1.

Describe how does the Vibrating Contact Type Voltage Regulator maintain the output generator at constant value (28Vdc)?

The vibrating control regulator is a type of voltage regulator that is used in an excitation system to both supply and regulate the direct current in the rotor windings. Also, as the name suggests, it is a type of regulator with vibrating contacts whose excitation current and pole field strength are automatically controlled using voltage regulating components. Current in this vibrating contact type voltage regulator can flow in two path way which is through contact point or through resistance itself. So, in order to maintain the values of current at 28Vdc, this device has several important component combined together to maintain this current values. In the voltage regulator, the charging current does not flow through the regulator winding. The winding on the core consists of a voltage coil of fine wire. The two ends of the voltage coil are connected across the generator brushes and in parallel with the battery. Instead, the current will flow to through contact points and then directly to the shunt field. When the speed of generator increases, the voltage has a tendency to go above 28 volt dc. When the value of current as long as value of voltage, increasing in magnetic pull of the core on the contact armature will overcome the spring tension and pull armature towards the core. This reaction will create a condition of open the contacts and insert a resistance in the vibrating generator circuit. By this way, the added current will be lowered by this insert resistance in the field winding, thus the developed voltage will be drop at 28 volt dc. In addition to that, when the voltage of generator decreased due to the speed of the generator, the pull of spring on the regulator armature will overcomes the magnetic pull of the core and thus closed the contact as its original position (closed contact). This condition will lead to short-circuit of the resistances unit and allow the field current to increase as long as its voltage value. In the nutshell, in order to protect the electronics devices in aircraft, this vibrating voltage regulator will react rapidly in order to maintain 28 Vdc and prevent the excessive build up of

voltage which can damaged some component which led to failure. This process will react rapidly. 2. Describe the operation of a Reverse Current Cut-Out Relay (RCCR) in DC generator circuit when: a) Generator voltage is higher than the battery voltage. b) Battery voltage is higher than the generator voltage.

Reverse Current Cut-Out Relay(RCCR) is one of the unit in the three unit regulator. The Reverse Current Cut-Out relay is used to prevent battery from discharging through the generator if output voltage falls below the battery output. When this occurs the battery attempts to drive the generator as a motor. This action is called motoring the generator and unless prevented, the battery discharges in a short time. The Reverse Current Cut-Out Relay is normally open rather than the two other units in the three unit regulator that is normally closed. When the generator at a stationary position, the generator warning light will illuminate. When voltage began to produce in the generator, the contact will be closed due to the electromagnetic field produced. On the condition of overvoltage where generator voltage is higher than the battery voltage, the Reverse Current Cut-Out relay will remain closed. Meanwhile the Voltage Regulator voltage coil produces enough magnetic fields to open the points. The Voltage and Current Regulator will thus control the generator value to the appropriate value. As for when the condition where the battery voltage is higher than the generator voltage, the initial current from battery will flow through the Reverse Current Cut-Out Relays current coil and neutralize the magnetic field from the voltage coil. Thus the contact point will be opened by the spring and prevent battery from discharging through the armature and motor. The remaining current will be routed to the generator warning light.

3. Describe how does the Carbon Pile Voltage Regulator (CPVR) maintain the output generator at constant value (28Vdc)? a) Generator at constant speed

When the generator is at constant speed, it will supply a fix amount of voltage which is 28 volt. In this case, the voltage is maintained at 28 volt by using carbon stack, where this carbon stack acts as a resistance and it is fitted with spring to produce a spring tension. The movement of the carbon stack, or carbon pile, is controlled by the electromagnetic coil, where the electromagnetic force produced will expand or contract the cabon stack. In the meantime, this electromagnetic force is regulated by the rheostat, where it will control the amount of current from the armature that flow to the electromagnetic coil. b) Generator speed increased

So, when the generator speed increased, also known as overvoltage condition, the output voltage will also be increased up to 30 volt. Therefore, the current from armature is higher than what is supposed to be. In order to reduce the output voltage back to 28 volt, the current from the armature flow to the electromagnetic coil and provide the magnetic field that is strong enough to pull the carbon pile against the spring tension and hence, increase the resistance. Then, the field current passing through the carbon pile is decreased and there is corresponding decrease in the field magnetic coil strength and eventually results in a drop in generator output which is 28 volt.

c) Generator speed decreased

Other than that, if the system is having undervoltage condition, or the generator speed decreased, the output voltage to the load will decrease to 26 volt. Due to this circumstance, the current provided to the electromagnetic coil, which is from the armature, is low and unable to pull the carbon pile. This will cause the carbon pile to contract due to spring tension and give a lower resistance to the field current. Finally, the field current passing through the carbon pile will increase and results in an increase of field magnetic coil strength. So, the generator output will gradually increase until it obtained 28 volt of output voltage.

4. Describe the operation of a DC Brushless Alternator below.

The DC Brushless alternator is mainly used for high-output DC. In most operations, it consist two alternators in the same housing, one alternator produces DC for the load, and the other is controlled by the voltage regulator to provide excitation voltage for the output. The larger of the two sections is the main alternator and the smaller one is the exciter. The exciter is stationary and receives field DC from the voltage regulator. If output is low, the regulator will supply a larger amount of current and vice versa. The magnetic field of the exciter stator is cut by the exciter rotor and the resulting threephase AC is rectified by the three diodes which act as a half wave rectifier. The rectified output of the exciter rotor flows into the output field windings, which are also a part of the rotor. This field creates north and south poles on the rotor frame, and as it rotates within the three-phase stator, generates it becomes DC for the output circuit. In addition to that, a capacitor is placed across the output of the alternator to prevent voltage surges from destroying the rectifying diodes.

5. Describe the whole operation of the aircrafts external power circuit below.

When plug in, it make solid contact with 2 larger plugs but ext. power relay still open ( no current flow) until the plug is forced all the way and the smaller pin makes contact. When the interlock pin is engaged the ext. power relay in the aircraft is energized, only then the current flow from GPU into the aircraft system. The third small pin will supply current to the conductor coil to close the contactor. For battery, a circuit consists of: A diode (D2) A current limiter resistor A fuse

This circuit allows enough current to energized contactor coil, in case the battery is completely discharged. Reverse polarity/Diode D1 to prevent external power contactor to close if wrong polarity power source installed. Diode D2 to prevent positive pin of the external power receptacle from being HOT when no external power connected to the aircraft. External source supplies power for starting and at the same time for charging the battery. CAUTION: Be sure to use the correct external power voltage for the aircraft. 12V or 24V? Since it can damage sensitive electrical equipment.