Centrifugal Pumps

1.1 Types and nomenclature Kinetic pumps may be classified by such methods as impeller or casing configuration, end application of the pump, specific speed or mechanical configuration. The method used in Figure 1.1 is based primarily on mechanical configuration. 1.1.1 Scope This Standard is for centrifugal and regenerative turbine pumps of all industrial/commercial types except vertical single and multistage diffuser types. It includes types and nomenclature. 1.1.2 Definition of a centrifugal pump A centrifugal pump is a kinetic machine converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy through centrifugal activity. 1.1.3 Types of kinetic pumps Centrifugal pumps are most commonly typed by their general mechanical configuration. The broadest characteristics, which include virtually all centrifugal pumps, are the following: 1.1.3.1 Overhung impeller type In this group, the impeller (or impellers) is mounted on the end of a shaft that is cantilevered or "overhung" from its bearing supports. These pumps are either close coupled, where the impeller is mounted directly on the driver shaft; or separately coupled, where the impeller is mounted on a separate pump shaft supported by its own bearing. 1.1.3.2 Impeller between bearing type In this group, the impeller (or impellers) is mounted on a shaft with bearings at both ends. The impeller is mounted "between bearings." These pumps are further separated as single stage and multistage configurations. 1.1.3.3 Regenerative turbine type A low rate of flow, high head pump utilizing peripheral or side channel vanes or buckets on a rotating impeller to impart energy to the pumped liquid. The liquid travels in a helical pattern through the impeller vanes and accompanying flow

passages, with the liquid pressure increasing uniformly through the passages from inlet port to outlet port. 1.1.3.4 Special variations In addition to the mechanical configuration described previously, there are some special variations of pumps that are included in these general types but which stand separately because of some special characteristic. Examples of these are:
1. 2. 3. 4. Sewage pumps with nonclog impellers; Abrasive pumps which may be made of hard metals or may have rubber lining; Heating circulating pumps which are fractional horsepower units for home heating systems; Canned motor or magnetic drive pumps which do not require mechanical seals or packing.

1.1.4 Impeller designs Impeller designs are grouped as either radial flow, mixed flow, or axial flow depending on their hydraulic geometry. These are further described as follows: 1.1.4.1 Specific speed To understand impeller groupings better, a discussion of specific speed may be helpful. Specific speed is a correlation of pump rate of flow, head, and speed at optimum efficiency, which classifies the pump impellers with respect to their geometric similarity. Specific speed is a number usually expressed as:

Where: NS = Pump specific speed; n = Rotative speed in revolutions per minute; Q = Rate of flow in m 3 /h (gpm) at optimum efficiency; H = Total head in meters (feet) per stage The specific speed of an impeller is defined as the revolutions per minute at which a geometrically similar impeller would run if it were of such a size as to discharge one m3/hr (gpm) against one meter (foot) head.

Specific speed is not strictly dimensionless as indicated in Table 1.6, but those dimensions are not shown for convenience. Specific speed is indicative of the shape and characteristics of an impeller. It has been found that the ratios of major dimensions vary uniformly with specific speed. Specific speed is useful to the designer in predicting proportions required and to the application engineer in checking suction limitations of pumps. Proportions vary with specific speed as shown in Figure 1.2. Pumps are traditionally divided into three types: radial flow, mixed flow, and axial flow. However, it can be seen from Figure 1.2 that there is a continuous change from the radial flow impeller, which develops pressure principally by the action of centrifugal force, to the axial flow impeller, which develops most of its head by the propelling or lifting action of the vanes on the liquid. In the specific speed range of approximately 1200 to 7000 (1000 to 6000), double suction impellers are used as frequently as single suction impellers. 1.1.4.2 Suction specific speed Suction specific speed is an index number for a centrifugal pump similar to discharge specific speed and is used to define its suction characteristic. See HI 1.3-2000 Section 1.3.4.1.15. 1.1.4.3 Radial flow Pumps of this type with single inlet impellers usually have a specific speed below 4900 (4200), and with double suction impellers, a specific speed below 7000 (6000). In pumps of this type, the liquid enters the impeller at the hub and flows radially to the periphery (see Figure 1.3). 1.1.4.4 Francis vane Radial flow impellers with double curvature of the vanes at the inlet. 1.1.4.5 Mixed flow This type of pump has a single inlet impeller with the flow entering axially and discharging in an axial and radial direction. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed from 4900 to 10,500 (4200 to 9000) (see Figure 1.4). 1.1.4.6 Axial flow A pump of this type, sometimes called a propeller pump, has a single inlet impeller with the flow entering axially and discharging nearly axially. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed above 10,500 (9000) (see Figure 1.5).

1.1.5 Construction drawings The construction drawings on the following pages were prepared to provide a means for identifying the various pump types covered by the HI Standards and also to serve as the basis for a common language between the purchaser, manufacturer and specification writer. Generally the individual part names on these drawings are numbered such that rotating parts have been assigned even numbers while non-rotating parts have been assigned odd numbers. There are a few exceptions however. In cases where a pump may use two or more parts that are of the same generic type but different geometries (e.g., gaskets) this difference is indicated by the addition of a letter suffix to the item number (e.g., 73A, 73B, etc.). 1.1.6 General information 1.1.6.1 Size of centrifugal pumps The diameter of the discharge opening of a centrifugal pump determines its nominal size only and does not definitely fix its rate of flow. It is recommended that the required rate of flow be specified. 1.1.6.2 Duplicate performance pump A duplicate pump is one in which the performance characteristics are the same as another within the variations permitted by these standards, and parts are of the same type; but, by reason of improved design and/or materials, mounting dimensions and parts are not necessarily interchangeable. 1.1.6.3 Dimensionally interchangeable pump An interchangeable pump is one in which the mounting dimensions are such that the replacement pump can be mounted on the existing bedplate and match existing piping and driver, with hydraulic characteristics and materials to be specified. Interchangeability may involve some variation, not necessarily significant, as a result of manufacturing tolerances. 1.1.6.4 Identical performance and dimensional pump An identical pump is a duplicate of, and in addition is interchangeable with, a specific pump. Where it is intended that a pump is to be identical in all respects including parts, mountings, connecting flange dimensions and materials, it should be identified as "identical with Pump No. ____", not "duplicate." 1.1.6.5 Definitions for bare rotor and rotating assembly 1.1.6.5.1 Single stage, axially (horizontally) split, single or double suction

centrifugal pump 1.1.6.5.1.1 Bare rotor A bare rotor shall consist of the following as an assembly (where used):

a shaft with all nuts; keys; impeller; impeller ring(s); shaft sleeves.

It shall not include such items as mechanical seal(s), gland(s), lantern ring(s), packing, water shield(s), oil thrower(s), or oil ring(s), bearings, bearing appurtenances, coupling, pulley, or sheave. 1.1.6.5.1.2 Rotating assembly A rotating assembly shall consist of a bare rotor plus casing wearing rings (where used), casing bushings (where used), bearings, and all other stationary or rotating parts required to be assembled over the shaft. A rotating assembly shall include the following (where used):

packing and gland(s); mechanical seals(s) and gland(s); water shield(s); oil thrower(s); oil ring(s); bearing housing cover(s).

It shall not include coupling, pulley, or sheave, nor shall it include bearing housings except when these are of a design that requires that they be assembled prior to mounting of the bearings. 1.1.6.5.2 Multistage, axially split, single or double suction centrifugal pumps 1.1.6.5.2.1 Bare rotor A bare rotor shall consist of the following as an assembly (where used):

a shaft with all nuts; keys; impellers; impeller rings; shaft sleeves; interstage sleeve(s);

balancing drum and/or disc.

It shall not include such items as mechanical seal(s), gland(s), lantern ring(s), packing, deflector(s), oil thrower(s), oil rings(s), bearings, bearing appurtenances, coupling, pulley or sheave. A bare rotor may have to be disassembled for installation in the pump. 1.1.6.5.2.2 Rotating assembly A rotating assembly shall consist of a bare rotor plus the following (where used): casing ring(s), interstage diaphragm(s) and bushing(s), diffuser(s), balancing ring or bushing, bearings and all other stationary or rotating parts required to be assembled over the shaft. A rotating assembly shall include the following (where used):

packing or mechanical seal and gland(s); deflector(s); oil thrower(s); oil ring(s); bearing cover(s).

It shall not include coupling, pulley, or sheave, nor shall it include bearing housings except when these are of a design that requires they be assembled prior to mounting of the bearings. 1.1.6.6 Rotation of casing The normal position of the discharge nozzle of an end suction horizontal pump shall be top vertical. Optional positions of the discharge nozzle shall be designated by degrees of rotation, measured from the vertical center line in the clockwise direction, facing the drive end of the pump (see Figure 1.28). 1.1.6.7 Rotation of pumps Pumps are designated as having clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) rotation when facing the drive end (see Figures 1.28, 1.29 and 1.30). To determine the rotation of a horizontal pump, stand at the driver end facing the pump (Figure 1.29). If the top of the shaft revolves from the left to the right, the rotation is clockwise (CW), and if the top of the shaft revolves from right to left, the rotation is counterclockwise (CCW). 1.1.6.8 Recommended minimum spares It is not possible to recommend minimum spares to cover all conditions. However, the following may be taken as a guide: Domestic service handling clean, non-corrosive liquids where interrupted

service is not important:

shaft sleeves; stuffing-box packing or mechanical seal; gaskets; coupling connectors (if any).

Domestic service handling abrasive or corrosive liquids or where some interruption in continuity of service is possible:

shaft sleeves; bearings; wearing rings or parts; stuffing-box packing or mechanical seal; gaskets coupling connectors (if any).

Export, marine or domestic service where minimum loss of service is essential:

complete rotating assembly (see Paragraph 1.1.6.5); gaskets; coupling connectors (if any).

Vertical Pumps

2.1 Types and nomenclature 2.1.1 Scope This Standard applies to vertical centrifugal pumps that are driven by vertical electric motors or horizontal engines with right angle gears; it includes types, nomenclature and definitions. 2.1.2 Definition of vertical pumps
1. 2. All vertical pumps contain one or more bowls (diffusers); The pumps are equipped with one of the following four types of impellers: o radial flow o modified radial flow (turbine pumps) o mixed flow o axial flow (propeller pumps) The pumps, particularly the radial flow and modified radial flow types, are usually designed for multistaging, by bolting or threading individual bowls together The pumping element (bowl assembly) is usually suspended by a column pipe, which also carries the liquid from the bowl to the discharge opening; The driver is mounted either: o on the discharge head (lineshaft pumps)

3. 4. 5.

o o

directly to the bowl assembly, either above or below (pumps with submersible motors) in a horizontal configuration, such as an electrical motor or engine, driving through a right angle gear

2.1.3 Types of vertical pumps See Figure 2.1, Vertical pump types. 2.1.3.1 Deep well (lineshaft) This type of vertical pump is commonly installed in a drilled and cased well. Its function is to lift liquid (usually water) from the water level in the well to the surface and provide a specified discharge pressure at the surface (see Figure 2.4). The pumping element consists of a single or multistage bowl assembly and is located below the lowest liquid level. The bowl bearings are usually lubricated by the pumped liquid. The column pipe and lineshaft assembly is either an open type product lubricated assembly or enclosed type oil or external liquid lubricated assembly. The column pipe is supported at the surface by a discharge head. The discharge head directs the water from vertical to horizontal flow and also supports a driver. A shaft sealing arrangement is contained within the discharge head. This type of pump is self-priming. 2.1.3.2 Wet pit, short setting or close-coupled (lineshaft) This type of vertical pump usually is suspended in a wet pit. See Figures 2.4 and 2.7. The pumping element can be fitted with a bowl assembly of any desired specific speed. Normally the bowl assembly bearings are product-lubricated; however, they can be force-lubricated by grease, water or other lubricants. The column pipe assembly supports the bowl assembly and houses a lineshaft. The lineshaft bearings are usually open type, product-lubricated. However, enclosed type lineshaft, force-feed lubrication with oil, grease or water may also be supplied. A shaft sealing arrangement is contained within the discharge head on product-lubricated pumps. This type of pump is self-priming. 2.1.3.3 Barrel or can (lineshaft) This type of pump is mounted in an enclosed container (barrel or can) and generally is used in booster applications and where inadequate suction pressure conditions exist (see Figure 2.6). The can pump contains the same pumping elements and column pipe as the wet pit type pumps. The lineshaft bearing assembly is almost always product-lubricated. The discharge head performs the same functions as the wet pit head except the base is sealed to atmosphere. Liquids other than water are commonly pumped by this type of pump. This type of pump is very effective where inadequate system NPSH is available. Additional NPSH is created by extending the pump can length and bowl assembly to create additional

submergence (suction head). 2.1.3.4 Submersible This type consists of an electric drive motor coupled directly to the bowl assembly. See Figure 2.5. The driving "submersible type" motor and bowl assembly are designed to be submerged in the liquid pumped. The pumping element usually is of the turbine bowl design; however, mixed flow and propeller types are also available. This type of unit is normally used in wells and occasionally for wet pit or canned booster service. 2.1.4 Classification by configuration Listed below are the general configurations that describe vertical pumps. 2.1.4.1 Mounting, above and below floor discharge Vertical pump bowls discharge the pumped liquid into a column, which takes it to the discharge. There are two basic types of pump discharge configurations. Pumps with above floor discharge (see Figure 2.7) and pumps with below floor discharge (see Figure 2.9). The driver is mounted above the floor in both. 2.1.4.2 Hollow/solid shaft driver The hollow shaft drivers (see Figures 2.4 and 2.9) have the top section of the head shaft installed inside the tubular hollow driver shaft. The coupling of the head shaft to driver is arranged on top of the motor and has a provision for axial lineshaft adjustment. Standard dimensions for the coupling are shown in Figure 2.11. The solid shaft driver (see Figures 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8) is coupled to the lineshaft by an axially adjustable rigid coupling. The coupling is installed below the driver on the extended driver shaft. 2.1.4.3 Open/enclosed impeller A typical semi-open impeller (see Figures 2.4 and 2.10) has a back shroud, with integral impeller vanes, but the vanes are open to the front (no front shroud). The leakage control is adjustable between the impeller vane and seat. This is achieved by positioning the impeller shaft axially for close impeller vane-to-bowl seat clearance. The enclosed impeller (see Figures 2.4 and 2.10) has both a back shroud and a front shroud. Leakage control is limited.

2.1.4.4 Open/enclosed lineshaft With open lineshaft pumps (see Figure 2.4), the pump shafting is exposed to the pumped liquid, which also cools and lubricates the lineshaft bearings. Enclosed lineshaft pumps (see Figure 2.4) have the lineshaft protected from the pumped liquid by the shaft enclosing tube. The lineshaft bearings may be lubricated by fresh water, oil, or some other liquid injected into the enclosing tube at the ground or floor level. 2.1.5 Classification by impeller design 2.1.5.1 Specific speed Specific speed is a number usually expressed as:

Where: NS = Pump specific speed; n = Pump speed in revolutions per minute; Q = Rate of flow at best efficiency in cubic meters per hour (gallons per minute); Hba = Bowl assembly head per stage in meters (feet) (full diameter impeller). The specific speed of an impeller is defined as the revolutions per minute at which a geometrically similar impeller would run if it were of such a size as to discharge 1 m3/hr versus 1 m head (one gallon per minute against one foot head). Specific speed is indicative of the shape and characteristics of an impeller (see Figure 2.2). Specific speed is useful to the designer in establishing design parameters. Impeller form and proportions vary with specific speed, as shown in Figure 2.3. It can be seen that there is a gradual change in the profiles from radial to axial flow configuration. 2.1.5.2 Radial flow Pumps with this type of impeller have very low specific speeds (up to

approximately 1,150 [1,000]). The liquid enters the eye of the impeller and is turned by the impeller vanes and shroud to exit perpendicular to the axis of the pump shaft. 2.1.5.3 Modified radial flow This type of pump usually has specific speed ranging from around 1,150 to 4,650 (1,000 to 4,000). The impellers are normally single suction. In pumps of this type, the liquid enters the impeller at the eye and exits semi-radially, at about a 60 to 70 angle with shaft axis (see Figure 2.8). 2.1.5.4 Mixed flow This type of pump has a single inlet impeller with the flow entering axially and discharging about 45 with shaft axis, to the periphery. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed from 4,650 to 10,000 (4,000 to 9,000) (see Figure 2.8). 2.1.5.5 Axial flow A pump of this type, also called a propeller pump, has a single inlet impeller with the flow entering axially and discharging nearly axially. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed above 10,000 (9,000). The axial flow pump propeller does not have a shroud (see Figure 2.9).

Rotary Pumps

3.1 Types and nomenclature A rotary pump is a positive displacement pump consisting of a chamber containing gears, cams, screws, vanes, plungers or similar elements actuated by relative rotation of the drive shaft to casing, and which has no separate inlet and outlet valves. These pumps are characterized by their close-running clearances. There are seven common basic types of rotary pumps identified by the type of pumping element. Relationships between these types of pumps are illustrated in

Figure 3.1. 3.1.1 Scope This Standard applies to industrial/commercial rotary positive displacement pumps. It includes: types and nomenclature; definitions; design and application; and installation, operation and maintenance. It does not include standards on magnetic drives for sealless pumps. 3.1.2 Vane In this type, the vane or vanes, which may be in the form of blades, buckets, rollers, or slippers, cooperate with a cam to draw fluid into and force it from the pump chamber. These pumps may be made with vanes in either the rotor or stator and with radial hydraulic forces on the rotor balanced or unbalanced. The vane-in-rotor pumps may be made with constant or variable displacement pumping elements. Figure 3.2 illustrates a vane-in-rotor constant displacement unbalanced pump. Figure 3.3 illustrates a vane-in-stator constant displacement unbalanced pump. 3.1.3 Piston In this type, fluid is drawn in and forced out by pistons which reciprocate within cylinders, with the valving accomplished by rotation of the pistons and cylinders relative to the ports. The cylinders may be axially or radially disposed and arranged for either constant or variable displacement pumping. All types are made with multiple pistons except that the constant displacement radial type may be either single or multiple piston. Figure 3.4 illustrates an axial, constant displacement piston pump. 3.1.4 Flexible member In this type, the fluid pumping and sealing action depends on the elasticity of the flexible member(s). The flexible members may be a tube, a vane, or a liner. These types are illustrated in Figures 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7, respectively. 3.1.5 Lobe In this type, fluid is carried between rotor lobe surfaces and the pumping chamber from the inlet to the outlet. The rotor surfaces cooperate to provide continuous sealing. The rotors must be timed by separate means. Each rotor has one or more lobes. Figures 3.8 and 3.9 illustrate a single and a three-lobe pump, respectively. 3.1.6 Gear In this type, fluid is carried between gear teeth and displaced when they mesh. The surfaces of the rotors cooperate to provide continuous sealing and either

rotor is capable of driving the other. External gear pumps have all gear rotors cut externally. These may have spur, helical, or herringbone gear teeth and may use timing gears. Internal gear pumps have one rotor with internally cut gear teeth meshing with an externally cut gear. Pumps of this type are made with or without a crescentshaped partition. Figure 3.10 illustrates an external spur gear pump. Figures 3.11 and 3.12 illustrate internal gear pumps with and without the crescentshaped partition, respectively. 3.1.7 Circumferential piston In this type, fluid is carried from inlet to outlet in spaces between piston surfaces. There are no sealing contacts between rotor surfaces. In the external circumferential piston pump, the rotors must be timed by separate means, and each rotor may have one or more piston elements. In the internal circumferential piston pump, timing is not required, and each rotor must have two or more piston elements. Figure 3.13 illustrates an external multiple piston type. 3.1.8 Screw In this type, fluid is carried in spaces between screw threads and is displaced axially as they mesh. Single screw pumps (commonly called progressing cavity pumps) illustrated in Figure 3.14, have a rotor with external threads and a stator with internal threads. The rotor threads are eccentric to the axis of rotation. Screw and wheel pumps, shown in Figure 3.15, depend upon a plate wheel to seal the screw so that there is no continuous cavity between the inlet and outlet. Multiple screw pumps have multiple external screw threads. Such pumps may be timed or untimed. Figure 3.16 illustrates a timed screw pump. Figure 3.17 illustrates an untimed screw pump.

Sealless Centrifugal Pumps

5.1 Types and nomenclature 5.1.1 Scope To develop the definitions and construction for sealless pumps that are driven by canned motors or magnetic couplings. These standards include types and nomenclature; design and application; installation, operation and maintenance;

and test. Not included are submersible wastewater pumps which do not have external shaft seals and are therefore not susceptible to external shaft leakage. 5.1.1.1 Objective To clearly outline the information necessary to define and describe the construction and use of sealless pumps. 5.1.1.2 Introduction The sealless pump is used when there is a need to contain toxic, dangerous and/or valuable fluids. Application may be dictated by space, noise, environment, or safety regulations. This section outlines components of sealless centrifugal type pumps. The driven shaft is completely contained in a pressurized vessel containing the pumped fluid. The pressurized vessel or primary containment device (chamber) is sealed by static seals such as gaskets or O-rings. The power required by the driven shaft is transmitted through a containment barrier. Methods include (1) the "canned motor pump" with a liner (can) placed between an induction motor's armature and stator; (2) the "magnetic drive pump" with a shell(s) located between an outer rotating element with permanent magnet(s) and a mating inner ring which follows the driving magnets. The inner rotor may have permanent magnets or it may be an induction device. See Figure 5.1 for a diagrammatic breakdown of the types of sealless centrifugal pumps. 5.1.2 Canned motor pump (CMP) 5.1.2.1 Close coupled end suction Figure 5.2 -- In this group, the impeller(s) is mounted on the end of the shaft which is overhung from its motor bearing supports. The impeller is mounted directly on the rotor assembly making one rotating assembly. The bearings are supported by housings at each end of the rotor assembly. The motor components are protected from the process liquid by nonmagnetic liners (shells). During operation, the motor section and bearings are cooled and lubricated by the process liquid by internal circulation, external circulation or by separate liquid flush.

5.1.2.2 Close coupled in-line Figure 5.3 -- In this group, the pump and motor are mounted vertically. A single stage overhung impeller is used in conjunction with a casing with in-line flange connections. Motor and bearings are cooled and lubricated by the process liquid. 5.1.2.3 Separated pump and motor Figure 5.4 -- This group has single or multistage overhung impellers; however, the pump and motor are separated by a thermal barrier, usually an air space. The impeller is mounted on the rotor assembly which is supported by bearings at each end. The rotor assembly contains an auxiliary impeller which circulates the process liquid in the motor section through a heat exchanger for control of the fluid temperature. 5.1.2.4 Vertical submerged canned motor pump Figure 5.5 -- This group of pumps is of the single stage overhung impeller design that is suspended from a coverplate. The complete pump and motor is immersed in the process fluid. This method of installation provides sealless pump application inside a sealed vessel. 5.1.3 Magnetic drive pump (MDP) 5.1.3.1 Separately coupled Figure 5.6 -- This group of pumps is end suction, single stage or multistage, overhung impeller design. The impeller is mounted on a rotor assembly which contains the inner magnet ring of a magnetic drive. The process fluid is retained by a containment shell which separates the inner magnet ring and the outer magnet ring. The outer magnet ring is mounted on the shaft of a frame which is coupled to a motor or power device. All of the above is mounted on a common baseplate. 5.1.3.2 Close coupled Figure 5.7 -- This group of pumps is of the same construction as described in Section 5.1.3.1, except the outer magnet ring is mounted directly on the driver shaft. 5.1.3.3 Vertical submerged Figure 5.8 -- In this group of pumps, the impeller is mounted on the end of a shaft which is overhung from its drive bearing supports. The drive section utilizes permanent magnets or an eddy current drive system to transmit power to the pump. This type of sealless pump uses a standard motor to drive the outer

magnet ring, which in turn drives an inner magnet ring. A containment shell that contains the process fluid separates the magnet components. The containment shell in the drive permits sealless pumping from a sealed vessel using a submergible pump.

Reciprocating Power Pumps

6.0 Scope This Standard applies to reciprocating power pumps. It includes types and nomenclature, definitions, design and application, and installation, operation and maintenance. 6.1 Types and Nomenclature A reciprocating power pump is one driven by power from an outside source applied to the crankshaft of the pump. It consists of a liquid end and a power end. 6.1.1 Horizontal pump The axial centerline of the cylinder is horizontal (see Figure 6.2). 6.1.2 Vertical pump The axial centerline of the cylinder is vertical (see Figure 6.3). 6.1.3 Piston pump The liquid end contains pistons (see Figure 6.4). 6.1.4 Plunger pump The liquid end contains plungers (see Figures 6.2, 6.3 and 6.5). 6.1.5 Single-acting pump Liquid is discharged only during the forward stroke of the plunger or piston, that is, during one half of the revolution (see Figures 6.2 and 6.3). 6.1.6 Double-acting pump Liquid is discharged during both the forward and return strokes of the piston or

pair of opposed plungers. That is, discharge takes place during the entire revolution (see Figures 6.4 and 6.5). 6.1.7 Simplex pump Contains one piston or one plunger or a pair of opposed plungers driven by one connecting rod (see Figures 6.4 and 6.5). 6.1.8 Duplex pump Contains two pistons or two plungers or two pair of opposed plungers driven by two connecting rods. 6.1.9 Multiplex pump Contains more than two pistons or two single-acting or opposed plungers.

Number of Power Crossheads Type pump 1 2 3 5 7 9 Simplex Duplex Triplex Quintuplex Septuplex Nonuplex

6.1.10 Description of components The nomenclature and definitions in these standards were prepared to provide a means for identifying the various pump components included in these Standards and also to serve as a common language for all who deal with this type of equipment. The following definitions and drawings illustrate typical construction of reciprocating power pump components but do not necessarily represent recommended designs. Variations in design may exist without violating the intent of these Standards.

6.1.10.1 Right and left hand shaft extension of power pumps "Right" or "left hand" designates the side of the power end (see Paragraph 6.1.11) from which the crankshaft or pinion shaft extends. (It does not designate in which direction the shaft rotates.) Horizontal power pumps are termed right hand or left hand as viewed when standing behind the power end with the liquid end being the most distant part. A left hand pump has the shaft extending out of the left side of the power end. A right hand pump has the shaft extending out of the right side of the power end (see Figure 6.6). Vertical power pumps are termed right hand or left hand pumps as viewed when standing at and facing the suction manifold of the pump. A left hand pump has the shaft extending out of the left side of the power end. A right hand pump has the shaft extending out of the right side of the power end (see Figure 6.7). 6.1.11 Liquid end That portion of the pump which handles the liquid. It consists of a liquid cylinder, valves and other components. 6.1.11.1 Liquid end parts The following paragraphs describe major liquid end components which are shown in Figures 6.24 through 6.27. A listing by part name is shown in Table 6.1, which also shows the standard abbreviation. 6.1.11.2 Liquid cylinder A chamber(s) in which the motion of the plunger(s) or piston(s) is imparted to the liquid. The cylinder can be made integral with a suction and discharge manifold or can be made with separate manifolds (see Figure 6.8). 6.1.11.3 Cylinder liner A replaceable liner which is placed in the cylinder of a piston pump. The piston reciprocates within the liner (see Figures 6.27 and 6.28). 6.1.11.4 Manifolds A suction manifold is a chamber which accepts liquid from the suction port(s) and distributes it to the suction valves (see Figure 6.9). A discharge manifold is a chamber which accepts liquid from the individual discharge valves and directs it to the discharge port(s) (see Figure 6.9).

6.1.11.5 Valve chest cover A cover for the valves within the cylinder (see Figure 6.28). 6.1.11.6 Valve plate (valve deck) A plate that contains the suction or discharge valves (see Figure 6.28). 6.1.11.7 Piston A cylindrical body which is attachable to a rod and is capable of exerting pressure upon a liquid within the liquid cylinder. A piston usually has grooves for containing rings which seal against the cylinder or cylinder liner. A piston in a reciprocating pump is usually double-acting. The pistons in Figures 6.10 and 6.11 have followers which retain the packing rings. 6.1.11.8 Plunger A smooth rod which is attachable to a crosshead and is capable of exerting pressure upon a liquid within the liquid cylinder (see Figure 6.15). Sealing rings for a plunger are stationary, the plunger sliding within the rings. A plunger is single-acting, requiring a double-acting pump to have two plungers on each crosshead axis (see Figure 6.6). 6.1.11.9 Stuffing box A cylindrical cavity through which the plunger or piston rod reciprocates and in which liquid leakage is controlled by means of packing (see Figure 6.16). A follower ring and throat bushing are used to guide the plunger or rod as it reciprocates. The throat bushing and follower ring contain the packing within the stuffing box. 6.1.11.10 Packing A material used to provide a seal around the plunger, piston rod, or piston (see Figure 6.17). 6.1.11.11 Gland A part which retains the packing in the stuffing box (see Figure 6.18). 6.1.11.12 Lantern ring (seal cage)

A ring located in the stuffing box to provide space for the introduction of a lubricant or a barrier liquid (see Figure 6.19). 6.1.11.13 Valve assembly Usually consists of a seat, valve, spring and spring retainer. It allows liquid to enter and leave each pumping chamber of the cylinder. Each pumping chamber has one or more suction and discharge valve(s) (see Figures 6.20 through 6.23). 6.1.11.14 Upper crosshead Used in vertical plunger pumps to transmit the reciprocating motion of the side rod to the plunger (see Figure 6.24). 6.1.12 Power end That portion of the pump in which the rotating motion of the crankshaft is converted to a reciprocating motion through connecting rods and crossheads (see Figures 6.39, 6.40, 6.41). 6.1.12.1 Power end parts The following paragraphs describe major power frame components which are shown in Figures 6.38 through 6.40. A listing by part name is shown in Table 6.2 which also shows the standard abbreviation. 6.1.12.2 Power frame That portion of the power end which contains the crankshaft, connecting rods, crosshead and bearings used to transmit power and motion to the liquid end. It may consist of one or two pieces (if two, there is one upper and one lower half) (see Figure 6.29). 6.1.12.3 Crankshaft The stepped shaft which transmits power and motion to the connecting rods. Main bearings and connecting rods are fitted on this member (see Figure 6.30). 6.1.12.4 Main bearing The bearing which supports the crankshaft. Main crankshaft bearings may be sleeve or rolling contact type, mounted at each end of the shaft or located elsewhere to provide proper support. These bearings absorb the liquid and inertia loads that are developed by the plunger as it displaces the liquid (see Figures 6.31 and 6.32). 6.1.12.5 Connecting rod

Articulates the motion of the crankshaft to the crosshead. Power is transmitted through compression and/or tension (see Figure 6.33). 6.1.12.6 Crankpin bearing Transmits the oscillating reciprocating load transmitted by the connecting rod to the crankshaft (see Figure 6.34). 6.1.12.7 Power crosshead Creates a linear reciprocating motion derived from the crankpin rotary motion through the connecting rod. The reciprocating motion of the crosshead is applied to the plunger or piston via the side rods or crosshead extension (see Figure 6.35). 6.1.12.8 Wrist pin Connects the connecting rod to the crosshead (see Figure 6.36). 6.1.12.9 Wrist pin bearing Transmits the reciprocating load of the crosshead into the connecting rod (see Figure 6.36). 6.1.12.10 Crosshead extension (plunger extension) Connects the crosshead to the plunger (see Figure 6.37). 6.1.12.11 Frame extension Connects the liquid end to the power frame when the liquid end is not bolted directly to the frame. A horizontal extension is sometimes called a cradle (see Figure 6.38).

Direct-Acting (Steam) Pumps

8.0 Scope This Standard applies to direct acting (steam) pumps. It includes types and nomenclature; definitions; design and application; and installation, operation and maintenance. 8.1 Types and nomenclature

8.1.1 Introduction A direct acting (steam) pump is a reciprocating (steam) engine and a liquid end built integrally together as a unit. Although steam is implied as the driving medium, compressed gases such as air or natural gas can be used. Types Figure 8.1 shows the relationship between the following pump types. 8.1.2.1 Horizontal pump The axial centerline of the cylinder is horizonal. 8.1.2.2 Vertical pump The axial centerline of the cylinder is vertical. 8.1.2.3 Double-acting pump Liquid is discharged during both the forward and return strokes of the piston or pair of opposed plungers. That is, discharge takes place during the entire cycle (see Figures 8.2 and 8.5). 8.1.2.4 Piston pump The liquid end contains pistons (see Figure 8.2). 8.1.2.5 Plunger pump The liquid end contains plungers (see Figure 8.5). 8.1.2.6 Simplex pump Contains one piston or one pair of opposed plungers driven by one steam cyclinder (see Figure 8.3). 8.1.2.7 Duplex pump Contains two pistons or two pair of opposed plungers driven by two (steam) cyclinders (see Figure 8.4). 8.1.3 Nomenclature 8.1.3.1 Purpose The nomenclature and definitions in these Standards were prepared to provide a means for identifying the various pump components covered by these Standards and also to serve as a common language for all who deal with this type of

equipment. The following definitions and drawings illustrate typical construction of direct acting (steam) pump components but do not necessarily represent recommended designs. Variations in design may exist without violating the intent of these standards. 8.1.3.2 Right and left hand designations To determine the relative positions of components or hand of pump, proceed as follows: For horizontal pumps, stand at the drive (steam) end and face the liquid end. For vertical pumps, stand facing the driver (steam) valve chest. When standing as indicated above, the side on the left is the left hand (LH), and the side on the right is the right hand (RH) side. 8.1.3.3 Liquid end The liquid end of a direct acting (steam) pump is the same as the liquid end of a simplex or duplex double-acting power pump. Therefore, the table of liquid end parts, the drawings of the piston pump liquid ends and the discussion of valve seat area are also applicable to direct acting (steam) pumps. The following liquid ends are used on both direct acting (steam) and reciprocating power pumps: 8.1.3.3.1 Piston type The liquid end contains pistons as shown in Figure 8.2. 8.1.3.3.2 Plunger type The liquid end contains plungers as shown in Figure 8.5. Since most direct acting (steam) pumps are double-acting, and since the conventional plunger is single-acting, two plungers and two individual pumping chambers are required for a simplex plunger pump (four of each for a duplex), arranged on a common axis as shown in Figure 8.5. 8.1.3.3.3 Valve plate type Has removable suction and/or discharge valve deck(s) (valve plates). The drawing shows a valve plate pump with a removable discharge valve deck (see Figure 8.6). 8.1.3.3.4 Valve pot type

Has a separate cover over each valve chamber. A side valve pot type has the suction valve pots at the side of the pump (see Figure 8.7). 8.1.4 Drive (steam) end The drive (steam) end is that portion of a direct acting (steam) pump which distinguishes it from a reciprocating power pump. It provides the force to drive the piston or plungers in the liquid end. The drive end includes the drive cylinder, drive piston(s), rods, valves, valve-actuating mechanism (valve gear), and various additional parts required to supplement the functions of the above. Figure 8.8 shows a cross section and an exploded view of a typical horizontal duplex drive (steam) end. 8.1.4.1 Drive (steam) cylinder This is the major component of the drive end and supports most other drive end parts. It forms the chambers which retain the gas, air or steam. 8.1.4.2 Drive (steam) piston The drive medium (steam, gas or air) acts upon the drive piston, moving it in the desired direction. The piston rod fastened to the drive piston transmits this motion to the liquid end. 8.1.4.3 Main drive (steam) slide valve The main drive slide valve arrangement is such that it directs high-pressure steam or gas to one end of the cylinder, simultaneously exhausting the spent steam or gas from the opposite end. 8.1.4.4 Valve gear (actuating mechanism) The valve gear moves the main drive valve at the end of each stroke of the pump so that the drive piston reverses its direction of travel. 8.1.4.5 Auxiliary drive (steam) valve A simplex pump is equipped with an auxiliary drive valve which is actuated by the valve gear and with steam, gas or air actuates the main drive valve. This construction is necessary to allow a simplex pump to operate at low speeds without stalling. 8.1.4.6 Types of main drive (steam) valves The following types of steam valves are used: 8.1.4.6.1 D slide valves

D slide valves are flat valves having the general form of the letter "D" (see Figure 8.9) lying on its back. This type main drive (steam) valve is recommended for drive (steam) end operating temperatures up to 260C (500F). 8.1.4.6.2 Piston valves Piston valves are circular valves fitted with self-adjusting piston rings (see Figure 8.10). This main drive (steam) valve design is recommended for drive (steam) end operating temperatures above 260C (500F). 8.1.4.7 Types of valve gear adjustments The following types of valve gear adjustments are used (Figures 8.11, 8.12, and 8.13, on page 6):

General Guidelines

9.3.1 Preferred measurement units and conversion factors Table 9.2 has been prepared by the Hydraulic Institute to aid those wishing to convert US Customary units to metric units. Neither the quantities nor the applications are intended to be exhaustive but are selected as those most commonly and frequently used or those where a question could exist in selection of the metric unit. It is assumed that, by comparing similar applications with those listed, one can determine the recommended metric unit to use for most applications. The multiples of the metric units shown have been selected from the best available information as to what will eventually be industry usage for the indicated applications. To reduce the volume of data, some quantities defined by derived units have been omitted from the list. Some of the column headings require an explanation -- as follows:
9.3.1.1 Quantity

The five categories and the sequence of items are the same as in ISO-1000 (and its parent document ISO-R31), because a list arranged in alphabetical order would have suffered from the variety of names used for a single quantity. For example, moment of force is also called torque or bending moment. The American National Metric Council has recently requested each of its Sector Committees to follow this same sequence to facilitate comparison and

coordination. Compound units not appearing in ISO-1000 are inserted immediately after the appearance of all of its component units -- for example, unbalance (gmm) is immediately after gram (g).
9.3.1.2 US Customary unit

This is the system of measurements most commonly used in the USA. The symbols are per ANSI/IEEE 260.1-1993, Letter Symbols for SI Units of Measurement.
9.3.1.3 Metric unit

These are not all SI units. For example, angles in degrees or any unit based on minute or hour are not in conformance with SI guidelines. The factors are based on conversion tables which contain seven significant figures; but they have been rounded to the nearest fourth significant figure, which is adequate for practically all pumping applications. Never retain more than four significant figures after making a conversion with these factors (except those that are exact) and only then when necessary. In most cases (except for linear measurements), two or three will be enough, as can be seen from the following examples in Table 9.1, in which the values entitled "conversion" result have been calculated from the conversion factors on the following pages. If four significant figures are retained, the fourth figure will often differ from the value that would have been shown by using a conversion factor having seven significant figures. Even if the result is rounded to three significant figures, the last one may occasionally differ by 1, but such results are adequate for most engineering. Table 9.1 -- Examples of rounded equivalents US unit Volume Weight 8.6 gal 8340 lb Conversion result Rounded equivalent 0.032 55 3 783.024 0.033 m3 3780 kg 2540 N m 128 MPa 12 100 kPa 200 g mm

Bending moment 22 500 lbf in 2 542.5 Beam stress Fluid pressure Unbalance 18 500 lbf/in 2 127.557 5 1750 psi 0.3 oz in 12 066.25 216.03

Kinetic Pump Types

Click on the links provided to view diagrams of the pump types described, taken directly from the ANSI/HI Pump Standard Centrifugal Pumps for Nomenclature and Definitions (ANSI/HI 1.1 - 1.2) :

Vertical Pump Types

Click on the links provided to view diagrams of the pump types described, taken directly from the ANSI/HI Pump Standard Vertical Pumps for Nomenclature and Definitions (ANSI/HI 2.1 - 2.2):

Rotary Pump Types

Click on the links provided to view diagrams of the pump types described, taken directly from the ANSI/HI Pump Standard Rotary Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Applications and Operations (ANSI/HI 3.1 - 3.5):

Sealless Centrifugal Pump Types

Click on the links provided to view diagrams of the pump types described, taken directly from the ANSI/HI Pump Standard Sealless Centrifugal Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Applications and Operations (ANSI/HI 5.1 - 5.6):

Reciprocating Power Pump Types

Click on the links provided to view diagrams of the pump types described, taken directly from the ANSI/HI Pump Standard Reciprocating Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Applications and Operations (ANSI/HI 6.1 - 6.5):

Direct Acting (Steam) Pump Types

Click on the links provided to view diagrams of the pump types described, taken directly from the ANSI/HI Pump Standard Direct Acting (Steam) Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Applications and Operations (ANSI/HI 8.1 - 8.5):

Pump FAQs Hydraulic Institute Pump FAQs

Pump FAQs is produced by the Hydraulic Institute as a service to pump users, contractors, distributors, reps and OEMs as a means of ensuring a healthy dialog on subjects of common technical concern. ANSI/HI Standards are adopted in the public interest and are designed to help eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer, the purchaser, and/or the user and to assist the purchaser in selecting and obtaining the proper product for a particular need. As an ANSI approved standards developing organization, the Hydraulic Institute process of developing new standards or updating current standards requires balanced input from all members of the pump community. We invite your questions and will endeavor to provide answers based on existing ANSI/HI Standards and technical guidelines. Please direct your inquiries to:

pumpquestions@pumps.org.

Use the linked table of contents below to browse our entire library of Pump FAQs articles or use the Search facility at the left to query the whole website, including our extensive database of Pump Questions and Answers in the Pump FAQs section.

Pump FAQs April 2002 Article #1 Isnt it better to publish NPSHR curves with higher values based on 0% reduction in total head or zero cavitation? Pump FAQs April 2002 Article #2 Our plant uses a 10-inch vertical turbine pump, which is about 30 feet long, to supply cooling water. The requirements have been changed and we need an increase in flow of about 10%. According to the pump rating curve, the pump should satisfy our needs, but it does not. We have renewed the impeller wearing ring clearances, but we cannot reach the rating curve performance. What else can be done? We cannot increase the impeller diameter due to power limitations. Pump FAQs April 2002 Article #3 We have difficulty in getting wearing ring data for several older pumps. Is there a general guideline on recommended wearing ring clearance that we can use? Pump FAQs April 2004 Article #1 I understand the importance of monitoring pump performance in order to prevent unexpected pump failures. Performance parameters such as discharge pressure, rate of flow, input power, and vibration are straight forward. But how do we know when corrosion or erosion have reduced pump casing wall thickness to the point at which casing failure may occur? Pump FAQs April 2004 Article #2 Pumps operating in wet pit applications often suffer from the accumulation of grit or other solid material which accumulates near the pump inlet. This requires draining of the pit or

removal of the pump to remove the solids. Is there a better way? Pump FAQs April 2004 Article #3 When pumping liquids with entrained solids, especially slurries, I understand that hard material for the impeller and casing is recommended to resist erosion. I also hear that soft rubbery material is also used. How can this be? When are rubbery materials best used? Pump FAQs April 2005 Article # 1 We operate a number of end suction centrifugal pumps on a chemical process application. The seals operate well, but the anti-friction bearings fail in less than twelve months. Is this normal? If not, what can be done to increase bearing life? Pump FAQs April 2005 Article # 2 I have been told that reciprocating pumps must be protected against operation with a closed discharge valve, but that is not necessary with air operated diaphragm pumps. Is this true and why? Pump FAQs April 2005 Article #3 The December 2004 issue of P&S included a question and answer on air entrainment in rotary pumps which I found to be useful. Is there similar information on rotary pumps handling liquid with solids or slurries? Pump FAQs April 2006 Article # 2 What is a balancing disc or drum? Pump FAQs April 2006 Article #1 We need to replace several pumps handling paper stock, and need to know what special problems we should look out for. Can you help with such information? Pump FAQs April 2006 Article #3 Maintenance of pumps is a costly operation in our plant. Are there any secrets to reducing these costs? Pump FAQs August 2004 Article #1 Can we add a second pump with a rate of flow of 50% of the existing pump, or must we replace the existing pump with a larger one? Pump FAQs August 2004 Article #2 Can a typical centrifugal pump be used as a turbine, and if so, what precautions must be taken? Pump FAQs August 2004 Article #3 What causes water hammer and what can be done to correct it? Pump FAQs August 2005 Article #1 When purchasing pumps for water supply systems, is there a simple way to determine the maximum allowable speed for a specific application? If so, what factors should be considered? Pump FAQs August 2005 Article #2 We are operating storm sewage pumps which are normally oversized until it rains. They are quite noisy when operating at low rates of flow. Is this normal and can the noise contribute

to pump damage? If so, what can be done to correct the situation? Pump FAQs August 2005 Article #3 We are designing the sump for several vertical turbine pumps taking water through a pipe from a river. Is there any guideline for the minimum size of such a pump? Pump FAQs August 2006 Article # 2 We are considering the purchase of several vertical turbine pumps and do not know whether to specify an open or enclosed lineshaft. Can you suggest any guidelines to help in making this determination? Pump FAQs August 2006 Article #1 Some centrifugal pump manufacturers show NPSHR curves that increase in value at rates of flow below the best efficiency point (BEP), while others show a continuing decrease. Why is this? Is there a difference in design? Pump FAQs August 2006 Article #3 Some rotary positive displacement pumps apparently use timing gears on the end of the rotating elements to keep them synchronized while others do not. Why is this? What are the criteria that dictate their use? Pump FAQs December 2001 Article #1 I observed a vortex breaker design drawing in the November 2001 issue of FHS magazine. It was a baffle plate design (page 22). Is there a sample design layout for an alternative vortex breaker using a cross rather than a baffle plate? Pump FAQs December 2001 Article #2 I have seen specifications for fire pump installations, which refer to NFPA-20. What other standard(s) may be used when specifying fire pumps? Pump FAQs December 2001 Article #3 HI published a chart titled Upper Limits of Specific Speeds. Does HI have a current version of this chart? How is this figure adjusted for friction of the suction piping? Similarly, does a velocity head factor need to be applied as well? Pump FAQs December 2004 Article #1 Five to ten diameters of straight pipe is usually required between the closest fitting and the pump. Is there a similar requirement for fittings such as elbows or valves on the discharge side of the pump? Pump FAQs December 2004 Article #2 A question in the February 2004 issue of Pumps and Systems discussed the performance problem of a centrifugal pump when handing air or other gas. Do rotary pumps have a similar problem when pumping liquids with entrained air? Pump FAQs December 2004 Article #3 What is the maximum temperature liquid that centrifugal pumps can handle? Are there any special requirements for a

pump to do this? Pump FAQs December 2005 Article #1 How can I determine the lift capability of a centrifugal pump? Pump FAQs December 2005 Article #2 Our small plant is close to a dam which has a steady rate of flow over it. Is it practical to install a vertical turbine pump as a turbine and connect the electrical power that is generated to our normal power supply? Are there any special control problems? Pump FAQs December 2005 Article #3 What are the consequences of excessive nozzle loads, and how can allowable nozzle loads be determined? Pump FAQs February 2000 Article #1 How can I specify and purchase a pump so that its BEP will meet my operating conditions? Pump FAQs February 2000 Article #2 I know that centrifugal pump hydraulic performance can be influenced by the design of the suction pipe, but what is the effect of the discharge pipe on hydraulic performance? I understand that high pockets can trap air, elbows on the pump suction produce uneven flow and small pipe and long length will reduce NPSHA. Do these factors affect the pump if on the discharge side? Pump FAQs February 2000 Article #3 We are installing vertical turbine type pumps over an open well and a reinforced concrete floor will support the pump. What is the acceptable flatness tolerance for the floor to properly support the pump discharge head? Pump FAQs February 2005 Article #1 How can the vertical condensate pumps on steam condensers in power generating stations operate with little or no NPSH available? Pump FAQs February 2005 Article #2 We are having difficulty measuring the hydraulic performance of a reciprocating power pump due to the fluctuation in the rate of flow and discharge pressure caused by pulsations from each stroke of the pistons. What can be done to overcome this problem? Pump FAQs February 2005 Article #3 With many different pump types available, and many manufacturers which produce them, how can we determine which pump is the most suitable for our application and will provide the best service at the lowest cost over the lifetime of its operation? Pump FAQs February 2006 Article # 2 Which type of balance is recommended for centrifugal pump impellers, and what is the acceptable limit of unbalance for an impeller? Pump FAQs February 2006 Article # 3

Why are some pumps hydraulically operated when the more simple mechanical drive is available? Pump FAQs February 2006 Article #1 We are operating an end suction pump under suction lift conditions and it sounds like it is pumping gravel. Can we check the NPSH capability of this pump by test, and if so, what is the test procedure? Pump FAQs January 2000 Article #1 In the HI Standard HI 9.8 1998 Pump Intake Design, page 12, Figure 9.8.10, can someone assume that the minimum can diameter is a can that accommodates the bowl outside diameter and then use that value as D1? Is any credit given to low header and can velocities, say 2.0 fps, with respect to the 3.0D1 dimension above the header? Is any credit given to the 3.0D1 dimension if it is at the end of the header such that it turns up into the pump and no flow goes past the pump, similar to example 3 but without the turning vane elbow and with the bottom of the pump above the top of the header? Pump FAQs January 2000 Article #2 I have a question regarding temperature rise in a closed system where a centrifugal pump is pumping water. Shall I use the inefficiency of the pump (pump input power minus pump output power) or the pump input power alone for determining the temperature rise in the water? Pump FAQs January 2000 Article #3 With many different pump types available, and many manufacturers which produce them, how can a buyer best evaluate both pump type and supplier to decide what and who to buy from? Pump FAQs January 2003 Article #1 We have been operating an API 610 pump at 7500 F that is handling heat transfer fluid. The pump is experiencing excessive bearing failures, typically every 6 to 12 months. The bearings are well protected and properly lubricated, however the failures persist. What can be done to increase the Mean Time Between Failure? Pump FAQs January 2003 Article #2 Our new paint production unit is having problems with mechanical seal leakage in the paint transfer pumps. These are ANSI B73.1 pumps and examination shows evidence of clogged recirculation lines to the seals and solidification of paint around the mechanical seal parts. Can you suggest any solutions? Pump FAQs January 2003 Article #3 We are operating an older centrifugal pump with a nonexistent address on the nameplate. How can I locate the supplier or manufacturer in order to obtain specific information on the pump and purchase replacement parts? Pump FAQs January 2004 Article #1

We are operating a large (centrifugal) horizontal water pump that is taking suction from a lake which is six feet below the pump. After startup, the flow rate from the pump decreases slowly for several hours. If the pump is restarted, it again pumps at the full rate of flow. What can cause this and what can be done to correct the problem? Pump FAQs January 2004 Article #2 After installing a new 20 hp pump, we checked its performance and found that the total head was ten percent low. The system-head curve was checked and determined to be as predicted. Before we contact the supplier, is there something we should check? Pump FAQs January 2004 Article #3 Our company is operating an axial split centrifugal case pump on cooling tower service and the impeller shows pitting damage on the inlet portion of the vanes. This looks like cavitation damage, but we checked the NPSH available to the pump and it is greater than the NPSH required. What might be causing this damage? Pump FAQs January 2005 Article #1 Our plant operates several pumps handling liquid with some solids. We know that flushing the seals is important, but how much flushing liquid is necessary? Pump FAQs January 2005 Article #2 There is a pump room in our plant with six centrifugal pumps on different services. The noise from the pumps is loud and uncomfortable to people working on the pumps. Is this normal, and what if anything can be done to reduce the noise? Pump FAQs January 2005 Article #3 We would like to check the hydraulic performance of several submersible sump pumps which are difficult to reach. Pump FAQs January 2006 Article # 2 What are booster pumps and where are they used? Are there any special requirements for such applications? Pump FAQs January 2006 Article #1 With so much emphasis on power savings how can we know what can reasonably be expected as good efficiency from our centrifugal pumps? We have looked at the published efficiency of some suppliers pumps, but they vary considerably. Pump FAQs January 2006 Article #3 Is torsional critical speed the same as pump critical speed? If not, please explain the difference. Pump FAQs July 2002 Article #1 Electric power generating stations sometimes use submergence control to maintain the proper rate of flow for condensate pumps. How does this work and is such practice detrimental to pump life? Pump FAQs July 2002 Article #2 Normal pump operation will eventually corrode and erode the

inside of a pump casing until the thickness of the casing wall is too thin for safe operation. How can this safe thickness be determined and what are the potential consequences of operating with less than proper thickness? Pump FAQs July 2002 Article #3 We operate a vertical turbine type well pump that has a clutch at the top of the motor that often disengages when the pump starts. What causes this to happen and what can be done to prevent it? Pump FAQs July 2004 Article #1 When installing a horizontal pump, is it better to grout the pump baseplate or let it float free? Pump FAQs July 2005 Article #1 We are designing a circular sump for the installation of three sewage pumps. Because of local restrictions on the size, we are concerned that the pump intake structure may not provide a good hydraulic design and are considering whether to build and test of a model of the intake. How do we select the appropriate rate of flow for the model test? Pump FAQs July 2005 Article #2 During the maintenance of centrifugal pumps, how much wear of the wearing rings is considered normal, and what is the normal wearing ring clearance for a new pump? Pump FAQs July 2005 Article #3 When checking the performance of a new centrifugal pump, the plot of the resulting head versus rate of flow curve appears to be lower than the manufacturers rating curve. How much deviation from the manufacturers rating curve is normal? Pump FAQs July 2006 Article #1 I have been told that the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps are changed when pumping viscous liquids such as hydrocarbons. How can this performance change be calculated? Pump FAQs July 2006 Article #2 What is an API pump? I assume it is related to pumps used in the petroleum industry, but what is special about it? Pump FAQs July 2006 Article #3 We recently experienced line shaft failure in a multistage vertical turbine pump with ten-inch diameter bowls. An analysis of the break pointed to torsional fatigue as the cause but the pump was operating under full load in a steady mode and vibration monitors did not show excessive vibration. How can the shaft fail in fatigue under these conditions? Pump FAQs June 2004 Article #1 We are considering the use of a magnetic drive pump for handling toxic liquids. The containment shell between the inner and outer magnet assemblies is very thin. We have concerns about wear in the shell and leakage of the liquid. Is our concern valid, and what can be done to protect against

leakage? Pump FAQs June 2004 Article #2 Pump FAQs June 2004 Article #3 Is there a simple guideline for allowable misalignment measurements? Pump FAQs June 2005 Article #1 We use several metering pumps in our blending operation and are concerned about their accuracy. How accurate are these pumps and does accuracy change with different conditions? Pump FAQs June 2005 Article #2 I have been told that centrifugal pumps require more NPSH margin at higher elevations, such as Denver, than at sea level. Is this true? Pump FAQs June 2005 Article #3 The FAQ in the February 2004 issue of P&S showed the performance curve of a centrifugal pump when handling entrained air. Do self priming pumps perform the same way when pumping liquid with entrained air, or can they do better? Pump FAQs June 2006 Article #1 We recently rebuilt a vertical turbine pump with new impellers and wearing rings and tested its performance. The pump is handling water at ambient temperature (S=1.0). However, the result showed total head performance which was lower than the published curve as the rate of flow was increased. The pump is thirty feet long so we put a test gage two pipe diameters downstream of the discharge elbow. The shut off head nearly matches the published curve. Do you have any suggestion for increasing the pump head? Pump FAQs June 2006 Article #2 I understand that NPSHR (required) by a pump is measured by the manufacturer using cold water, and I do not find information on how to correct this for other liquids. Hydrocarbons, for example, have a wide range of specific gravities and vapor pressures which must affect the NPSHR performance of a pump. Is this true? Pump FAQs June 2006 Article #3 When very large pumps, both high rate of flow and high horsepower are custom built, a smaller model may be built and tested to prove the proper performance of the design. What are the rules for building such a model? Pump FAQs March 2000 Article #1 I take issue with the second question in FAQs in the February 2000 issue. You state that valves, elbows or other fittings attached directly to the pump discharge port will not effect what happens inside the pump impeller and casing. Can you explain why? Pump FAQs March 2000 Article #2 What makes a vertical pump a GOOD vertical pump? We use

them for pumping liquids from one tank to another part of the plant. Pump FAQs March 2000 Article #3 We have a new water system pump which operates with the excessive noise with smaller existing pumps. The noise sounds like the pump is handling sand. What is the cause of the noise, and can it be eliminated? After nine months of operation, examination shows no impeller damage. Pump FAQs March 2004 Article #1 When measuring vibration on vertical pumps, does the allowable vibration depend on the height of the motor, or on the height above the baseplate at which the readings are taken? Pump FAQs March 2004 Article #2 I understand that the efficiency of variable speed drives is reduced as operating speed and power is reduced. Does this negate the power saving from the accompanying reduction in pump speed? Pump FAQs March 2004 Article #3 I have read that inducers on the inlet to centrifugal pumps can reduce NPSH required by as much as 50 percent. Is this true? If so, how can this be? Pump FAQs March 2005 Article #1 We operate a small plant and would like to improve the reliability of our centrifugal pumps and minimize unplanned pump shutdowns. Can you suggest a plan for monitoring pump performance to achieve our goal? Pump FAQs March 2005 Article #2 I understand that pump vibration is an important parameter in predicting the imminent failure of a pump. Is this true? How is the vibration level measured, and what is an acceptable level of vibration for ASME B73 Chemical pumps? Pump FAQs March 2005 Article #3 We are having problems with corrosion when pumping sulfuric acid. What do you suggest as a practical solution for this problem? Pump FAQs March 2006 Article #1 What is a can pump? I have seen this term applied to both centrifugal and vertical turbine pumps(VTP). Will you please explain it for me? Pump FAQs March 2006 Article #2 We installed three new vertical turbine pumps, which at first exceeded the specification limits for vibration. This was corrected by adding shims between the pump discharge head and the foundation. Should this be necessary on a new installation, or shouldnt the pump and foundation match better to avoid the use of shims? Pump FAQs March 2006 Article #3 We are using a large number of air-operated reciprocating pumps and are concerned about the amount of power that they

are using. How can we check the efficiency of these pumps? Pump FAQs May 1999 Article #1 Our plant is operating pumps on cooling tower service which are experiencing cavitation damage to the cast iron impellers. Should there be cavitation damage in the pump impellers under these conditions? Pump FAQs May 1999 Article #2 We operate a sanitary sewage pumping plant, which frequently creates vortices at the pump inlet pipes. The pumps are mounted in a dry pit. The vortices are reducing the pump flow and causing excessive vibration in the pumps. Increasing the liquid level over the pumps would be very expensive. What else can be done to eliminate the vortices? Pump FAQs May 1999 Article #3 Some centrifugal pump manufacturers show a vertical dotted line on their pump rating curves with the notation minimum allowable flow. Is there a standard procedure for determining this limit? If not, what criteria are used to determine this value? Pump FAQs May 2004 Article #1 We are replacing a 30,000 gpm vertical pump with a larger one, and are concerned that the new pump will have enough submergence to prevent vortices at the pump inlet. What guidelines are available to determine if enough submergence is available? Pump FAQs May 2004 Article #2 In applications on handling slurries, we find that for higher heads centrifugal pumps are limited in what they can do. Can reciprocating pumps be used in these applications? If so, are any special design changes necessary? Pump FAQs May 2004 Article #3 On low NPSH available applications it is often necessary to apply a centrifugal pump at 50% of its design flow rate to get a pump with low NPSH required values. What is the downside of doing this? Pump FAQs May 2005 Article #1 We are operating an end suction centrifugal pump which takes suction from the bottom of an open tank. As the level in the tank drops, a vortex is formed which allows air into the pump. This changes the performance of the pump and upsets the process downstream. I understand that this can be corrected with baffle plates. Are there any guidelines in this regard? Pump FAQs May 2005 Article #2 Our plant has a horizontal axially split case pump handling cooling water and the horizontal suction pipe includes a ninety degree elbow at the suction flange of the pump. The pump operation is noisy and one side of the impeller shows cavitation damage and the other side does not. I believe that the elbow on the suction is the major cause of the problem, but

adding straight pipe in between is not practical. Is there another solution to this problem? Pump FAQs May 2005 Article #3 I know that centrifugal pumps do not operate well on viscous liquids and rotary pumps are often recommended, but what about reciprocating pumps? Are there any limits to the viscosity of liquids that can be handled by reciprocating pumps? Pump FAQs May 2006 Article #1 We operate about one thousand centrifugal pumps and find that ball bearing failure is a major cause of pump shutdown which requires repair, and sometimes causes unscheduled system shutdown. How can we monitor these pumps to eliminate or predict these failures? Pump FAQs May 2006 Article #2 What is reverse runaway speed? What is the cause? Is it dangerous and can it be prevented? Pump FAQs May 2006 Article #3 How does a change in liquid viscosity effect the performance of a rotary pump? I have seen a viscosity correction graph for the performance of centrifugal pumps but nothing for rotary pumps. Pump FAQs November 2004 Article #1(1) The first answer in the September issue of Pumps and Systems says that spring mounted baseplates can also work well to avoid pipe strains on pumps. How can I know if the baseplate stiffness is sufficient to work without grouting? Pump FAQs November 2004 Article #2 In our power plants we have several applications where we need to reduce the NPSH Required by the pumps by as much as fifty percent. Is this possible? If so, how can this be done? Pump FAQs November 2004 Article #3 When starting our Vertical Turbine type well pump, the shaft will often rise up and disconnect the pump shaft from the motor. What can be done to prevent this from occurring? Pump FAQs November 2005 Article #1 What can be done to increase the life of bearings in both canned motor pumps and magnetic drive pumps? Bearings are a primary cause of failure in such pumps, and any improvement in life is important. Pump FAQs November 2005 Article #2 What is the physical meaning of an impellers specific speed? What are its units of measurement? How is this related to the pumps operating speed? Is there a preferred value for specific speed? Pump FAQs November 2005 Article #3 What is an ANSI pump? Pump FAQs November 2006 Article #1

Pump FAQs November 2006 Article #2 I have seen vertical turbine pumps that are built with vertical hollow shaft motors and others with vertical solid shaft motors. What factors would lead to one design or the other? Pump FAQs November 2006 Article #3 Mechanical seal failure represents most of the causes for pump repair in our plant, with unscheduled shutdown and loss of production. What can be done to relieve this problem? Pump FAQs October 2004 Article #1 I know that a centrifugal pump can overheat badly if run at shut off for some time, but how can I determine the minimum rate of flow through the pump to avoid excess temperature build up? Pump FAQs October 2004 Article #2 I have heard that the rate of flow through centrifugal pumps can be regulated by submergence control instead of by throttling. How does this work, and does it cause damage to the pump? Pump FAQs October 2004 Article #3 We are expanding our building, including the fire protection system. If the existing fire pump must be replaced, what special requirements must we look for in their replacement? Pump FAQs October 2005 Article #1 With the ever increasing cost of oil and resulting increases in the cost of power, what can be done to decrease the operating cost of existing pump systems? Pump FAQs October 2005 Article #2 We are converting several vertical turbine pumps to the submersible type. Are there any special installation requirements that we should be aware of? Pump FAQs October 2005 Article #3 What special design features should we look for when purchasing non-clog pumps for wastewater service? Pump FAQs October 2006 Article #1 Due to a recent thrust bearing failure in one of our deep well pumps, we would like to determine the down thrust on the bearing from the pump. Is there a simple way of calculating this? Pump FAQs October 2006 Article #2 I keep hearing about suction recirculation but cannot find a good explanation. Can you help me? Pump FAQs October 2006 Article #3 Pumps designed to handle chemicals are usually made of corrosion resistant materials, but I need to know if there are any other requirements necessary for chemical applications? Pump FAQs September 1999 Article #1 Can we reduce the pump head on a multistage centrifugal pump by trimming only one or two impellers, and is it better to cut the impeller shrouds as well as the impeller vanes?

Pump FAQs September 1999 Article #2 How much air can a centrifugal pump handle, and what can be done to prevent airbinding? Pump FAQs September 1999 Article #3 Can the NPSHR curve be extrapolated back to shut off in order to get this information? Pump FAQs September 1999 Article #4 How closely must I align the pumps, and how do I measure the misalignment? Pump FAQs September 2000 Article #1 Our plant is operating a system with several centrifugal pumps in parallel that exhibits waterhammer problems when one of the pumps is shut down. Pump FAQs September 2000 Article #2 Is there any guideline on the increase in vibration for multipump installations? Pump FAQs September 2000 Article #3 Is there a design standard or good practice that will provide information on the maximum water velocity in the suction header? Pump FAQs September 2001 Article #1 I know that pumps should not be subjected to excessive forces and moments from the system piping, but how do excessive forces damage the pump and what is the weakest link in this regard? Pump FAQs September 2001 Article #2 Is it an acceptable practice to select centrifugal pumps at rates of flow that are less than 50% of the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) in order to get a pump, which requires lower values of Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)? Pump FAQs September 2001 Article #3 When the centrifugal pump draws down the liquid level in the tank, a vortex forms in the liquid and air is drawn into the pump. How can this problem be corrected? Pump FAQs September 2002 Article #1 One of our utility pumps takes suction from a river that frequently becomes muddy. The bronze impeller and wearing rings become badly eroded more quickly than anticipated. What do you recommend to increase useful impeller life? Pump FAQs September 2002 Article #2 We are operating an end suction pump with an elbow connected to the suction flange. The suction connection is eroded on one side due to the uneven flow coming out of the elbow. Is there a simple solution?. Pump FAQs September 2002 Article #3 Is there an easy way to evaluate the viscosity value above which centrifugal pumps are not recommended? Pump FAQs September 2004 Article #1 I understand that pipe strains are bad for pumps and inherently

have this problem due to temperature changes which result in thermal expansion of the piping. Expansion joints are designed to relieve such forces, but what else can be done to solve this problem? Pump FAQs September 2004 Article #2 Many sources, including the Hydraulic Institute e-learning program Centrifugal Pumps: Fundamentals, Design and Application, describe the use of Affinity Laws which are used to predict the performance of a centrifugal pump when the impeller diameter is reduced or cut down. One of the laws says that Q 1/Q2 = D1/D2, where Q is the rate of flow and D is the impeller diameter. However, ANSI/HI 1.6-2000 Centrifugal Pump Tests says that at a given speed, Q1/Q2 = (D1/D2)2 (H1/H2)0.5 which is equivalent to Q1/Q2 = (D1/D2)3. Which is correct, or is there some explanation for the difference? Pump FAQs September 2004 Article #3 How do pump manufacturers determine the design rate of flow and total head for each pump in the series? Pump FAQs September 2005 Article #1 How can we get longer life from the ball bearings in our pump? Our process uses an end suction centrifugal pump to circulate heat transfer liquid at 750 degrees F. The bearing housing is cooled, and the bearings look clean after they fail. What else should we look for? Pump FAQs September 2005 Article #2 Non-metallic materials such as Noryl and Teflon have excellent corrosion resistance and should be good for pump components. However, they probably have limitations due to tensile strength and temperature. If so, what are these limits? Pump FAQs September 2005 Article #3 I have been told that centrifugal pumps handling hydrocarbon liquids can operate safely with less NPSH Available than the NPSH Required by the pump rating curve. Is this true? If so, how much reduction in the NPSHR can be allowed? Pump FAQs September 2006 Article #1 We operate about one thousand centrifugal pumps and find that ball bearing failure is a major cause of pump shutdown which requires repair, and sometimes causes unscheduled system shutdown. How can we monitor these pumps to eliminate or predict these failures? Pump FAQs September 2006 Article #2 Pump FAQs September 2006 Article #3

Why Energy Savings?

5% of industrial energy goes to pumps Total cost of owning a pump is 90% energy consumption Pump energy consumption can generally be reduced up to 20%

1. Design systems with lower capacity and total head requirements. Do not assume these requirements are fixed. 2. Avoid allowing for excessive margin of error in capacity and/or total head. It typically will be less expensive to add pumping capacity later if requirements increase. 3. Despite the tendency to emphasize initial cost, you will save in the long run by selecting the most efficient pump type and size at the onset. 4. Use variable-speed drives to avoid losses from throttle valves and bypass lines, except when the system is designed with high static heads. 5. Use two or more smaller pumps instead of one larger pump so that excess pump capacity can be turned off. 6. Use pumps operating as turbines to recover pressure energy that would otherwise be wasted. 7. Maintain pumps and all system components in virtually new condition to avoid efficiency loss.
Design systems with lower capacity and total head requirements. Do not assume these requirements are fixed.

Flow capacity, for example, can be reduced through use of lower velocity in heat exchangers and elimination of open bypass lines. Total head requirements can be reduced by: lowering process static gage, pressure, minimizing elevation rise from suction tank to discharge tank, reducing static elevation change by use of siphons, lowering spray nozzle velocities, lowering friction losses through use of larger pipes and low-loss fittings, and eliminating throttle valves.

Avoid allowing for excessive margin of error in capacity and/or total head. It typically will be less expensive to add pumping capacity later if requirements increase.

Small differences in efficiency between pumps are not as important as knowing and adjusting to the service conditions. Energy savings may be as high as 20% if pumps are sized based on reasonable system heads and capacity requirements. Savings result from operating at a more efficient point on the pump curve, and in some cases, this also avoids the need to throttle pump capacity or operate at a higher capacity than necessary.

Despite the tendency to emphasize initial cost, you will save in the long run by selecting the most efficient pump type and size at the onset.

The choice of a pump depends on the service needed from the pump. Considerations are flow and head requirements, inlet pressure or net positive suction head available, and the type of liquid to be pumped. Maximum attainable efficiency of a centrifugal pump is influenced by the designer's selection of pump rotating speed as it relates to "specific speed." Purchasers need to be aware of this, as well as the decision criteria for determining the type of pump to use.

Use variable-speed drives to avoid losses from throttle valves and bypass lines, except when the system is designed with high static heads.

In such instances, extra concern must be shown when calculating the savings, since the pump affinity laws cannot be used without regard to the change of pump (and motor) efficiency along the system curve. Take care to ensure that the operating point of the pumps remains within the allowable/recommended limits specified by the pump manufacturer.

Use two or more smaller pumps instead of one larger pump so that excess pump capacity can be turned off.

Two pumps can be operated in parallel during peak demand periods, with one pump operating by itself during lower demand periods. Energy savings result from running each pump at a more efficient operating point and avoiding the need to throttle a large pump during low demand. An alternative is to use one variable-speed pump and one constant-speed pump.

Use pumps operating as turbines to recover pressure energy that would otherwise be wasted.

Practically all centrifugal pumps will perform as turbines when operated in reverse. A hydraulic power recovery turbine can recover pressure energy when

used to drive a generator, or assist the driver of a pump or a compressor.

Maintain pumps and all system components in virtually new condition to avoid efficiency loss.

Wear is a significant cause of decreased pump efficiency. Bearings must be properly lubricated and replaced before they fail. Shaft seals also require consistent maintenance to avoid premature mechanical failures. Most important is the renewal of internal wearing ring clearance and the smoothness of impeller and casing waterways.

Figure 1.6 - Close couple single stage - end suction Figure 1.7- Close coupled single stage - diffuser style - end suction submersible Figure 1.8 - Close coupled single stage submersible Figure 1.9 - Close coupled single stage - in-line Figure 1.10 - Separately coupled single stage - in-line - flexible coupling Figure 1.11- Separately coupled single stage - in-line - rigid coupling Figure 1.12- Separately coupled single stage - frame mounted Figure 1.13 - Separately coupled single stage - frame mounted - lined pump Figure 1.14 - Separately coupled single stage - centerline support - API 610 Figure 1.15 - Separately coupled single stage - frame mounted - ANSI B73.1 Figure 1.16 - Separately coupled single stage - wet pit volute Figure 1.17 - Separately coupled single stage - axial flow horizontal Figure 1.23 - Separately coupled single stage - frame mounted - mixed flow Figure 1.27 - Separately coupled single stage - frame mounted - self priming