Chapter 10 Operation Barbarossa Hitler decides to invade the USSR o Believes that the Soviets are too weak

k to fight o Didnt worry about a two-front war; Britain was not a threat for invasion o USSR might join the allies o The Soviets cant be trusted in keeping the Non-Aggression pact USSR Strengths: o Vast reserves of manpower o 3 million men o 8000 planes o 10k-24k tanks o Used to extreme winter conditions o Huge land mass o Germans delayed Barbarossa 5 months o Many troops are battle tested in Finland USSR Weaknesses o Older planes o Lack of leadership, militarily & politically o Remaining leaders are terrified o Only 800 modern planes o Inferior tanks o Solder morale low o Russians stationed military leaders too close to the fighting German power o ~2m soldiers o 2500 tanks, most are good o 2800 aircraft o Most soldiers are trained Operation Barbarossa o Named after the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa o Plan called for three Army groups North: Commanded by Field Marshal Von Leeb 27 infantries, 3 panzer Slash through the Baltic states towards Leningrad Center: Commanded by Field Marshal von Bock 42 infantry, 2 panzer Penetrate Soviet Poland into Moscow South: Commanded by Field Marshal von Rundstedt 38 infantry, 5 panzer Invade through the Ukraine

First goal Destroy the Red Army, capture Moscow and other industrial cities, railroad netowrks, and Ukranian food and Iron Ore o Extremely ambitious plan o Utilized blitzkrieg o North, led by General Hopner cut through Lithuania and Latvia within a week, and was near Leningrad by July 10 Due to the heavily wooded terrain and low supplies, the momentum ground to a halt o Center had success due to the leadership of Hermann Hoth and Heinz Guderian o June 26 Germans capture Minsk o Mid-July Germans capture Smolensk, and were only 200 miles near Moscow o South faced still resistance in the Ukraine against the armored attacks by Von Kleist Due to the poor performances in the early war, Soviets create the State Defense Committee (GKO) o Made up of 5 members of Politburo and Stalin o Stavka help direct the generals and operate the war German tanks began moving so fast that it was thinning their infantry and supply lines September 1941 Hoths Panzers surrounded Leningrad o Hitler ordered a siege o Leningrads resistance consisted of the Peoples Army (militia) No training and few weapons Used Molotov Cocktails o Led to starvation and disease, and a few resorted to cannibalism South Guderians Panzers and von Kleists troops linked up and surrounded the Ukranian capital of Kiev o Result of Russian commander Semyon Budennys decisions o Led to 600,000 Soviet troops to be taken as POWs After takin Kiev, Hitler ordered Moscow to be taken Soviets were able to maintain production by dismantling factories and shipping them east o To withstand the loss of agricultural areas, the Russians tried to raise crops in unconventional lands Though it looked like Moscow was to be taken by the Germans, November 1941 had the Soviets fortune turn o Germany failed to stop the Red Army o Winter came, causing Germanys army to stop o Germany tried to attack but failed due to underestimating the Russians who brought people in from the East o Marshall Zukov now in charge and planned a counterattack o Stalin made speeches to boost morale o Women were placed in the army o

Chapter 11 Hitlers New Order in Europe Hitlers views on the Master Race were complex o Many eastern European ethnicities were labeled Untermenschen o Believed that the Scandanavians, Dutch, Luxembourgers, Belgians, and the British all had German ties o All the nations stated above were granted semi-autonomy as long as they complied with German orders Both Denmark and Norway supplied volunteer troops led by Nazi sympathizer Werner Best (Denmark) and Victor Quisling (Norway) o Self-rule didnt last due to increasing resistance and sabotage Switzerland and Sweden remained neutral Lux. Was absorbed into the Nazi Empire due to Grand Duchess Charlotte fleeing into exile and not cooperating Dutch were offered to keep the Royal Family in power as long as they collaborated with the Nazis o The Royals fled, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart manipulated the government on behalf of the Nazis o They wanted to be a part of the German Empire in Greater Netherlands o They helped round up Jews o Recruited for the Waffen-SS o Dutch Nazi Part grew to 110,000 Half of the Belgians spoke Flemish, the other half spoke French o The Belgian Monarch remained in power as a voluntary prisoner, while the rest of the government fled to Britain Hitler viewed Switzerland as a pimple of the face of Europe o Too democratic, too capitalistic o Although, the Swiss benefited due to vigorous trade with the Germans o Supplied the Germans with munitions, meat, and dairy o Swiss banks became depositories for looted valuables One step below the Jews in the Untermenschen were the Slavs o At first, in 1938, Hitler valued their efforts in producing war materials because they cooperated with the Germans o Despite appearances of the Czech being charge of the government, the power laid in Reich Protector Konstantine von Neurath and Deputy Karl Hermann Frank o In the end, ungermanized Czechs faced Eastern deportation o Germanized Czechs officially were considered actual Germans o 1942 Neurath was replaced by Reinhard Hoydrick Led harsh repression for any descent Workers & peasants yet improved wages o Slovakia was used as an ally to the Germans o They were allowed to keep their government

o 1944 Slovakia revolted and became a puppet state The State of the Polish People under the Nazis o The Germans deprived them of a potential ruling class by purging intellectuals and clergy by the SS o Pols were transported to the General Gouvernement o Deported 300k Pols o Used as slave labor o Put in death and labor camps o Pols living in Germany were deported o Germans justified it by claiming the Pols treated them unfairly Other than the Pols, the Nazis also had to deal with the Jews and the Roma (Gypsies) Because Poland was large, it was divided into sections o Largest was the Generalgouvernement (led by Hans Frank) Later was purged of the Pols and replaced by native Germans (Volksdeutsch) When Pols revolted, the result was mass Polish execution Yugoslavia o Croatians did not resist the Germans, so they were favored They were given Serbian territory Parelichs (leader of the Croations) Ustasi hated the Serbs and the Jews o Serbs went under German supervision Lost much of their land to Croatia & Italy Increased fear of extermination o 2 main resistance movements Chetniks Loyal to King Peters government in exile Led by Mihailovich Partisans Communists Led by Josip Tito Broz o 277k Yugoslavs died at the hands of the Nazis Occupation in the Soviet Union o Treatment of the Soviets were equal to that of Poland o Cleaned house of politicals and intellectuals o Put them in camps or killed them o Modelled the treatment to USs treatment of Native Americans o Other soviets under control of Germany Belarus Ukraine Batlic states o The treatment of the people depended on their resistance If resistance was low, they would treat them better If there was resistance, then they would execute them o Nazi in charge of Occupied USSR Alfred Rosenberg, and Baltic-Russian who was an ardent Nazi

Though his power was little in comparison to Heinrich Himmler, who was in charge of most of the authority o Himmlers rule of the Soviets Killed people by the thousands Burned towns Put habitants into slave labor Anti-semitism Responsible for the death of 3.3m Soviet POWs o Himmler utilized the talents of Fritz Sauckel (in charge of Slave Labor) and Fritz Todt (in charge of Arms and Munitions) By 1942, Sauckel had risen to the post of Plenipotentiary General of Labor When Todt died in 1942, he was replaced by Albert Speer o Erich Koch was placed in charge of Ukrainian region Hitlers Policy towards the Italians o Second-class citizens: Not Germanic, but still acceptable o Wanted territory that contained a Germanic minority o When Italy surrendered, Hitler wanted to annex it and take its possessions Collaboration and Resistance in France o 1/3 of France under the Vichy Regime, the rest under military occupation o Petains Vichy government was favorable to many of the French They identified with Petain as a symbol of victory rd They blamed the 3 Republic for their military debacle o French businessmen were supportive of the Nazi Regime so they could obtain German materiel and other products o Later, the French didnt like the Nazi regime and hated occupation o Forced labor became common Spain had avoided making an alliance but supplied their Blue Division to Germany o Franco was eventually hated by Hitler for being Two faced German resistance began to rise o Social Democrats and Communists hated the Nazis o Eventually the Conservatives joined with the liberals in their hate o Hated the Nazis and their foreign policies o The Kreisau Circle planned to assassinate Hitler o The White Rose Society Students of the University of Munich who asked for peace o Resistance movements were not successful due to the Gestapo

Chapter Twelve America Enters the War FDR had conflicting opinions over entry in WWII o Concerned about German and Japanese expansion but public opinion said to stay out of the war The Neutrality Act of 1937 Placed an immediate embargo on arm sales to any country involved in war o FDR tweaked it to allow arms sales on a cash and carry basis to the British and French The US was drawn closer to war as Britain was being attack and close to being defeated o If they lose, they get their navy If they get their fleet, theyll come after us 2 American ideals the isolationists and the interventionists o Isolationists 5 types Pacifists: didnt want to have anything to do with the war German sympathizers America First Committee Wrote to Congress to stay out of the war German-American Bind Pro-German, anti-semitic American organization Defeatists didnt believe that America could win Charles Lindbergh and Charles Coughlin o Interventionists Ready to send aid, weapons, or all-out war FDR created the Lend-Lease program o Allowed the President to lend or lease munitions to Britain with payments deferred until after the war o In return, we got a 99-year lease on British air and naval bases o Was not successful: it only accounted for 1% of munitions use The Rainbow Plans o They provided for various contingencies in case of war o Included Rainbow 5, which covered the possibility of US involvement on the side of Britain and France against Germany in North Africa Plan Dog o Stated that the US intervention in Europe was necessary to defeat Germany while insisting a defensive stance in the pacific against Japan ABC American-British Conversations lasted 2 months o Forged another link in the tightening of British-American relations April 1941 American forces occupied Greenland o July Americans occupied Iceland o Both provided air and naval bases o Sent out patrols to keep an eye out for subs These moves angered the Germans The Atlantic Charter agreement signed secretly in the middle of the Atlantic in 1941 o It affirmed the right of all peoples to choose their own government o Everything taken by the Nazis will get returned

USS Greer and Reuben James incidents st o Reuben James 1 US destroyer sunk by a sub Only 44/159 lived, many died of hypothermia o Greer Destroyer taking mail and passengers to England On the way, Sonar picked up a U-boat, and they exchanged shots, but no one got hit US-Nippon relations began to tense o Friction between the US and Japan in the Pacific that was ongoing for 40 years over Open Door Policy o Russo-Japanese war of 1905 led to War Plan Orange (what would happen if Japan takes the Philippines) and the Rainbow Plans of 1939 (What would happen if Japan invaded the Western Hemisphere) o 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, China in 1939 and heightened tensions between the two o 1939-1940 Japan takes Indochina and the East Indies o US immigration law blocked Asians, considered harsh o US cut off iron and steel, as well as oil and other assets o Japan joins Germany and Italy in the Tripartite Act Japan had 3 options: o Abandon ambitions to keep southeast Asia and China o Compromise with the US and reopen trade, with some concessions to the US o Attack the Dutch and US bases in the pacific regions, including the Philippines They chose this option Yamamoto decided if they wanted to follow the imperialist course of action, they would have to attack Pearl Harbor to destroy the Pacific Fleet o He realized the importance of air power , so air carriers were the key to victory in the Pacific o He felt that the US had no stomach for war Japanese Premier Konoye lobbied for a peaceful alternative to war against the US o Withdraw Japanese forces from Indochina after the war with China o Direct talk with FDR o The US was not thrilled made the US look weak o Roosevelt refused to meet until they clarified why they joined the Tripartite o Because of this, Konoye resigned and was replaced by Hideki Tojo Positives: hardworking, honest, smart, respected, risk-taker, and a good military background Negatives: wouldnt focus on the big picture, hated the United States, too willing to take risks, and hated Gekukojo Hirohito thought Tojo was too eager for war and favored diplomacy and negotiations Moderate Japanese government officials tried to side-step the threat of war through 3 plans: o A) Long-Range agreement to guarantee economic equality for all powers throughout the world Japan would withdraw from Indochina and parts of China

Explained the Tripartite Pact was only defensive in nature if the US stay out fo the war in Europe o B) Suspend aid from US to China End of economic sanctions against Japan/China o C) War Japanese plans for war in the Pacific o Destroy Pearl Harbor and the Pacific Fleet o Additionall attacks on the Philippines and Dutch East Idnies and Burma o Simultaneous attacks on other islands Pearl Harbor Attack (December 7, 1941) o Japanese launched their fist planes 200miles NW of Hawaii o US radars saw planes on Radar but throught it was American planes o First planes came in, sunk 4 US ships and damaged others o Destroyed 160 aircrafts, 128 others damaged o 2400 Americans dead o Carriers were not at Pearl o Missed the Sub base, fuel storage tanks, and repair depots o Naguno failed to launch a second wave which would have destroyed Pearl Harbor Dec 7 Pearl Harbor attack Dec 8 US declared war on Japan Dec 11 Germany and Italy declare war on the US

Chapter 13 & 14 The Rise and Fall of Japans Pacific Campaign 1941 Japanese had 1.2 million active troops and 2m in reserve o They were stretched from China to Indochina o Had 2000 aircraft while the Navy possessed 10 aircraft carriers, 11 battleships (most famous the Yamato), 18 heavy cruisers, 21 light cruisers, 100 destroyers, 63 submaries, and 3000 naval aircraft (Zeros). Strengths o Great airforce o Great military discipline o Great training o Blitzkrieg tactics Weaknesses o No armored divisions o Only light tanks, light artillery and mortars After Pearl Harbor, it also attacked Wake Island, the Philippines, Guam, Hong Kong, and Malaya o Difficult time taking out Wake Island from the Americans, led by James Devereux Eventually took it due to poor naval relief from Admiral William Pye Mid-December the Japanese took Hong Kong and waged an orgy and rape against the Chinese people In the Philippines, US general Douglas MacArthur led 31k American troops, 12k Filipinos and a poorly trained Filipino Army of 102k o Only had 35 B-17 Bombers and 104 P-40 fighters to go against a huge Japanese force o Luzon was the first island attacked o Good: All planes were in the air o Bad: When the planes land to rearm, the Japanese attacked, and the US loses 71 planes o Raids continue until mid-December; most of the bombers are moved to Australia for safety o December 8 Japanese troops land on Luzon nd o Big attack on the 22 ; MacArthur prepared in the wrong place o No strong defense, no reinforcements o MacArthur had two options Retreat to the mountains and fight a guerrilla war Make a stand at Bataan without food, water, ammo, and medical supplies They choose this option o Malnutrition and malaria o Heavy fighting for weeks o Jan 26 American-Filipino army surrounded; could have broken out They were too sick to break out Overestimated the Japanese o Fighting goes on for 3 more months

March 12 MacArthur was ordered out of the Philippines into Australia for safety by FDR o May 5 US-Filipino troops surrender o Death March Japan takes 75k POWs and are marched 55 miles through the jungles to railroads for evacuation to prison camps 75k Filipino die or are killed 3k Americans die Next, Japan takes Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka) and Southern India o British force keeps Ceylon free Then takes the Dutch East Indies, British Burma, and Thailand By 1942, they had seeked conquering the Indian Ocean, New Guinear, New Zealand, Australia, and islands in the Central Pacific o Unfortunately, their good fortune ends here Nagamo pushed for an attack at Port Moresby at New Guinea so they can attack Australia o He concedes with Yamamotos plans to go after Midway Island The US Counters with a fleet under Chester W. Nimitz o Worked on boosting US morale by supporting high ranked officers o Utilized the strength of the carriers Saratoga, Lexington, Hornet, Enterprise, and Yorktown US broke the US Naval Code Ultra o In addition with the land code Magic o US knows that theyre going after Midway, Port Moresby, and the Solomon Islands The Doolittle Raid o April 18, 1942 o 16 B25 bombers leave the USS hornet for a 700 mileride to bumb Japan and land in China o It worked but didnt do much damage o Most land in China, one lands in the USSR and taken prisoner o Some died parachuting o Most get out of China; 250k Chinese are shot for helping o Only 8 were caught by the Japanese 3 were shot, 1 died of starvation, the rest lived to see liberation The Battle of the Coral Sea (South coast of New Guinea) o US sends 2 carriers to protect Port Moresby o Japan sends 2 carriers o Battle occurred on May 7-8, 1942 o Yorktown and Lexington severely damaged, and 1 Japanese cruiser damaged o Technically a tie o Japan stops going after Port Moresby The Battle of Midway o June 4-7, 1942 o Japanese try to lure the US into a trap near Midway Island o Ultra knew of the plan and prepared for it o 3 day battle o

o 1 carrier destroyed, 1 destroyer destroyed o Japanese lose 1 heavy cruiser and 4 carriers o Most important naval battle of 1942; major US victory Battle for the Solomon Islands o August 7, 1942 11k US land on Guadal Canal o Japanese flee into the Jungle, lose their air strip to the US o Over the next few weeks, Japanese are reinforced by night o Incredibly bloody fighting o Jungles, swamps, malaria, all affect them o Japaneses resort to banzai (suicide missions) o US reinforced in December and win the battle By 1942, the mood in America had changed o Racial prejudice against the Japanese Death March in the Philippines Pearl harbor Rape of Nankin in 1939