oii =

| "*

Lyx

'Lzx

oy Try lr*y Trrz Crz LT xz

S,

s2=str+sj+sZ s2=si+s"2
Sn Sn

Sr=lrrr*morlnt,

=lo*lmryx*nr",

S" =ltr"+mryz+noz

Sn=l2or*m2orl
S, = (ft.st:$ S, = U2m2(or-

= I Sr*mSr*nS, = 12 o, + m2 o, + n2 o" t Z(lm trx * mntr" # nl rz*)

n2o3
In terms of principle stresses

oz)2

+mzn2(or-

os)2

+n212(q-

ot)z

],

Int"rrns of principle

stresses

It=ox*o"*o,

-Ito'o-Izoo-Ir:0
To check your answer
:

Iz = (ttry + tj" * r3r) - (oro, * oro" + oror) Is = 6aoy62 + 2(t rrtrzt - orty"' - 6yTr*2

It=otl02*o3 orT ryz

12= - (o1.o2+ 62.o3+ o3.o1l

"r)

lz= oroz,6t

I(o,
I

- or) + m(rr,) + n(t",) = o l(t-)* m(on - or)+n(r"n)=o

(rr") + m(r"") * n(o,

....(1) ....(2) ;:..(3)

The same procedure is

12+mz*n2=1
o

or) =

applied for oz and o3 just replace

oq

by o2or

o3

m21 o" * n?1 o, + Z(t rm rr o * m fl 1r y 2 + I pp, *) mjo, * + nlo, + 2(l.rmg r" * rn2n2r yz + l2nrt = "r) o2 = l!o, t m!o" * n!o, + 2(Irmg *" I m3r\r yz + Isn3r rr) Tyryr=ll2o**ntfli2oy*n1n2o"*(I1mr+ lrmr)rrr*(mp2+m2nr)ryz*(lp2*12n1)t", xytTr = ll3or*rrt1.rrtsly *n1n36, t (11m. * Irml)tr, * (mflz*msn1)ryz * (11n3 * lsnl)t"* Ty,z,=Irl"o**rtL2rrlscy*n2nso"1(l2ms*Itm")trr*(mrn"*m3n2)Tyz*(I2ns*Isn2)t",

;=

121

o,

oy

lf o*

r,yt

= os =)(o, + or) +i@,

or)cos(Zl)

* t,rsin(Zl)

r*trt =

t, =I(o, -

or)sin(zl)

trrcos(2l)

ot=:(r, * d!

zort)=eh
|pz=?pt+900
tan(Zlr)

=-W

0r=|pt+450

s@&@E[@N @F @@M@ E@UA8[@N

It=ox*or*o"

I, = (ttry + tj" + tZ*) - (o*o, * oro, + o"or)

Is = o2soyo,

2(t rrir"t

u) -

(o*ryz ')

- (ort,* ') - (o"t*n')

Js:

Is

* 5Il2 * Uri

L2

9o

=;sln -,(
7

\-'zF)

sr n\

O1

= t [L

1f

* 2,13J2 sin (r'*?)l

o,

=I[],

+ zJ3]rsin(cps)

o,

=I[r, * z,{ursin (eo - ?)1

@HAPTMEW\M@

@EAPEERE@RM
o* =
ov =

#;)ftt - v)e* * u(e, + t,)l

#,,l{t

- u)t, * v(e*+ r,)l

o,

: hlT - v)e" * v(e*+ r,)]

o" =

lO

- v)e" * v(e,+ rn)J

e,=i Io* tr=I

e,=l
lo,
lor

u(ov +

o)]

v(o, + o)l v(or +

= epzstress =
eptstress

ep!strain
qpzstrain

o)l

The principle angles of stress are equal to principle strain angles

orfrftr*ve2l

G -TtY

Txy -

t'Y
2 exy

o=g?
o^

fo1* o2* osf

o2

or

A= (er

e2

e3)

=*

(o1*

os)
rxyTxy

W =}(ore, + o"e, * o"E, *

wu

ryzyy"

* tr"Tr")

=l(o1q *

o2e2

qes)

DT or=T

or='i

oz=Txz=Tyz=O

or=v(or+ or)

@ffiAFEWWIITE
L 6=- Ao

Or=Y=l
Lu o"=E L instantenous load t=z=

=Y = k.G)"
Yield strength

n:

strain hardening expojlent

, L^o, K=A'

o^= xQ)
Tensile strength

o*=#=
e-

= induced strain

Total normal strain

,,=Ir,
=he) e=Ine=zh(+)
,

The process is done by steps each step produces new strain

used when no necking occurs used when necking occurs used when there is cold-working

e=-e=t(*)
,,

=Zr,

The process is done by steps each new strain

e=In(l*e)

PE

(+)

*Loovo

*n=w)*roozo
lAo f =1

\ro/t00

- Ar\ 'l;-

RA

re2 W= | Sde Jz,

Yield strength: stress in which the relation between stress and strain ultimdte strengtft: stress associated with max load without fracture.

islineaf

@ffiAPBBNFOUM

Omax- Omin=Y

ot-Os=Y =2k

k: max alowable shaer stress (T."*) Y : tenstle yield strength " str e s s"
os)2

(orv

oz)z

(oz

+ (oz - ot)z =

2Yz

='lgk

@EAFEBREE@ffiW

Detbrmine ttre ptastic stieil tn9 Cylinder to be fabricated of a

aiffi

inalt-'

,Assune

subjected only to iniernal pressure plastib material of yield strength oy anO ulfimate:strenLgth
...
,,,

!,"

r:: :i

@MAPUBREU@HS
Critical speed
rr;i:

fov 5 \t @"=\p'sa'+"")

t:*

Radial stress Angular stress

z b2(3+u) oe=or=pa'--

This is for solid and

annular discs

u
'::;titit|ltl:

rii;aszi, :;tti){tl:

os=pazT\,*",#)
o, =

This is for annular disc

onlY

r:;tE

|&Ii

.lilu-

'::lGi

Critical speed
Radial stress P*r+ial,yielding

lt's above critical speed of initial yield and lower than critical speed comolete vield.

of

.. . {s: 'P.

rl::h
:!,:

!!

*(-t

* 5)o, *

p,'+(n'
,T=C

r' -'#-*)
c2

'.',:r
::.a:::Ai

'l:iiilu-

l:1:ll1:

.:::&
!

o, =
Angular stress

0)

-fi\*5)o,+ paz!@'* -#r'.ry)

c-a

. :::1rI
I

:::Pa

oaz a3-c3 or=T-i-*

r;;t,i

o,
I

Critical speed
Radial stress
F
:

A1

(q,o"

\- p

--!-" b3+a3)

'\;

*=('-:-'#-,!.#
umax

o^,

;lrii.:

Determine the maximum deflection due to an applied force rectangular beam. as shown below.

acting on simplv supported

i;l;;:iri:l;
i:t

!:

Max deflection

=Icn",

, ...';W, ,:i,"* , ."l+#ri:ii tipft pf,,rectangula,r,,cross,rsectio,nr:ris:su,bjdrtedito.load N;,as 5ho.wn,.,b.elow,.derive,gen,eral ' .1'r:lllTllr:r l\ r : :r r,il r I I ::::::: ::t::: relationship involving N and tvt which govern first the case of initialyielding , and then fully "';li;: plastic . ;ij" i;,' H".:Ii deformation , for the stiaight part of the line of length L ,".1r.1., . ...ri:. l;i .. . "'ffiiution'''' .,#; . "in. .a
,

::::

::::

', ,
:t, ::.

r:. rt,' : :r tr :i#.r, - iii;i'i::'

;.+,1

rliiii,
r::i:

:';:i

NtrMr_, Nv Mv -T-_

i,,,:r," lltJ iDeteimine the miximum,allowable plastic

itli:,

"'ry

:load P, as shown below .Aiiume

ttrai(q=a5

stress and'stain in the frame sustaining a verticbl ) Cnd that each element is constructed of an

aluminum alloy with following properties: oi = 350 tntPa,k = 840 MPa,n =

0:2:,,1o

=.,.3',,fr

:43T{-'':.
ti_),F,ffiffi$

An..ttbeam;..,ihowq.,bet0w;.i.isi$ubi.e,cted,.tg.pt{-a bending resuftlng fiom ehd coq,ples.

:::ttttt:;:tffi
1::U:::t:t;s"sg
r

.,

Determine the moment causing initialyielding and that resulting ih,complete plastic deformation

1.,4i

4IH #trfj.1i','
.,

ii{Lf '. "," ffii' "$T,

ffil'.,''":

;{a#d:,: l1F;':.:: : ""l:$flT .; ., . r." : .

': :t

:':f#i

";-, -

':r:r::i