent heat (hfg): (Enthalpy of evaporation) It is the amount of heat required to evaporate 1 kg of water at saturation temperature to 1 kg of dry steam at the same saturation temperature and at the given constant pressure P. Superheated temperature (Tsup): It is the temperature of the steam above the saturation temperature at a given constant pressure.

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Amount of superheat (AOS): (AOS): (Enthalpy of superheat) It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of dry steam from its saturation temperature to any desired higher temperature at the given constant pressure P. AOS = m x Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg Degree of superheat (DOS): (DOS): It is the difference between the superheated temperature and the saturation temperature. DOS = (Tsup Tsat)

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Different states of steam

The steam as it is being generated can exist in three different states, 1. Wet steam 2. Dry saturated steam (dry steam) 3. Superheated steam

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Wet Steam:
A wet steam is defined as a two two-phase mixture of finely divided water particles and steam at the saturation temperature corresponding to a given stated pressure.

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Temperature Tsup Degree of Superheat B C D

Ts

hf Sensible Heat

hfg Latent Heat hg Amount of Superheat

Enthalpy

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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The quality of wet steam is specified by the dryness fraction which indicates the amount of dry steam present in the given quantity of wet steam and is denoted as x. The dryness fraction of a steam is defined as the ratio of mass of the actual dry steam present in a known quantity of wet steam to the total mass of the wet steam.

Dryness fraction, x =

Mass of Dry Steam present in Wet Steam Total Mass of Wet Steam

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Let, mg = Mass of dry steam present in the sample quantity of wet steam mf = Mass of suspended water molecules in the sample quantity of wet steam

x=

mg m f + mg

The dryness fraction of wet steam is always less than 1. The dryness fraction of dry steam is equal to 1.
Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 17

Dry Saturated Steam: (dry steam)

Dry saturated steam is the steam at saturation temperature and at a given pressure having no water molecules entrained in it.

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Superheated Steam Steam: :

A superheated steam is defined as the steam at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature at the given stated pressure.

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Advantages of Superheated Steam:

Superheated steam possess very high energy compared to dry saturated steam or wet steam at the same pressure, hence its capacity to do the work will be higher. It doesnt create any problems like rusting or corrosion of blades of turbine / engine cylinder.

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Disadvantages of Superheated Steam:

The high superheated temperatures poses problems in the lubrication. Higher initial cost. Energy content of steam: steam: Superheated steam Dry saturated steam Wet steam

>

>

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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Enthalpy equations for different states of steam

a) Enthalpy of Dry saturated Steam (hg):

hg = hf + hfg kJ/kg
Temperature Tsup Degree of Superheat Ts B C D

hf Sensible Heat

hfg Latent Heat Amount of Superheat

Enthalpy

hg

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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b) Enthalpy of Wet Steam (h):

h=

hf + x .hfg kJ/kg
Temperature Tsup Degree of Superheat B C D

Tsat

Enthalpy hf Sensible Heat hfg Latent Heat Amount of Superheat Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 23

c) Amount of superheat (AOS): (Enthalpy of superheat)

AOS = Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg

where, Csup = Specific heat of the superheated steam = 2.25 kJ/kg0K
Temperature Tsup Degree of Superheat Ts B C D

Enthalpy hf Sensible Heat hfg Latent Heat Amount of Superheat 24

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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d) Enthalpy of Superheated Steam (hsup):

hsup = hf + hfg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg

Temperature Tsup Degree of Superheat Tsat B C D

Enthalpy hf Sensible Heat hfg Latent Heat Amount of Superheat

hg
Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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e) Degree of superheat (DOS):

DOS = (Tsup - Tsat)

Temperatur Temperature Tsup Degree of Superheat Tsat B

0C

Enthalpy hf Sensible Heat hfg Latent Heat Amount of Superheat

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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a) Enthalpy of Dry saturated Steam:

hg = hf + hfg kJ/kg
b) Enthalpy of Wet Steam:

h = hf + x .hfg kJ/kg
c) Enthalpy of Superheated Steam:

hsup = hf + hfg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg

d) Degree of superheat (DOS):

DOS = (Tsup - Tsat) 0C

e) Amount of superheat (AOS):

AOS = Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 27

Critical Temperature & Pressure.

At a particular pressure water is directly converted into dry steam without going through the phase of evaporation. i.e., hfg = 0 . This point is called critical point point. . Tc

Temperature

Pc Pi

P3

P2 P1

Pc = 221.2 bar Tc = 374.150C

hf hf hfg Enthalpy
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Critical pressure pressure: : It is the pressure at which the water is directly converted into dry steam without undergoing the state of evaporation.

Critical temperature temperature: : It is the corresponding temperature at the critical point.

Nitesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.

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